Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-9-vietnamisation [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [History](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international.md) › Vietnamisation # Vietnamisation History: Cambridge International GCSE The Twentieth Century (Option B), topic 5.3.9 ## Vietnamisation President Nixon won the election in 1969 as he promised to end the war in Vietnam, but ensure it wouldn’t fall to the communists. He tried several different methods: ### Official peace talks ![Official peace talks](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/bba8a583-30c6-43de-9317-3c3e563114b7/peace-dove-.jpg) - Official peace talks: - Nixon sent representatives to negotiate with North and South Vietnam, as well as the VC. - However, this would be a very long and difficult process. ### Secret peace talks ![Secret peace talks](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/1b8ba991-4cf4-4345-97c2-aa53fc2c840a/secret-shh.jpg) - Secret peace talks: - Nixon sent Henry Kissinger to negotiate secretly with the leader of North Vietnam, Le Duc Tho. ### Troop withdrawal ![Troop withdrawal](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/79877bf2-51ce-449f-81bd-ed55a7dc52eb/military-rifle-Bayonet-army-.jpg) - Troop withdrawal: - Nixon decreased the number of troops in Vietnam by 25,000 and began to withdraw them from July 1969 onwards. ### ARVN training ![ARVN training](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/986cef7c-2591-4f0a-82e1-f3f7a87dfa36/military-army-fence-sign-.jpg) - ARVN training: - Nixon ordered General Abrams to focus on training the ARVN to carry on the war without American troops. ### Secret bombings ![Secret bombings](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/memory-location-images/Sapa,%20Vietnam-min.jpg) - Secret bombings: - In March 1969 Nixon ordered bombs to be dropped on the Ho Chi Minh trail in Cambodia. ## The Nixon Doctrine On 25th July 1969 Nixon made a speech about the role of the USA in the future of South East Asia. This became known as Vietnamisation. ### Vietnamisation ![Vietnamisation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/dc3bcc24-9283-46d1-aebb-322dee8de73a/nixon-.jpg) - On 25th July 1969 Nixon made a speech about the role of the USA in the future of South East Asia. - This became known as Vietnamisation. ### Nixon's speech ![Nixon's speech](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/bad6c06e-a356-438a-8984-b2d6e2ad33d2/mic-speech-talk-.jpg) - The USA promised to support its allies against nuclear threats by training their troops, but without sending US soldiers. - This was like in 1964, when the US gave advice and money but kept its soldiers out. ### 'Withdraw with honour’ !['Withdraw with honour’](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/memory-location-images/Halong%20Bay,%20Vietnam-min.jpeg) - Vietnamisation would allow the US to ‘withdraw with honour’ in the eyes of the Nixon administration. - And South Vietnam would remain an independent, non-communist country. ### Divisions ![Divisions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/66a433dd-caf0-41fe-9e4d-4ac3f06c4e4b/military-authority-drill-instructor-.jpg) - The US public welcomed Vietnamisation. - But the army leadership felt that the US was withdrawing before the ARVN were ready. - And that after the Tet Offensive, more troops would give them a chance to fully defeat the VC. ## Test yourself on Vietnamisation - Who became president in 1969? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/bde822bc-1ee8-46a6-8c98-090be2f1d690/section/b297204e-59b1-4e0a-a36d-bfbe6686b9e7/session) - Previous topic: [5.3.8 The My Lai Massacre, 1968](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-8-the-my-lai-massacre-1968.md) - Next topic: [5.3.10 The Tet Offensive, 1968](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-10-the-tet-offensive-1968.md) ## History: Cambridge International GCSE The Twentieth Century (Option B) contents ### 1 Was the Treaty of Versailles Fair? - 1.1 What were the Motives and Aims at Versailles? - [1.1.1 The Treaty of Versailles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-1-1-the-treaty-of-versailles.md) - [1.1.2 Roles of Wilson, Clemenceau & George](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-1-2-roles-of-wilson-clemenceau-and-george.md) - 1.2 Did the Victors Get Everything They Wanted? - [1.2.1 The Terms: Territory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-1-the-terms-territory.md) - [1.2.2 The Terms: Reparations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-2-the-terms-reparations.md) - [1.2.3 The Terms: Armaments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-3-the-terms-armaments.md) - [1.2.4 The Terms: War Guilt](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-4-the-terms-war-guilt.md) - [1.2.5 The League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-5-the-league-of-nations.md) - [1.2.6 French Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-6-french-reaction.md) - [1.2.7 American Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-7-american-reaction.md) - [1.2.8 British Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-8-british-reaction.md) - [1.2.9 Countries Left Out of the Treaty of