Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-10-proton-nmr-i

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [International A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international.md) › Proton NMR I

# Proton NMR I

Chemistry: Cambridge International A Level, topic 3.9.10

## 1H Environments

1H NMR is the next type of NMR we will study. It is slightly harder than 13C NMR but the basic principles are the same.

### Chemical shifts

![Chemical shifts](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/e81308fb-128e-4911-8b33-47607ad08cc3/proton%20and%20carbon%20shifts.jpg)

- As in 13C NMR, 1H NMR spectra display signals at different chemical shift values.
- These chemical shift values represent different 1H environments.
 - E.g. If the spectrum has four peaks, there are four different chemical environments with an unknown number of 1H's in each environment.
- We can use chemical shift tables to identify 1H environments and functional groups from the signals in spectra.

### Tetramethylsilane

![Tetramethylsilane](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/a0a9b334-e2e4-4d8e-ae40-70c30f032fcb/tetramethylsilane.jpg)

- As in 13C NMR, 1H NMR's reference is tetramethylsilane (TMS).
 - TMS has a chemical shift of 0 ppm.
 - TMS produces a single peak because each 1H in TMS is in the same environment.

### Signal ratios

![Signal ratios](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/b730bae3-b4f8-4215-8927-977b4adcbabd/2-iodo-3-methyl-but-2-ene.jpg)

- An extra piece of information that 1H NMR gives us over 13C NMR is based around the ratio of the areas underneath the signals.
- The ratio of the areas reflects the ratio of how many protons are in that same environment.
 - E.g. If there are two singlet peaks and one peak is twice as big as the other, this means that the chemical environment of the bigger peak has twice as many 1H's as the other environment.

## Splitting Patterns

1H NMR gets slightly harder than 13C NMR when we consider splitting patterns. But, this pays off because it gives us lots of useful information.

### Signals splitting

![Signals splitting](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/362e1572-6094-46c8-8c7b-e7c9619adf0e/singlet%20doublet%20triplet.jpg)

- In 1H NMR, the main signals that represent different chemical environments have fine splitting patterns. 
- The main signal may be split into a number of fine peaks. Peaks have different names depending on how many splits they have:
 - No splittings = singlet.
 - Split into two = doublet.
 - Split into three = triplet.
 - Split into four = quartet.

### Information from splittings

![Information from splittings](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/f1a2cb3c-a96d-444d-b2a5-1b40c320412d/diethyl%20ether%20proton%20nmr.jpg)

- Signal splitting helps us work out the number of 1H's in different environments. Beware, this is not straightforward!
 - Number of fine splittings = number of 1H's on adjacent carbon + 1
    - This is called the n+1 rule.

### Example: Diethyl ether

![Example: Diethyl ether](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/1408b3e7-9151-4c55-936e-33be42913b2f/diethyl%20ether%20proton%20nmr.jpg)

- There are only two different proton environments in diethyl ether.
 - The adjacent CH2 and CH3 groups creates the splitting patterns seen above.

### Example: Propanol

![Example: Propanol](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/43f5b292-2f7c-4e19-913b-3126bb1eb0d0/propanol%20proton%20nmr.jpg)

- CH3 group: split into a triplet due to adjacent CH2 group.
- Middle CH2 group: split into a sextet due to adjacent CH2 group on one side and CH3 group on the other side.
- CH2 group next to -OH: split into a triplet due to adjacent CH2 group.
- OH group: is a singlet as no adjacent carbons.

## Test yourself on Proton NMR I

- How many carbon-13 chemical environments are present in the molecule which has a 1H NMR spectrum containing 7 peaks?
- The relative number of protons in an environment is represented by which ratio of the spectrum's peaks?
- Which of the following has two different proton environments?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/2eb3e96b-13a1-48db-b631-5d0098e3ed27/section/a719f550-d162-4b30-8cc2-7c11de3ea651/session)

- Previous topic: [3.9.9 Carbon-13 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-9-carbon-13-nmr.md)
- Next topic: [3.9.11 Proton NMR II](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-11-proton-nmr-ii.md)

