Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-4-4-convection-currents [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics.md) › [Edexcel IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse.md) › [Higher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher.md) › Convection Currents # Convection Currents Physics: Edexcel IGCSE, topic 4.4.4 ## Convection Liquids and gases are called fluids because they can flow. They do not conduct heat well, but they can transfer heat energy using convection currents. Convection currents are created by areas of different densities in a fluid. They work like this: ### Stage 1 ![Stage 1](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/2.3.1%20%20Thermal%20Processes/warm-air-rising-min.jpg) - When part of a fluid is heated, the particles in this area gain kinetic energy. - When the particles gain kinetic energy they move away from each other, so the area that has been heated becomes less dense and the warm fluid particles rise. ### Stage 2 ![Stage 2](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/2.3.1%20%20Thermal%20Processes/sinking-ship-min.jpg) - When the particles in the warm part of the fluid rise they transfer some of their energy particles to the cold fluid nearby. - The heated particles then begin to sink because their density increases. ### Stage 3 ![Stage 3](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/2.3.1%20%20Thermal%20Processes/warm-air-rising-min.jpg) - At the bottom, colder fluid particles that haven't been heated will replace the warm particles that have risen. - These colder particles are then heated. They move apart and start to rise. ### Stage 4 ![Stage 4](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/2.3.1%20%20Thermal%20Processes/2.3.2%20-%20Convection%20current%20(s1)-min.jpg) - This cycle creates convection currents. Convection currents are the result of different densities in the fluid. These different densities are created by heating. ## Test yourself on Convection Currents - Which of the following are true of convection currents in a kettle? - What causes convection currents? - Convection Currents [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/8d64c500-1ba7-11e8-9294-c3528be8998b/section/c436e190-1be2-11e8-807a-17a3472c856c/session) - Previous topic: [4.4.3 Molecular Conduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-4-3-molecular-conduction.md) - Next topic: [4.4.5 Convection Currents - Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-4-5-convection-currents-examples.md) ## Physics: Edexcel IGCSE contents ### 1 Forces & Motion - 1.1 Basics of Motion - [1.1.1 Average Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-1-average-speed.md) - [1.1.2 Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-2-acceleration.md) - [1.1.3 Distance & Displacement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-3-distance-and-displacement.md) - [1.1.4 Velocity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-4-velocity.md) - [1.1.5 Adding Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-5-adding-vectors.md) - [1.1.6 Distance-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-6-distance-time-graphs.md) - [1.1.7 Speed-Time Graphs 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-7-speed-time-graphs-1.md) - [1.1.8 Speed-Time Graphs 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-8-speed-time-graphs-2.md) - [1.1.9 Initial & Final Speed, Acceleration, Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-9-initial-and-final-speed-acceleration-distance.md) - [1.1.10 Average Speed - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-10-average-speed-calculations.md) - [1.1.11 Acceleration - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-11-acceleration-calculations.md) - [1.1.12 Uniform Acceleration - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-12-uniform-acceleration-calculations.md) - [1.1.13 Grade 9 - Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-13-grade-9-motion.md) - [1.1.14 Exam-Style Questions - Graphs of Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-14-exam-style-questions-graphs-of-motion.md) - 1.2 Forces - [1.2.1 Contact & Non-Contact Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-2-1-contact-and-non-contact-forces.md) - [1.2.2 Examples of Contact Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-2-2-examples-of-contact-forces.md) - [1.2.3 Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-2-3-friction.md) - [1.2.4 Newton's First Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-2-4-newtons-first-law.md) - [1.2.5 Newton's Second Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-2-5-newtons-second-law.md) - [1.2.6 Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-2-6-newtons-third-law.md) - [1.2.7 Describing Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-2-7-describing-forces.md) - [1.2.8 Using Free Body Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-2-8-using-free-body-diagrams.md) - 1.3 Effects of Forces - [1.3.1 Momentum - No Impulse](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-1-momentum-no-impulse.md) - [1.3.2 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-2-momentum.md) - [1.3.3 Momentum: Law of Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-3-momentum-law-of-conservation.md) - [1.3.4 Force & Momentum Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-4-force-and-momentum-change.md) - [1.3.5 