Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-2-3-detection-of-radioactivity [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international.md) › [Higher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher.md) › Detection of Radioactivity # Detection of Radioactivity Physics: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement, topic 5.2.3 ## Detecting Radioactivity ### Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube) ![Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/5.2.1%20Radioactivity/poland-1354235_640-min.jpg) - Ionising radiation enters a tube full of low pressure gases. - It ionises the atoms in the gas, knocking electrons out of the atoms. - The gas can now conduct electricity and completes an electric circuit. Current flows between electrodes. - The current produces a clicking noise. - The count-rate is the number of decays recorded each second or each minute. ## Test yourself on Detection of Radioactivity - Geiger Counter - What is the count rate you get from a Geiger counter? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/800680e0-d9b4-11e7-8664-d19507716171/section/1bf9eaed-6736-4da1-8a35-949ab702c4f4/session) - Previous topic: [5.2.2 Types of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-2-2-types-of-radiation.md) - Next topic: [5.2.4 Background Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-2-4-background-radiation.md) ## Physics: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement contents ### 1 Motion, Forces & Energy - 1.1 Physical Quantities & Measurement Techniques - [1.1.1 Measuring Length](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-1-measuring-length.md) - [1.1.2 Measuring Volume](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-2-measuring-volume.md) - [1.1.3 Measuring Time](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-3-measuring-time.md) - [1.1.4 Scalar & Vector Quantities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-4-scalar-and-vector-quantities.md) - [1.1.5 Adding Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-5-adding-vectors.md) - 1.2 Motion - [1.2.1 Average Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-1-average-speed.md) - [1.2.2 Calculating Average Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-2-calculating-average-speed.md) - [1.2.3 Velocity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-3-velocity.md) - [1.2.4 Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-4-acceleration.md) - [1.2.5 Distance-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-5-distance-time-graphs.md) - [1.2.6 Speed-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-6-speed-time-graphs.md) - [1.2.7 More Speed-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-7-more-speed-time-graphs.md) - [1.2.8 Calculating Uniform Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-8-calculating-uniform-acceleration.md) - [1.2.9 Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-9-gravity.md) - [1.2.10 Free Fall - Distance-Time & Speed-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-10-free-fall-distance-time-and-speed-time-graphs.md) - [1.2.11 Air Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-11-air-resistance.md) - [1.2.12 Air Resistance - Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-12-air-resistance-graphs.md) - [1.2.13 Optional: Calculating Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-13-optional-calculating-acceleration.md) - 1.3 Mass & Weight - [1.3.1 Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-3-1-mass.md) - [1.3.2 Weight](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-3-2-weight.md) - [1.3.3 Gravity Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-3-3-gravity-calculations.md) - 1.4 Density - [1.4.1 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-4-1-density.md) - [1.4.2 Equation for Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-4-2-equation-for-density.md) - [1.4.3 Density - Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-4-3-density-experiments.md) - [1.4.4 Density - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-4-4-density-calculations.md) - 1.5 Forces: Effects of Forces - [1.5.1 Spring Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-5-1-spring-constant.md) - [1.5.2 Spring Constant Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-5-2-spring-constant-equation.md) - [1.5.3 Force & Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-5-3-force-and-acceleration.md) - [1.5.4 Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-5-4-friction.md) - 1.6 Forces: Turning Effects of Forces - [1.6.1 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-6-1-circular-motion.md) - [1.6.2 Turning Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-6-2-turning-effect.md) - [1.6.3 Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-6-3-moments.md) - [1.6.4 Calculating Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-6-4-calculating-moments.md) - 1.7 Forces: Centre of Gravity - [1.7.1 Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-7-1-equilibrium.md) - [1.7.2 Centre of Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-7-2-centre-of-gravity.md) - [1.7.3 Centre of Gravity Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-7-3-centre-of-gravity-experiment.md) - 1.8 Momentum - [1.8.1 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-8-1-momentum.md) - 1.9 Energy, Work, & Power: Energy - [1.9.1 Energy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-9-1-energy-changes.md) - [1.9.2 Energy Conversion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-9-2-energy-conversion.md) - [1.9.3 Kinetic Energy Stored](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-9-3-kinetic-energy-stored.md) - [1.9.4 Calculating Changes in Kinetic Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-9-4-calculating-changes-in-kinetic-energy.md) - [1.9.5 Gravitational