## Chemistry: Cambridge International A Level contents

### 1 Physical Chemistry
- 1.1 Atoms, Molecules & Stoichiometry
  - [1.1.1 Relative Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-1-1-relative-masses.md)
  - [1.1.2 The Mole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-1-2-the-mole.md)
  - [1.1.3 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-1-3-mass-spectrometry.md)
  - [1.1.4 Empirical & Molecular Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-1-4-empirical-and-molecular-formulae.md)
  - [1.1.5 Balanced Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-1-5-balanced-equations.md)
  - [1.1.6 Molar Volume](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-1-6-molar-volume.md)
  - [1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Amount of Substance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-1-7-end-of-topic-test-amount-of-substance.md)
- 1.2 Atomic Structure
  - [1.2.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-1-fundamental-particles.md)
  - [1.2.2 Isotopes & Mass Number](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-2-isotopes-and-mass-number.md)
  - [1.2.3 Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-3-electron-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals.md)
  - [1.2.4 Electron Configuration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-4-electron-configuration.md)
  - [1.2.5 Ionisation Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-5-ionisation-energy.md)
  - [1.2.6 Factors Affecting Ionisation Energies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-6-factors-affecting-ionisation-energies.md)
  - [1.2.7 Trends of Ionisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-7-trends-of-ionisation.md)
  - [1.2.8 Specific Impacts on Ionisation Energies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-8-specific-impacts-on-ionisation-energies.md)
  - [1.2.9 Electron Affinity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-9-electron-affinity.md)
  - [1.2.10 End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-10-end-of-topic-test-atomic-structure.md)
  - [1.2.11 A-A* (AO2/3) - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-2-11-a-a-ao23-atomic-structure.md)
- 1.3 Chemical Bonding
  - [1.3.1 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-1-ionic-bonding.md)
  - [1.3.2 Covalent & Dative Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-2-covalent-and-dative-bonding.md)
  - [1.3.3 Shapes of Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-3-shapes-of-molecules.md)
  - [1.3.4 Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-4-intermolecular-forces.md)
  - [1.3.5 Intermolecular Forces 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-5-intermolecular-forces-2.md)
  - [1.3.6 Electronegativity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-6-electronegativity.md)
  - [1.3.7 Bond Length, Bond Energy, & Bond Polarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-7-bond-length-bond-energy-and-bond-polarity.md)
  - [1.3.8 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-8-metallic-bonding.md)
  - [1.3.9 Physical Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-9-physical-properties.md)
  - [1.3.10 End of Topic Test - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-10-end-of-topic-test-bonding.md)
  - [1.3.11 A-A* (AO2/3) - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-3-11-a-a-ao23-bonding.md)
- 1.4 States of Matter
  - [1.4.1 Simple Covalent Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-1-simple-covalent-molecules.md)
  - [1.4.2 The Ideal Gas Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-2-the-ideal-gas-equation.md)
  - [1.4.3 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-3-states-of-matter.md)
  - [1.4.4 Particle Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-4-particle-diagrams.md)
  - [1.4.5 The Liquid State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-5-the-liquid-state.md)
  - [1.4.6 Giant Ionic Lattices](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-6-giant-ionic-lattices.md)
  - [1.4.7 Giant Metallic Lattices](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-7-giant-metallic-lattices.md)
  - [1.4.8 Giant Covalent Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-8-giant-covalent-structures.md)
  - [1.4.9 Graphene & Fullerene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-9-graphene-and-fullerene.md)