Momentum - Safety](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-5-momentum-safety.md) - [1.3.6 Change in Momentum - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-6-change-in-momentum-calculations.md) - [1.3.7 Momentum - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-7-momentum-calculations.md) - [1.3.8 Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-8-mass.md) - [1.3.9 Weight](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-9-weight.md) - [1.3.10 Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-10-centre-of-mass.md) - [1.3.11 Gravity - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-11-gravity-calculations.md) - [1.3.12 Free Fall](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-12-free-fall.md) - [1.3.13 Air Resistance & Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-13-air-resistance-and-friction.md) - [1.3.14 Graphs of Motion with Air Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-14-graphs-of-motion-with-air-resistance.md) - [1.3.15 Turning Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-15-turning-effect.md) - [1.3.16 Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-16-moments.md) - [1.3.17 Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-17-equilibrium.md) - [1.3.18 Moments - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-18-moments-calculations.md) - [1.3.19 Exam-Style Questions - Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-3-19-exam-style-questions-moments.md) - 1.4 Stopping Distance - [1.4.1 Stopping Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-4-1-stopping-distance.md) - [1.4.2 Stopping Distance - Thinking Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-4-2-stopping-distance-thinking-distance.md) - [1.4.3 Stopping Distance - Braking Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-4-3-stopping-distance-braking-distance.md) - 1.5 Forces & Elasticity - [1.5.1 Stretching, Bending & Compressing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-1-stretching-bending-and-compressing.md) - [1.5.2 Elastic Deformation vs Inelastic Deformation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-2-elastic-deformation-vs-inelastic-deformation.md) - [1.5.3 Hooke's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-3-hookes-law.md) - [1.5.4 Hooke's Law - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-4-hookes-law-equation.md) - [1.5.5 Hooke's Law - Spring Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-5-hookes-law-spring-experiments.md) - [1.5.6 Hooke's Law - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-6-hookes-law-calculations.md) - [1.5.7 Elastic Potential - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-7-elastic-potential-calculations.md) - [1.5.8 End of Topic Test - Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-8-end-of-topic-test-forces.md) - [1.5.9 Exam-Style Questions - Elastic Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-5-9-exam-style-questions-elastic-potential.md) ### 2 Electricity - 2.1 Electricity in Homes - [2.1.1 Mains Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-1-mains-electricity.md) - [2.1.2 Power Rating of Appliances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-2-power-rating-of-appliances.md) - [2.1.3 National Grid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-3-national-grid.md) - [2.1.4 AC/DC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-4-acdc.md) - [2.1.5 Electrical Safety](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-5-electrical-safety.md) - [2.1.6 Fuses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-6-fuses.md) - [2.1.7 Fuse Ratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-7-fuse-ratings.md) - 2.2 Current & Potential Difference - [2.2.1 Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-1-current.md) - [2.2.2 Current - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-2-current-equation.md) - [2.2.3 Current - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-3-current-calculations.md) - [2.2.4 Conductors & Insulators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-4-conductors-and-insulators.md) - [2.2.5 Electrical Conductors - Electrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-5-electrical-conductors-electrons.md) - [2.2.6 Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-6-potential-difference.md) - [2.2.7 Potential Difference - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-7-potential-difference-equation.md) - [2.2.8 Measurements in Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-8-measurements-in-circuits.md) - [2.2.9 Voltage - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-2-9-voltage-calculations.md) - 2.3 Resistance & Power - [2.3.1 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-1-resistance.md) - [2.3.2 Ohm's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-2-ohms-law.md) - [2.3.3 Measuring Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-3-measuring-resistance.md) - [2.3.4 Resistance & Ohms Law - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-4-resistance-and-ohms-law-calculations.md) - [2.3.5 Variable Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-5-variable-resistance.md) - [2.3.6 Current-Voltage Graph for a Resistor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-6-current-voltage-graph-for-a-resistor.md) - [2.3.7 Electrical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-7-electrical-work.md) - [2.3.8 Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-8-power.md) - [2.3.9 Heating Effect in Resistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-9-heating-effect-in-resistors.md) - [2.3.10 Electrical Work - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-10-electrical-work-calculations.md) - [2.