Versailles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-9-countries-left-out-of-the-treaty-of-versailles.md) - 1.3 What was the Impact on Germany up to 1923? - [1.3.1 German Reaction to the Treaty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-1-german-reaction-to-the-treaty.md) - [1.3.2 Germany’s Allies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-2-germanys-allies.md) - [1.3.3 Economic Impacts: Ruhr & Hyperinflation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-3-economic-impacts-ruhr-and-hyperinflation.md) - [1.3.4 Social Impacts of the Treaty in Germany](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-4-social-impacts-of-the-treaty-in-germany.md) - [1.3.5 Political Impacts of the Treaty on Germany](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-5-political-impacts-of-the-treaty-on-germany.md) - [1.3.6 Reducing Reparation: The Dawes Plan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-6-reducing-reparation-the-dawes-plan.md) - 1.4 Could the Treaty be Justified at the Time? - [1.4.1 Positives & Negatives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-4-1-positives-and-negatives.md) - [1.4.2 Contemporary Opinions About the Treaty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-4-2-contemporary-opinions-about-the-treaty.md) ### 2 Was the League of Nations a Success? - 2.1 How did Weaknesses in the League Lead to Failure? - [2.1.1 The League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-1-the-league-of-nations.md) - [2.1.2 Structure of the League: Assembly & Council](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-2-structure-of-the-league-assembly-and-council.md) - [2.1.3 Structure of the League: Special Commissions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-3-structure-of-the-league-special-commissions.md) - [2.1.4 Structure of the League: Permanent Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-4-structure-of-the-league-permanent-court.md) - [2.1.5 Structure of the League: Secretariat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-5-structure-of-the-league-secretariat.md) - [2.1.6 Financial Crisis in the World](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-6-financial-crisis-in-the-world.md) - 2.2 The League’s Success in Peacekeeping - [2.2.1 Successes: International Borders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-1-successes-international-borders.md) - [2.2.2 Successes: International Agreements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-2-successes-international-agreements.md) - [2.2.3 Failures: Vilna (1920)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-3-failures-vilna-1920.md) - [2.2.4 Åland Islands 1920-21](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-4-aland-islands-1920-21.md) - [2.2.5 Failures: Corfu 1923](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-5-failures-corfu-1923.md) - [2.2.6 Failures: Bulgaria 1925](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-6-failures-bulgaria-1925.md) - 2.3 How Important was the League's Humanitarian Work? - [2.3.1 Refugees, Health, Slavery, Working Conditions 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-3-1-refugees-health-slavery-working-conditions-1.md) - [2.3.2 Refugees, Health, Slavery, Working Conditions 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-3-2-refugees-health-slavery-working-conditions-2.md) - 2.4 How did the Depression Impact the League? - [2.4.1 The Great Depression, 1929](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-4-1-the-great-depression-1929.md) - [2.4.2 The Manchurian Crisis, 1931](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-4-2-the-manchurian-crisis-1931.md) - [2.4.3 Invasion of Abyssinia, 1935](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-4-3-invasion-of-abyssinia-1935.md) ### 3 How did Hitler's Foreign Policy Impact the War? - 3.1 What were the Long-Term Consequences of Versailles - [3.1.1 Long-Term Consequences of Versailles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-1-1-long-term-consequences-of-versailles.md) - 3.2 What were the Consequences of the League's Failure - [3.2.1 The Disarmament Conference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-1-the-disarmament-conference.md) - [3.2.2 Collapse of the League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-2-collapse-of-the-league-of-nations.md) - [3.2.3 Tension in Europe in the 1930s](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-3-tension-in-europe-in-the-1930s.md) - [3.2.4 WWII & Failure of the League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-4-wwii-and-failure-of-the-league-of-nations.md) - [3.2.5 Weak Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-5-weak-nations.md) - 3.3 Was the Policy of Appeasement Justified? - [3.3.1 The Spanish Civil War, 1936-39](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-1-the-spanish-civil-war-1936-39.md) - [3.3.2 The Sudetenland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-2-the-sudetenland.md) - [3.3.3 Arguments for Appeasement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-3-arguments-for-appeasement.md) - [3.3.4 Arguments Against Appeasement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-4-arguments-against-appeasement.md) - [3.3.5 Reasons & Acts of Appeasement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-5-reasons-and-acts-of-appeasement.md) - [3.3.6 