  - [1.4.10 Recycling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-4-10-recycling.md)
- 1.5 Chemical Energetics
  - [1.5.1 Calorimetry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-1-calorimetry.md)
  - [1.5.2 Bond Enthalpies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-2-bond-enthalpies.md)
  - [1.5.3 Enthalpy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-3-enthalpy-changes.md)
  - [1.5.4 Hess' Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-4-hess-law.md)
  - [1.5.5 Born-Haber Cycles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-5-born-haber-cycles.md)
  - [1.5.6 Born-Haber Cycle Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-6-born-haber-cycle-calculations.md)
  - [1.5.7 Entropy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-7-entropy.md)
  - [1.5.8 Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-8-free-energy.md)
  - [1.5.9 End of Topic Test - Energetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-5-9-end-of-topic-test-energetics.md)
- 1.6 Electrochemistry
  - [1.6.1 Electrochemical Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-6-1-electrochemical-cells.md)
  - [1.6.2 Electrochemical Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-6-2-electrochemical-series.md)
  - [1.6.3 Commercial Application](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-6-3-commercial-application.md)
  - [1.6.4 Nernst Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-6-4-nernst-equation.md)
  - [1.6.5 Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-6-5-redox.md)
- 1.7 Equilibria
  - [1.7.1 Dynamic Equilibrium & Le Chatelier](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-1-dynamic-equilibrium-and-le-chatelier.md)
  - [1.7.2 Kc](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-2-kc.md)
  - [1.7.3 Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-3-kp.md)
  - [1.7.4 pH](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-4-ph.md)
  - [1.7.5 The Ionic Product of Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-5-the-ionic-product-of-water.md)
  - [1.7.6 Weak Acids & Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-6-weak-acids-and-bases.md)
  - [1.7.7 Introduction to Solubility Equilibria](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-7-introduction-to-solubility-equilibria.md)
  - [1.7.8 Solubility Equilibria Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-8-solubility-equilibria-calculations.md)
  - [1.7.9 Free Energy of Dissolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-9-free-energy-of-dissolution.md)
  - [1.7.10 pH and Solubility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-10-ph-and-solubility.md)
  - [1.7.11 Common-Ion Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-11-common-ion-effect.md)
  - [1.7.12 End of Topic Test - Kp & Electrochemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-12-end-of-topic-test-kp-and-electrochemistry.md)
  - [1.7.13 A-A* (AO2/3) - Electrochemical Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-7-13-a-a-ao23-electrochemical-cells.md)
- 1.8 Partition Coefficient
  - [1.8.1 Kpc](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-8-1-kpc.md)
- 1.9 Reaction Kinetics
  - [1.9.1 Collision Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-1-collision-theory.md)
  - [1.9.2 Orders, Rate Constants & Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-2-orders-rate-constants-and-equations.md)
  - [1.9.3 Rate Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-3-rate-graphs.md)
  - [1.9.4 Rate Determining Step](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-4-rate-determining-step.md)
  - [1.9.5 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-5-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution.md)
  - [1.9.6 Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-6-catalysts.md)
  - [1.9.7 Homogeneous Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-7-homogeneous-catalysts.md)
  - [1.9.8 Heterogeneous Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-8-heterogeneous-catalysts.md)
  - [1.9.9 End of Topic Test - Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-9-end-of-topic-test-kinetics.md)
  - [1.9.10 End of Topic Test - Rate Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-10-end-of-topic-test-rate-equations.md)
  - [1.9.11 A-A* (AO2/3) - Rate Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/1-9-11-a-a-ao23-rate-equations.md)