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-3-11-exam-style-questions-resistance.md) - 2.4 Electric Circuits - [2.4.1 Circuit Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-1-circuit-diagrams.md) - [2.4.2 Circuit Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-2-circuit-symbols.md) - [2.4.3 Diodes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-3-diodes.md) - [2.4.4 LDRs & Thermistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-4-ldrs-and-thermistors.md) - [2.4.5 Series Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-5-series-circuits.md) - [2.4.6 Resistors in Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-6-resistors-in-series.md) - [2.4.7 Series Circuits - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-7-series-circuits-calculations.md) - [2.4.8 Parallel Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-8-parallel-circuits.md) - [2.4.9 Parallel Circuits in Practice](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-9-parallel-circuits-in-practice.md) - [2.4.10 End of Topic Test - Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-10-end-of-topic-test-electricity.md) - [2.4.11 Grade 9 - Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-11-grade-9-circuits.md) - [2.4.12 Exam-Style Questions - Electrical Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-4-12-exam-style-questions-electrical-circuits.md) - 2.5 Static Electricity - [2.5.1 Electric Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-5-1-electric-charge.md) - [2.5.2 Charging an Object](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-5-2-charging-an-object.md) - [2.5.3 Charged Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-5-3-charged-objects.md) - [2.5.4 Uses of Static Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-5-4-uses-of-static-electricity.md) - [2.5.5 Charge Dangers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-5-5-charge-dangers.md) - [2.5.6 Calculating Power & Energy Transferred](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-5-6-calculating-power-and-energy-transferred.md) ### 3 Waves - 3.1 Wave Basics - [3.1.1 Wave Basics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-1-wave-basics.md) - [3.1.2 Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-2-transverse-waves.md) - [3.1.3 Longitudinal Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-3-longitudinal-waves.md) - [3.1.4 Wave Frequency Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-4-wave-frequency-formula.md) - [3.1.5 Wavelength & Amplitude](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-5-wavelength-and-amplitude.md) - [3.1.6 Wave Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-6-wave-speed.md) - [3.1.7 Wave Speed - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-7-wave-speed-calculations.md) - [3.1.8 Wave Frequency - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-8-wave-frequency-calculations.md) - [3.1.9 Wavefronts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-9-wavefronts.md) - [3.1.10 Doppler Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-10-doppler-effect.md) - [3.1.11 Exam-Style Questions - Wave Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-11-exam-style-questions-wave-speed.md) - 3.2 Waves at a Boundary - [3.2.1 Changing Wave Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-2-1-changing-wave-motion.md) - [3.2.2 Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-2-2-reflection.md) - [3.2.3 Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-2-3-refraction.md) - [3.2.4 Angle of Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-2-4-angle-of-refraction.md) - [3.2.5 Refractive Index 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-2-5-refractive-index-1.md) - [3.2.6 Refractive Index 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-2-6-refractive-index-2.md) - [3.2.7 Total Internal Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-2-7-total-internal-reflection.md) - [3.2.8 Optic Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-2-8-optic-fibres.md) - 3.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum - [3.3.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-1-properties-of-electromagnetic-waves.md) - [3.3.2 Gamma Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-2-gamma-rays.md) - [3.3.3 X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-3-x-rays.md) - [3.3.4 UV Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-4-uv-light.md) - [3.3.5 Visible Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-5-visible-light.md) - [3.3.6 Infrared Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-6-infrared-radiation.md) - [3.3.7 Microwaves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-7-microwaves.md) - [3.3.8 Radio Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-8-radio-waves.md) - [3.3.9 End of Topic Test - EM Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-9-end-of-topic-test-em-waves.md) - [3.3.10 Exam-Style Questions - Electromagnetic Wave