Potential Energy Stored](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-9-5-gravitational-potential-energy-stored.md) - [1.9.6 Calculating Changes in GPE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-9-6-calculating-changes-in-gpe.md) - [1.9.7 Elastic Potential Energy Stored](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-9-7-elastic-potential-energy-stored.md) - [1.9.8 Calculating Changes in EPE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-9-8-calculating-changes-in-epe.md) - 1.10 Energy, Work & Power: Work - [1.10.1 Mechanical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-10-1-mechanical-work.md) - [1.10.2 Calculating Mechanical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-10-2-calculating-mechanical-work.md) - [1.10.3 Calculating Electrical Work Done](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-10-3-calculating-electrical-work-done.md) - 1.11 Energy, Work & Power: Energy Resources - [1.11.1 Energy Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-1-energy-resources.md) - [1.11.2 Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-2-fossil-fuels.md) - [1.11.3 Geothermal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-3-geothermal-energy.md) - [1.11.4 Wind Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-4-wind-energy.md) - [1.11.5 Water Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-5-water-energy.md) - [1.11.6 Tidal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-6-tidal-energy.md) - [1.11.7 Nuclear Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-7-nuclear-energy.md) - [1.11.8 Solar Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-8-solar-energy.md) - [1.11.9 Original Source of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-9-original-source-of-energy.md) - [1.11.10 Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-10-fusion.md) - [1.11.11 Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-11-efficiency.md) - [1.11.12 Calculating Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-12-calculating-efficiency.md) - [1.11.13 Energy Wastage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-11-13-energy-wastage.md) - 1.12 Energy, Work & Power: Power - [1.12.1 Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-12-1-power.md) - 1.13 Pressure - [1.13.1 Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-13-1-pressure.md) - [1.13.2 Atmospheric Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-13-2-atmospheric-pressure.md) - [1.13.3 Calculating Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-13-3-calculating-pressure.md) - [1.13.4 Liquid Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-13-4-liquid-pressure.md) - [1.13.5 Manometer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-13-5-manometer.md) - [1.13.6 Calculating Liquid Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/1-13-6-calculating-liquid-pressure.md) ### 2 Thermal Physics - 2.1 Kinetic Particle Model of Matter - [2.1.1 Kinetic Particle Model of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-1-1-kinetic-particle-model-of-matter.md) - [2.1.2 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-1-2-states-of-matter.md) - [2.1.3 Properties of Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-1-3-properties-of-gases.md) - 2.2 Thermal Properties & Temperature - [2.2.1 Thermal Expansion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-1-thermal-expansion.md) - [2.2.2 Changes in Internal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-2-changes-in-internal-energy.md) - [2.2.3 Heat Capacities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-3-heat-capacities.md) - [2.2.4 Heat Capacities Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-4-heat-capacities-experiment.md) - [2.2.5 Internal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-5-internal-energy.md) - [2.2.6 Calculating Internal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-6-calculating-internal-energy.md) - [2.2.7 End of Topic Test - Thermal Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-7-end-of-topic-test-thermal-physics.md) - [2.2.8 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-8-changes-of-state.md) - [2.2.9 Evaporation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-9-evaporation.md) - [2.2.10 Factors Affecting Evaporation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-10-factors-affecting-evaporation.md) - [2.2.11 Examples of Evaporation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-11-examples-of-evaporation.md) - 2.3 Transfer of Thermal Energy - [2.3.1 Conduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-1-conduction.md) - [2.3.2 Molecular Conduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-2-molecular-conduction.md) - [2.3.3 Convection Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-3-convection-currents.md) - [2.3.4 Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-4-radiation.md) - [2.3.5 Surface Colour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-5-surface-colour.md) - [2.3.6 Emitting Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-6-emitting-radiation.md) - [2.3.7 Leslie's Cube & Other Radiation Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-7-leslies-cube-and-other-radiation-experiments.md) - [2.3.8 Uses of Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-8-uses-of-energy-transfer.md) ### 3 Waves - 3.1 General Properties of Waves - [3.1.1 Wave Basics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-1-wave-basics.md) - [3.1.2 Transverse Wave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-2-transverse-wave.md) - [3.1.3 Longitudinal Wave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-3-longitudinal-wave.md) - [3.1.4 Ripple Tank](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-4-ripple-tank.md) - [3.1.5 Wave Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-5-wave-speed.md) - [3.1.6 