### 2 Inorganic Chemistry
- 2.1 The Periodic Table
  - [2.1.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-1-1-the-periodic-table.md)
  - [2.1.2 Trends in the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-1-2-trends-in-the-periodic-table.md)
  - [2.1.3 End of Topic Test - Periodicity & Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-1-3-end-of-topic-test-periodicity-and-trends.md)
  - [2.1.4 Ceramics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-1-4-ceramics.md)
  - [2.1.5 Period 3 Elements & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-1-5-period-3-elements-and-oxides.md)
  - [2.1.6 Period 3 Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-1-6-period-3-oxides.md)
  - [2.1.7 End of Topic Test - Period 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-1-7-end-of-topic-test-period-3.md)
- 2.2 Group 2
  - [2.2.1 Group 2 Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-2-1-group-2-chemistry.md)
- 2.3 Group 17
  - [2.3.1 Introduction to Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-3-1-introduction-to-halogens.md)
  - [2.3.2 Reactions of Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-3-2-reactions-of-halogens.md)
  - [2.3.3 Chlorine & Chlorate(I)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-3-3-chlorine-and-chloratei.md)
  - [2.3.4 End of Topic Test - Group 17](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-3-4-end-of-topic-test-group-17.md)
  - [2.3.5 A-A* (AO2/3) - Periodicity, Group 2 & 17](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-3-5-a-a-ao23-periodicity-group-2-and-17.md)
- 2.4 Transition Metals
  - [2.4.1 General Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-1-general-properties.md)
  - [2.4.2 Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-2-titrations.md)
  - [2.4.3 Shapes of Complex Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-3-shapes-of-complex-ions.md)
  - [2.4.4 Variable Oxidation States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-4-variable-oxidation-states.md)
  - [2.4.5 Ligands](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-5-ligands.md)
  - [2.4.6 Colours of Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-6-colours-of-ions.md)
  - [2.4.7 Stereoisomerism of Complex Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-7-stereoisomerism-of-complex-ions.md)
  - [2.4.8 Cisplatin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-8-cisplatin.md)
  - [2.4.9 Ligand Substitutions & Kstab](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-9-ligand-substitutions-and-kstab.md)
  - [2.4.10 End of Topic Test - Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-10-end-of-topic-test-transition-metals.md)
  - [2.4.11 A-A* (AO2/3) - Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-4-11-a-a-ao23-transition-metals.md)
- 2.5 Nitrogen & Sulfur
  - [2.5.1 Nitrogen & Ammonia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-5-1-nitrogen-and-ammonia.md)
  - [2.5.2 Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-5-2-formulated-vs-manure-fertilisers.md)
  - [2.5.3 Nitrogen Containing Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-5-3-nitrogen-containing-fertilisers.md)
  - [2.5.4 Fertilizers & Eutrophication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-5-4-fertilizers-and-eutrophication.md)
  - [2.5.5 Common Atmospheric Pollutants & Their Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-5-5-common-atmospheric-pollutants-and-their-properties.md)
  - [2.5.6 Catalytic Converters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-5-6-catalytic-converters.md)
  - [2.5.7 Atmospheric Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/2-5-7-atmospheric-oxides.md)