Uses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-3-10-exam-style-questions-electromagnetic-wave-uses.md) - 3.4 Sound Waves - [3.4.1 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-4-1-sound-waves.md) - [3.4.2 Sound Waves & Our Ears](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-4-2-sound-waves-and-our-ears.md) - [3.4.3 Sound as a Wave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-4-3-sound-as-a-wave.md) - [3.4.4 Signal Generators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-4-4-signal-generators.md) - [3.4.5 Sound Waves - Oscilloscope Traces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-4-5-sound-waves-oscilloscope-traces.md) - [3.4.6 Measuring the Speed of Sound - Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-4-6-measuring-the-speed-of-sound-experiment.md) - [3.4.7 End of Topic Test - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-4-7-end-of-topic-test-waves.md) - 3.5 Communications - [3.5.1 Digital & Analogue Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-5-1-digital-and-analogue-signals.md) - [3.5.2 Benefits of Digital Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-5-2-benefits-of-digital-signals.md) ### 4 Energy Resources & Energy Transfers - 4.1 Energy Changes - [4.1.1 Energy Stores](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-1-energy-stores.md) - [4.1.2 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-2-conservation-of-energy.md) - [4.1.3 Examples of Energy Conversion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-3-examples-of-energy-conversion.md) - [4.1.4 Kinetic Energy Stored](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-4-kinetic-energy-stored.md) - [4.1.5 Gravitational Potential Energy Stored](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-5-gravitational-potential-energy-stored.md) - [4.1.6 Elastic Potential Energy Stored](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-6-elastic-potential-energy-stored.md) - [4.1.7 Changes in Kinetic Energy - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-7-changes-in-kinetic-energy-calculations.md) - [4.1.8 Changes in GPE - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-8-changes-in-gpe-calculations.md) - [4.1.9 Changes in EPE - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-9-changes-in-epe-calculations.md) - [4.1.10 Mechanical Work Done](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-10-mechanical-work-done.md) - [4.1.11 Mechanical Work Done - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-11-mechanical-work-done-equation.md) - [4.1.12 Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-12-power.md) - [4.1.13 Mechanical Work - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-13-mechanical-work-calculations.md) - [4.1.14 Electrical Work Done- Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-14-electrical-work-done-calculations.md) - 4.2 Energy Losses & Efficiency - [4.2.1 Energy Wastage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-2-1-energy-wastage.md) - [4.2.2 Energy Transfer Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-2-2-energy-transfer-diagrams.md) - [4.2.3 Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-2-3-efficiency.md) - [4.2.4 Reducing Unwanted Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-2-4-reducing-unwanted-energy-transfer.md) - [4.2.5 Efficiency - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-2-5-efficiency-calculations.md) - [4.2.6 Grade 9 - Energy & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-2-6-grade-9-energy-and-efficiency.md) - [4.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - Energy & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-2-7-exam-style-questions-energy-and-power.md) - 4.3 Energy Resources - [4.3.1 Energy Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-1-energy-resources.md) - [4.3.2 Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-2-fossil-fuels.md) - [4.3.3 Geothermal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-3-geothermal-energy.md) - [4.3.4 Wind Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-4-wind-energy.md) - [4.3.5 Water Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-5-water-energy.md) - [4.3.6 Tidal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-6-tidal-energy.md) - [4.3.7 Nuclear Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-7-nuclear-energy.md) - [4.3.8 Solar Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-8-solar-energy.md) - [4.3.9 Non-Renewable & Renewable Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-9-non-renewable-and-renewable-resources.md) - [4.3.10 Renewable Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-10-renewable-energy.md) - [4.3.11 Limits to Renewable Energy Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-11-limits-to-renewable-energy-resources.md) - [4.3.12 End of Topic Test - Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-3-12-end-of-topic-test-energy.md) - 4.4 Thermal Processes - [4.4.1 Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-4-1-radiation.md) - [4.4.2 Conduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-4-2-conduction.md) - [4.4.3 Molecular Conduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-4-3-molecular-conduction.md) - [4.4.4 Convection Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-4-4-convection-currents.md) - [4.4.5 Convection Currents - Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-4-5-convection-currents-examples.md) ### 5 Solids, Liquids & Gases - 5.1 Density & Pressure - [5.1.1 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-1-density.md) - [5.1.2 Density Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-2-density-equation.md) - [5.1.3 Calculating Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-3-calculating-density.md) - [5.1.4 Density - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-4-density-calculations.md) - [5.1.5 Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-5-pressure.md) - [5.1.6 Atmospheric Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-6-atmospheric-pressure.md) - [5.1.7 Pressure Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-7-pressure-difference.md) - [5.1.8 Pressure - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-8-pressure-calculations.md) - 5.2 Changing State - [5.2.1 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-2-1-changes-of-state.md) - [5.2.2 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-2-2-states-of-matter.md) - [5.2.3 Specific Heat Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-2-3-specific-heat-capacity.md) - [5.2.4 Exam-Style Questions - Specific Heat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-2-4-exam-style-questions-specific-heat.md) - [5.2.5 Internal Energy - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-2-5-internal-energy-calculations.md) - 5.3 Ideal Gases - [5.3.1 Kelvin Scale & Absolute Zero](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-3-1-kelvin-scale-and-absolute-zero.md) - [5.3.2 Temperature & the Kelvin Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-3-2-temperature-and-the-kelvin-scale.md) - [5.3.3 Properties of Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-3-3-properties-of-gases.md) - [5.3.4 Temperature Increase in a Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-3-4-temperature-increase-in-a-gas.md) - [5.3.5 End of Topic Test - Solids, Liquids & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-3-5-end-of-topic-test-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) - [5.3.6 Grade 9 - Solids, Liquids & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-3-6-grade-9-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) ### 6 Magnetism & Electromagnetism - 6.1 Magnetism - [6.1.1 Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-1-magnetism.md) - [6.1.2 Magnetic Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-2-magnetic-materials.md) - [6.1.3 Hard & Soft Magnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-3-hard-and-soft-magnets.md) - [6.1.4 Induced Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-4-induced-magnetism.md) - [6.1.5 Magnetic Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-5-magnetic-forces.md) - [6.1.6 Magnetic Field Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-6-magnetic-field-patterns.md) - [6.1.7 Exam-Style Questions - Magnetic Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-7-exam-style-questions-magnetic-fields.md) - 6.2 Electromagnetism - [6.2.1 The Magnetic Effect of a Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-1-the-magnetic-effect-of-a-current.md) - [6.2.2 Magnetic Field around a Coil of Wire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-2-magnetic-field-around-a-coil-of-wire.md) - [6.2.3 Magnetic Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-3-magnetic-field-strength.md) - [6.2.4 The Motor Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-4-the-motor-effect.md) - [6.2.5 Direction of the Motor Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-5-direction-of-the-motor-effect.md) - [6.2.6 The Catapult Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-6-the-catapult-experiment.md) - [6.2.7 Force on a Current Carrying Wire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-7-force-on-a-current-carrying-wire.md) - [6.2.8 DC Motors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-8-dc-motors.md) - [6.2.9 Loudspeakers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-9-loudspeakers.md) - 6.3 Electromagnetic Induction - [6.3.1 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-1-electromagnetic-induction.md) - [6.3.2 Induced Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-2-induced-potential-difference.md) - [6.3.3 Alternating Current - The Rotating-Coil Generator](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-3-alternating-current-the-rotating-coil-generator.md) - 6.4 Transformers - [6.4.1 Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-1-transformers.md) - [6.4.2 Transformer Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-2-transformer-equation.md) - [6.4.3 Step-Up & Step-Down Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-3-step-up-and-step-down-transformers.md) - [6.4.4 Principles of Transformer Operation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-4-principles-of-transformer-operation.md) - [6.4.5 High-Voltage Transmission & Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-5-high-voltage-transmission-and-transformers.md) - [6.4.6 Transformers - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-6-transformers-calculations.md) - [6.4.7 Transformers 2 - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-7-transformers-2-calculations.md) - [6.4.8 Energy in Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-8-energy-in-transformers.md) - [6.4.9 Power Losses in Cables](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-9-power-losses-in-cables.md) - [6.4.10 End of Topic Test - Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-10-end-of-topic-test-magnetism.md) - [6.4.11 Grade 9 - Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-11-grade-9-transformers.md) - [6.4.12 Exam-Style Questions - Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-4-12-exam-style-questions-transformers.md) ### 7 Radioactivity & Particles - 7.1 Atoms - [7.