Wave Speed Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-6-wave-speed-formula.md) - [3.1.7 Calculating Wave Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-7-calculating-wave-speed.md) - [3.1.8 Wave Frequency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-8-wave-frequency.md) - [3.1.9 Calculating Wave Frequency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-9-calculating-wave-frequency.md) - [3.1.10 Wavelength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-10-wavelength.md) - [3.1.11 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-11-diffraction.md) - 3.2 Light: Reflection & Refraction - [3.2.1 Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-1-reflection.md) - [3.2.2 Internal Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-2-internal-reflection.md) - [3.2.3 Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-3-refraction.md) - [3.2.4 More Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-4-more-refraction.md) - [3.2.5 Refractive Index Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-5-refractive-index-equation.md) - [3.2.6 Refractive Index](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-6-refractive-index.md) - [3.2.7 Critical Angle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-7-critical-angle.md) - [3.2.8 Optical Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-8-optical-fibres.md) - [3.2.9 Optical Fibres in Communications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-9-optical-fibres-in-communications.md) - [3.2.10 Medical Applications of Optical Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-10-medical-applications-of-optical-fibres.md) - 3.3 Light: Thin Lenses - [3.3.1 Thin Converging Lenses 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-1-thin-converging-lenses-1.md) - [3.3.2 Thin Converging Lens 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-2-thin-converging-lens-2.md) - [3.3.3 Thin Converging Lens 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-3-thin-converging-lens-3.md) - [3.3.4 Thin Converging Lens 4](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-4-thin-converging-lens-4.md) - [3.3.5 Calculating Lenses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-5-calculating-lenses.md) - 3.4 Light: Dispersion of Light - [3.4.1 Dispersion of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-4-1-dispersion-of-light.md) - [3.4.2 Triangular Prisms 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-4-2-triangular-prisms-1.md) - [3.4.3 Triangular Prisms 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-4-3-triangular-prisms-2.md) - 3.5 Electromagnetic Spectrum - [3.5.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-1-properties-of-electromagnetic-waves.md) - [3.5.2 Gamma Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-2-gamma-rays.md) - [3.5.3 X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-3-x-rays.md) - [3.5.4 UV Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-4-uv-light.md) - [3.5.5 Visible Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-5-visible-light.md) - [3.5.6 Infrared Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-6-infrared-radiation.md) - [3.5.7 Microwaves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-7-microwaves.md) - [3.5.8 Radio Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-8-radio-waves.md) - [3.5.9 Other Uses of EM Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-9-other-uses-of-em-waves.md) - [3.5.10 Analogue & Digital Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-5-10-analogue-and-digital-signals.md) - 3.6 Sound - [3.6.1 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-6-1-sound-waves.md) - [3.6.2 Ears](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-6-2-ears.md) - [3.6.3 Speed of Sound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-6-3-speed-of-sound.md) - [3.6.4 Measuring Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-6-4-measuring-sound-waves.md) - [3.6.5 Oscilloscope Traces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-6-5-oscilloscope-traces.md) - [3.6.6 Sound Waves Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/3-6-6-sound-waves-experiment.md) ### 4 Electricity & Magnetism - 4.1 Simple Phenomena of Magnetism - [4.1.1 Magnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-1-magnets.md) - [4.1.2 Magnetic Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-2-magnetic-forces.md) - [4.1.3 Magnetic Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-3-magnetic-materials.md) - [4.1.4 Induced Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-4-induced-magnetism.md) - [4.1.5 Temporary & Permanent Magnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-5-temporary-and-permanent-magnets.md) - [4.1.6 Electromagnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-6-electromagnets.md) - [4.1.7 Magnetic Field Lines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-7-magnetic-field-lines.md) - 4.2 Electrical Quantities: Electric Charge - [4.2.1 Electrical Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-1-electrical-charge.md) - [4.2.2 Charged Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-2-charged-objects.md) - [4.2.3 Static Electricity Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-3-static-electricity-experiments.md) - [4.2.4 Charging by Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-4-charging-by-induction.md) - [4.2.5 Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-5-electric-fields.md) - [4.2.6 Electric Field Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-6-electric-field-patterns.md) - [4.2.7 Conductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-7-conductors.md) - [4.2.8 Electrical Conductors - Electrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-8-electrical-conductors-electrons.md) - 4.3 Electrical Quantities: Electric Current - [4.3.1 Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-3-1-current.md) - [4.3.2 Conventional Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-3-2-conventional-current.md) - [4.3.3 Current Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-3-3-current-equation.md) - [4.3.4 Calculating Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-3-4-calculating-current.md) - [4.3.5 AC/DC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-3-5-acdc.md) - 4.4 Electromotive Force & Potential Difference - [4.4.1 Electromotive Force](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-4-1-electromotive-force.md) - [4.4.2 Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-4-2-potential-difference.md) - [4.4.3 Potential Difference Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-4-3-potential-difference-equation.md) - [4.4.4 Calculating Voltage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-4-4-calculating-voltage.md) - 4.5 Electrical Quantities: Resistance - [4.5.1 Circuit Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-5-1-circuit-measurements.md) - [4.5.2 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-5-2-resistance.md) - [4.5.3 Equation for Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-5-3-equation-for-resistance.md) - [4.5.4 Measuring Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-5-4-measuring-resistance.md) - [4.5.5 Calculating Resistance & Ohm's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-5-5-calculating-resistance-and-ohms-law.md) - [4.5.6 Variable Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-5-6-variable-resistance.md) - [4.5.7 Resistance Graph](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-5-7-resistance-graph.md) - 4.6 Electrical Energy & Electrical Power - [4.6.1 Electrical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-6-1-electrical-work.md) - [4.6.2 Electrical Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-6-2-electrical-power.md) - [4.6.3 Calculating Electrical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-6-3-calculating-electrical-work.md) - 4.7 Electric Circuits: Circuit Diagrams & Components - [4.7.1 Circuit Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-7-1-circuit-diagrams.md) - [4.7.2 Circuit Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-7-2-circuit-symbols.md) - [4.7.3 More Circuit Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-7-3-more-circuit-symbols.md) - [4.7.4 Diodes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-7-4-diodes.md) - [4.7.5 LDRs & Thermistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-7-5-ldrs-and-thermistors.md) - 4.8 Electric Circuits: Series & Parallel Circuits - [4.8.1 Series Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-1-series-circuits.md) - [4.8.2 Series Circuits - Resistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-2-series-circuits-resistors.md) - [4.8.3 Series Circuits - Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-3-series-circuits-cells.md) - [4.8.4 Series Circuits - Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-4-series-circuits-potential-difference.md) - [4.8.5 Calculating Series Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-5-calculating-series-circuits.md) - [4.8.6 Parallel Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-6-parallel-circuits.md) - [4.8.7 Parallel Circuits - Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-7-parallel-circuits-current.md) - [4.8.8 Parallel Circuits - Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-8-parallel-circuits-resistance.md) - [4.8.9 Parallel Circuits in Practice](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-8-9-parallel-circuits-in-practice.md) - 4.9 Electric Circuits: Action & Use - [4.9.1 Potentiometer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-9-1-potentiometer.md) - [4.9.2 Potential Divider Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-9-2-potential-divider-equation.md) - 4.10 Electrical Safety - [4.10.1 Dangers of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-10-1-dangers-of-electricity.md) - [4.10.2 Live & Neutral Wires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-10-2-live-and-neutral-wires.md) - [4.10.3 Earthing Metal Cases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-10-3-earthing-metal-cases.md) - [4.10.4 Fuses & Trip Switches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-10-4-fuses-and-trip-switches.md) - [4.10.5 Fuse Ratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-10-5-fuse-ratings.md) - 4.11 Electromagnetic Effects: Electromagnetic Induction - [4.11.1 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-11-1-electromagnetic-induction.md) - [4.11.2 Size of e.m.f](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-11-2-size-of-emf.md) - [4.11.3 Forces Between Electricity & Magnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-11-3-forces-between-electricity-and-magnets.md) - [4.11.4 Rotation of Coil & Induced e.m.f](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-11-4-rotation-of-coil-and-induced-emf.md) - 4.12 Electromagnetic Effects: The A.C. Generator - [4.12.1 The Rotating-Coil Generator](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-12-1-the-rotating-coil-generator.md) - [4.12.2 Features of a Rotating-Coil Generator](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-12-2-features-of-a-rotating-coil-generator.md) - 4.13 Magnetic Effect of a Current - [4.13.1 Magnetic Effect of a Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-13-1-magnetic-effect-of-a-current.md) - [4.13.2 Solenoid Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-13-2-solenoid-field.md) - [4.13.3 Relays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-13-3-relays.md) - 4.14 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor - [4.14.1 Magnetic Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-14-1-magnetic-field-strength.md) - [4.14.2 Uses of Magnets & Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-14-2-uses-of-magnets-and-currents.md) - [4.14.3 Catapult Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-14-3-catapult-experiment.md) - [4.14.4 Beam Force Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-14-4-beam-force-experiment.md) - 4.15 Electromagnetic Effects: The D.C. Motor - [4.15.1 Motor Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-15-1-motor-effect.md) - [4.15.2 Direction of Motor Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-15-2-direction-of-motor-effect.md) - [4.15.3 DC Motors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-15-3-dc-motors.md) - [4.15.4 Coil of Wire in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-15-4-coil-of-wire-in-a-magnetic-field.md) - 4.16 Electromagnetic Effects: The Transformer - [4.16.1 Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-16-1-transformers.md) - [4.16.2 Transformers Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-16-2-transformers-equation.md) - [4.16.3 Types of Transformer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-16-3-types-of-transformer.md) - [4.16.4 Principles of Transformer Operation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-16-4-principles-of-transformer-operation.md) - [4.16.5 Energy in Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/4-16-5-energy-in-transformers.md) ### 5 Nuclear Physics - 5.1 The Nuclear Model of the Atom - [5.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-1-atomic-model.md) - [5.1.2 Scattering of Alpha Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-2-scattering-of-alpha-particles.md) - [5.1.3 Subatomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-3-subatomic-particles.md) - [5.1.4 Proton & Nucleon Numbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-4-proton-and-nucleon-numbers.md) - [5.1.5 Calculating Number of Neutrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-5-calculating-number-of-neutrons.md) - [5.1.6 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-6-isotopes.md) - [5.1.7 More Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-7-more-isotopes.md) - [5.1.8 Carbon Nuclides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-8-carbon-nuclides.md) - [5.1.9 Nuclear Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-9-nuclear-fusion.md) - [5.1.10 Nuclear Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-10-nuclear-fission.md) - [5.1.11 More Nuclear Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-11-more-nuclear-fission.md) - 5.2 Radioactivity: Detection of Radioactivity - [5.2.1 Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-2-1-radioactivity.md) - [5.2.2 Types of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-2-2-types-of-radiation.md) - [5.2.3 Detection of Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-2-3-detection-of-radioactivity.md) - [5.2.4 Background Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-2-4-background-radiation.md) - 5.3 Radioactivity: The Three Types of Nuclear Emission - [5.3.1 Three Types of Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-3-1-three-types-of-emission.md) - [5.3.2 Relative Ionising Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-3-2-relative-ionising-effects.md) - [5.3.3 Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-3-3-electric-fields.md) - [5.3.4 Magnetic Fields Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-3-4-magnetic-fields-radiation.md) - 5.4 Radioactive Decay - [5.4.1 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-4-1-radioactive-decay.md) - [5.4.2 Decay Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-4-2-decay-equations.md) - [5.4.3 Half Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-4-3-half-life.md) - [5.4.4 Measuring Half-Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-4-4-measuring-half-life.md) - [5.4.5 Practical Applications of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-4-5-practical-applications-of-radiation.md) - [5.4.6 Ionising Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-4-6-ionising-radiation.md) - [5.4.7 Safety Precautions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/5-4-7-safety-precautions.md) ### 6 Space Physics - 6.1 The Earth & the Solar System - [6.1.1 The Earth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-1-1-the-earth.md) - [6.1.2 The Moon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-1-2-the-moon.md) - [6.1.3 The Solar System & The Accretion Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-1-3-the-solar-system-and-the-accretion-model.md) - [6.1.4 Gravitational Field & Speed of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-1-4-gravitational-field-and-speed-of-light.md) - [6.1.5 The Sun's Gravitational Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-1-5-the-suns-gravitational-field.md) - 6.2 Stars & the Universe - [6.2.1 The Sun as a Star](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-1-the-sun-as-a-star.md) - [6.2.2 Galaxies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-2-galaxies.md) - [6.2.3 Life Cycle of a Star like the Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-3-life-cycle-of-a-star-like-the-sun.md) - [6.2.4 Life Cycle of a Star Much Bigger than the Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-4-life-cycle-of-a-star-much-bigger-than-the-sun.md) - [6.2.5 Creation of Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-5-creation-of-elements.md) - [6.2.6 Red-shift](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-6-red-shift.md) - [6.2.7 The Big Bang](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-7-the-big-bang.md) - [6.2.8 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-8-cosmic-microwave-background-radiation.md) - [6.2.9 The Hubble Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/physics/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-9-the-hubble-constant.md)