### 3 Organic Chemistry & Analysis
- 3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
  - [3.1.1 Naming Conventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-1-1-naming-conventions.md)
  - [3.1.2 Mechanism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-1-2-mechanism.md)
  - [3.1.3 Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-1-3-isomerism.md)
  - [3.1.4 End of Topic Test - Introduction to Organic Chem](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-1-4-end-of-topic-test-introduction-to-organic-chem.md)
- 3.2 Hydrocarbons
  - [3.2.1 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-1-fractional-distillation.md)
  - [3.2.2 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-2-cracking.md)
  - [3.2.3 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-3-combustion.md)
  - [3.2.4 Chlorination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-4-chlorination.md)
  - [3.2.5 End of Topic Test - Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-5-end-of-topic-test-alkanes.md)
  - [3.2.6 Introduction to Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-6-introduction-to-alkenes.md)
  - [3.2.7 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-7-reactions-of-alkenes.md)
  - [3.2.8 Polymerisation Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-8-polymerisation-reactions.md)
  - [3.2.9 End of Topic Test - Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-9-end-of-topic-test-alkenes.md)
  - [3.2.10 Arenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-10-arenes.md)
  - [3.2.11 Evidence for Structure of Arenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-11-evidence-for-structure-of-arenes.md)
  - [3.2.12 Reactions of Benzene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-12-reactions-of-benzene.md)
  - [3.2.13 End of Topic Test -Arenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-2-13-end-of-topic-test-arenes.md)
- 3.3 Halogen Derivatives
  - [3.3.1 Properties of Haloalkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-3-1-properties-of-haloalkanes.md)
  - [3.3.2 Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-3-2-substitution-reactions-of-haloalkanes.md)
  - [3.3.3 Environmental Impacts of Haloalkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-3-3-environmental-impacts-of-haloalkanes.md)
  - [3.3.4 End of Topic Test - Halogenoalkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-3-4-end-of-topic-test-halogenoalkanes.md)
- 3.4 Hydroxy Compounds
  - [3.4.1 Types of Alcohol](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-4-1-types-of-alcohol.md)
  - [3.4.2 Oxidation 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-4-2-oxidation-1.md)
  - [3.4.3 Oxidation 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-4-3-oxidation-2.md)
  - [3.4.4 Elimination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-4-4-elimination.md)
  - [3.4.5 Acids & Esters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-4-5-acids-and-esters.md)
  - [3.4.6 Acyl Chlorides & Acylation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-4-6-acyl-chlorides-and-acylation.md)
  - [3.4.7 Phenols & Their Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-4-7-phenols-and-their-reactions.md)
  - [3.4.8 End of Topic Test - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-4-8-end-of-topic-test-alcohols.md)
- 3.5 Carbonyl Compounds
  - [3.5.1 Carbonyls](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-5-1-carbonyls.md)
  - [3.5.2 Hydrogen Bonding & Carbonyls](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-5-2-hydrogen-bonding-and-carbonyls.md)
  - [3.5.3 Aldehydes & Ketones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-5-3-aldehydes-and-ketones.md)
  - [3.5.4 Tri-Iodomethane Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-5-4-tri-iodomethane-reaction.md)
  - [3.5.5 End of Topic Test -Carbonyls](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-5-5-end-of-topic-test-carbonyls.md)
- 3.6 Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives
  - [3.6.1 Properties of Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-6-1-properties-of-carboxylic-acids.md)
  - [3.6.2 Esters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-6-2-esters.md)
  - [3.6.3 Acyl Chlorides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-6-3-acyl-chlorides.md)
  - [3.6.4 End of Topic Test - Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-6-4-end-of-topic-test-carboxylic-acids.md)
- 3.7 Nitrogen Compounds
  - [3.7.1 Nature & Preparation of Amines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-7-1-nature-and-preparation-of-amines.md)
  - [3.7.2 Basicity & Nucleophilicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-7-2-basicity-and-nucleophilicity.md)
  - [3.7.3 Amides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-7-3-amides.md)
  - [3.7.4 Reactions of Amino Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-7-4-reactions-of-amino-acids.md)
  - [3.7.5 Amino Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-7-5-amino-acids.md)
- 3.8 Polymerisation
  - [3.8.1 Properties of Addition Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-8-1-properties-of-addition-polymers.md)
  - [3.8.2 Condensation Polymerisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-8-2-condensation-polymerisation.md)
  - [3.8.3 Effects of Side-Chains on Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-8-3-effects-of-side-chains-on-polymers.md)
  - [3.8.4 Hydrolysis of Ester & Amide Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-8-4-hydrolysis-of-ester-and-amide-groups.md)
  - [3.8.5 Proteins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-8-5-proteins.md)
  - [3.8.6 DNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-8-6-dna.md)
  - [3.8.7 Adhesive & Conducting Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-8-7-adhesive-and-conducting-polymers.md)
  - [3.8.8 End of Topic Test - Amines & Proteins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-8-8-end-of-topic-test-amines-and-proteins.md)
- 3.9 Analytical Techniques
  - [3.9.1 Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-1-chromatography.md)
  - [3.9.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-2-high-performance-liquid-chromatography.md)
  - [3.9.3 Gas Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-3-gas-chromatography.md)
  - [3.9.4 IR Spectroscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-4-ir-spectroscopy.md)
  - [3.9.5 Uses of IR Spectroscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-5-uses-of-ir-spectroscopy.md)
  - [3.9.6 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-6-mass-spectrometry.md)
  - [3.9.7 Mass Spectrometry Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-7-mass-spectrometry-analysis.md)
  - [3.9.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-8-nuclear-magnetic-resonance.md)
  - [3.9.9 Carbon-13 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-9-carbon-13-nmr.md)
  - [3.9.10 Proton NMR I](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-10-proton-nmr-i.md)
  - [3.9.11 Proton NMR II](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-11-proton-nmr-ii.md)
  - [3.9.12 End of Topic Test - Analytical Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-12-end-of-topic-test-analytical-techniques.md)
  - [3.9.13 A-A* (AO2/3) - Analytical Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-9-13-a-a-ao23-analytical-techniques.md)
- 3.10 Organic Synthesis
  - [3.10.1 Chirality & Drug Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-10-1-chirality-and-drug-synthesis.md)
  - [3.10.2 Organic Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-10-2-organic-synthesis.md)
  - [3.10.3 Examples of Synthetic Routes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-10-3-examples-of-synthetic-routes.md)
  - [3.10.4 End of Topic Test - Organic Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/chemistry/cambridge-international/3-10-4-end-of-topic-test-organic-synthesis.md)