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-1-atomic-model.md) - [7.1.2 Structure of an Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-2-structure-of-an-atom.md) - [7.1.3 The Charges of Sub-Atomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-3-the-charges-of-sub-atomic-particles.md) - [7.1.4 Alpha Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-4-alpha-particles.md) - [7.1.5 The Model of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-5-the-model-of-the-atom.md) - [7.1.6 Proton & Nucleon Numbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-6-proton-and-nucleon-numbers.md) - [7.1.7 Atoms & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-7-atoms-and-ions.md) - [7.1.8 Isotopes 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-8-isotopes-1.md) - [7.1.9 Isotopes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-9-isotopes-2.md) - [7.1.10 Carbon Nuclides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-10-carbon-nuclides.md) - 7.2 Radioactivity - [7.2.1 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-1-radioactive-decay.md) - [7.2.2 Types of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-2-types-of-radiation.md) - [7.2.3 Three Types of Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-3-three-types-of-emission.md) - [7.2.4 Ionising vs Penetration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-4-ionising-vs-penetration.md) - [7.2.5 Nuclear Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-5-nuclear-fission.md) - [7.2.6 Nuclear Reactors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-6-nuclear-reactors.md) - [7.2.7 Nuclear Fission - Uncontrolled Chain Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-7-nuclear-fission-uncontrolled-chain-reaction.md) - [7.2.8 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-8-radioactive-decay.md) - [7.2.9 Decay Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-9-decay-equations.md) - [7.2.10 Nuclear Fission Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-10-nuclear-fission-equation.md) - [7.2.11 Half Life & Background Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-11-half-life-and-background-radiation.md) - [7.2.12 Measuring Half-Life From a Graph](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-12-measuring-half-life-from-a-graph.md) - [7.2.13 Background Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-13-background-radiation.md) - [7.2.14 Practical Applications of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-14-practical-applications-of-radiation.md) - [7.2.15 Ions & Ionising Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-15-ions-and-ionising-radiation.md) - [7.2.16 Safety Precautions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-16-safety-precautions.md) - [7.2.17 Peer Review](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-17-peer-review.md) - [7.2.18 End of Topic Test - Radioactivity & Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-18-end-of-topic-test-radioactivity-and-particles.md) - [7.2.19 Grade 9 - Radioactivity & Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-19-grade-9-radioactivity-and-particles.md) - [7.2.20 Exam-Style Questions - Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-2-20-exam-style-questions-radioactive-decay.md) ### 8 Astrophysics - 8.1 Motion in the Universe - [8.1.1 The Solar System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-1-the-solar-system.md) - [8.1.2 Gravitational Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-2-gravitational-field-strength.md) - [8.1.3 Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-3-orbits.md) - [8.1.4 Orbital Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-4-orbital-motion.md) - 8.2 Evolution of Stars - [8.2.1 Life Cycle of a Star like the Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-2-1-life-cycle-of-a-star-like-the-sun.md) - [8.2.2 Life Cycle of a Star Much Bigger than the Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-2-2-life-cycle-of-a-star-much-bigger-than-the-sun.md) - [8.2.3 Absolute Magnitude](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-2-3-absolute-magnitude.md) - [8.2.4 Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-2-4-hertzsprung-russell-diagrams.md) - [8.2.5 Exam-Style Questions - Life Cycle of a Star](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-2-5-exam-style-questions-life-cycle-of-a-star.md) - 8.3 Cosmology - [8.3.1 The Big Bang](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-3-1-the-big-bang.md) - [8.3.2 Evidence for the Big Bang](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-3-2-evidence-for-the-big-bang.md) - [8.3.3 CMB Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-3-3-cmb-radiation.md) - [8.3.4 End of Topic Test - Astrophysics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-3-4-end-of-topic-test-astrophysics.md)