Impact of Appeasement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-6-impact-of-appeasement.md) - 3.4 How Important was the Nazi-Soviet Pact? - [3.4.1 The Nazi-Soviet Pact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-4-1-the-nazi-soviet-pact.md) - [3.4.2 The Polish Crisis & the Outbreak of War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-4-2-the-polish-crisis-and-the-outbreak-of-war.md) - 3.5 Why did Britain & France Declare War on Germany? - [3.5.1 The Guarantee for Poland and the War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-1-the-guarantee-for-poland-and-the-war.md) - [3.5.2 Hitler’s Foreign Policy & Rearmament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-2-hitlers-foreign-policy-and-rearmament.md) - [3.5.3 Hitler's Plan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-3-hitlers-plan.md) - [3.5.4 The Saar](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-4-the-saar.md) - [3.5.5 Remilitarisation of the Rhineland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-5-remilitarisation-of-the-rhineland.md) - [3.5.6 The Rome-Berlin Axis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-6-the-rome-berlin-axis.md) - [3.5.7 Germany & Italy in the Spanish War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-7-germany-and-italy-in-the-spanish-war.md) - [3.5.8 The Anti-Comintern Pact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-8-the-anti-comintern-pact.md) - [3.5.9 Anschluss with Austria](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-9-anschluss-with-austria.md) - [3.5.10 The Munich Agreement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-10-the-munich-agreement.md) - [3.5.11 The Crisis over Czechoslovakia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-11-the-crisis-over-czechoslovakia.md) ### 4 Who was to Blame for the Cold War? - 4.1 Why did the US-Soviet Alliance Break Down? - [4.1.1 Cold War - Definition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-1-cold-war-definition.md) - [4.1.2 The Grand Alliance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-2-the-grand-alliance.md) - [4.1.3 The 1945 Summit Conferences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-3-the-1945-summit-conferences.md) - [4.1.4 Early US-Soviet Relations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-4-early-us-soviet-relations.md) - [4.1.5 The Breakdown of the US-Soviet Alliance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-5-the-breakdown-of-the-us-soviet-alliance.md) - [4.1.6 Attitudes of Truman & Stalin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-6-attitudes-of-truman-and-stalin.md) - [4.1.7 US & Soviet Attitudes to Peace](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-7-us-and-soviet-attitudes-to-peace.md) - 4.2 How did the USSR Gain Control of Eastern Europe? - [4.2.1 The USSR & Eastern Europe](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-2-1-the-ussr-and-eastern-europe.md) - 4.3 How did the US React to Soviet Expansionism? - [4.3.1 The Beginning of the Cold War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-3-1-the-beginning-of-the-cold-war.md) - [4.3.2 The Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-3-2-the-truman-doctrine-and-marshall-plan.md) - [4.3.3 East-West Boundaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-3-3-east-west-boundaries.md) - [4.3.4 Berlin Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-3-4-berlin-crisis.md) - 4.4 What were the Consequences of the Berlin Blockade? - [4.4.1 Germany](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-1-germany.md) - [4.4.2 Bizonia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-2-bizonia.md) - [4.4.3 Berlin Blockade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-3-berlin-blockade.md) - [4.4.4 FRG & GDR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-4-frg-and-gdr.md) - [4.4.5 NATO](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-5-nato.md) - [4.4.6 Warsaw Pact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-6-warsaw-pact.md) - 4.5 Who was More to Blame for Starting the Cold War? - [4.5.1 The Responsibility for Cold War Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-5-1-the-responsibility-for-cold-war-tensions.md) - [4.5.2 Blame on the USRR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-5-2-blame-on-the-usrr.md) - [4.5.3 Blame on the US](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-5-3-blame-on-the-us.md) - [4.5.4 Sharing the Blame](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-5-4-sharing-the-blame.md) ### 5 Did the US Contain the Spread of Communism? - 5.1 The US and Korea, 1950-53 - [5.1.1 The US and Korea: Background to the Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-1-1-the-us-and-korea-background-to-the-crisis.md) - [5.1.2 The Korean War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-1-2-the-korean-war.md) - [5.1.3 The Course of the Korean War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-1-3-the-course-of-the-korean-war.md) - 5.2 The US and Cuba, 1959-62 - [5.2.1 Build-Up to the Cuban Missile Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-2-1-build-up-to-the-cuban-missile-crisis.md) - [5.2.2 The Cuban Missile Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-2-2-the-cuban-missile-crisis.md) - [5.2.3 Consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-2-3-consequence-of-the-cuban-missile-crisis.md) - 5.3 The US and Vietnam, 1955-75 - [5.3.1 French Rule in Vietnam](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-1-french-rule-in-vietnam.md) - [5.3.2 President Eisenhower](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-2-president-eisenhower.md) - [5.3.3 President Kennedy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-3-president-kennedy.md) - [5.3.4 The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 1964](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-4-the-gulf-of-tonkin-incident-1964.md) - [5.3.5 US Tactics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-5-us-tactics.md) - [5.3.6 Vietcong Tactics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-6-vietcong-tactics.md) - [5.3.7 The Vietcong](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-7-the-vietcong.md) - [5.3.8 The My Lai Massacre, 1968](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-8-the-my-lai-massacre-1968.md) - [5.3.9 Vietnamisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-9-vietnamisation.md) - [5.3.10 The Tet Offensive, 1968](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-10-the-tet-offensive-1968.md) - [5.3.11 Attacks on Cambodia & Laos](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-11-attacks-on-cambodia-and-laos.md) - [5.3.12 The Bombing of North Vietnam](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-12-the-bombing-of-north-vietnam.md) - [5.3.13 The Failure of Vietnamisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-13-the-failure-of-vietnamisation.md) - [5.3.14 The Growth of Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-14-the-growth-of-opposition.md) - [5.3.15 The Draft System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-15-the-draft-system.md) - [5.3.16 The Kent State University Shootings, 1970](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-16-the-kent-state-university-shootings-1970.md) - [5.3.17 Political Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-17-political-opposition.md) - [5.3.18 Reasons for Support 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-18-reasons-for-support-1.md) - [5.3.19 Reasons for Support 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-19-reasons-for-support-2.md) - [5.3.20 Political Support](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-20-political-support.md) - [5.3.21 Peace Negotiations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-21-peace-negotiations.md) - [5.3.22 The Paris Peace Accords, 1973](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-22-the-paris-peace-accords-1973.md) - [5.3.23 Economic & Human Costs 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-23-economic-and-human-costs-1.md) - [5.3.24 Economic & Human Costs 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-24-economic-and-human-costs-2.md) - [5.3.25 The Strengths of North Vietnam 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-25-the-strengths-of-north-vietnam-1.md) - [5.3.26 The Strengths of North Vietnam 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-26-the-strengths-of-north-vietnam-2.md) - [5.3.27 The Weaknesses of the US 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-27-the-weaknesses-of-the-us-1.md) - [5.3.28 The Weaknesses of the US 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-28-the-weaknesses-of-the-us-2.md) - [5.3.29 Opposition in the US](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-29-opposition-in-the-us.md) - [5.3.30 Reasons Why USA Lost](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-30-reasons-why-usa-lost.md) ### 6 How was USSR's Control Over Eastern Europe? - 6.1 Opposition to Control in Hungary & Czechoslovakia - [6.1.1 Causes of Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-1-1-causes-of-opposition.md) - [6.1.2 The Hungarian Uprising](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-1-2-the-hungarian-uprising.md) - [6.1.3 Czechoslovakia, 1968](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-1-3-czechoslovakia-1968.md) - [6.1.4 Reaction to the Brezhnev Doctrine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-1-4-reaction-to-the-brezhnev-doctrine.md) - 6.2 Similarities Between Hungary & Czechoslovakia - [6.2.1 Hungary and Czechoslovakia 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-2-1-hungary-and-czechoslovakia-1.md) - [6.2.2 Hungary & Czechoslovakia 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-2-2-hungary-and-czechoslovakia-2.md) - 6.3 Why was the Berlin Wall Built? - [6.3.1 The Berlin Wall 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-3-1-the-berlin-wall-1.md) - [6.3.2 The Berlin Wall 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-3-2-the-berlin-wall-2.md) - [6.3.3 The U2 Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-3-3-the-u2-crisis.md) - 6.4 Solidarity in Poland & Soviet Influence - [6.4.1 Solidarity in Poland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-4-1-solidarity-in-poland.md) - 6.5 Gorbachev's Responsibility - [6.5.1 Reagan & Gorbachev](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-5-1-reagan-and-gorbachev.md) - [6.5.2 Reagan and the ‘Second Cold War’](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-5-2-reagan-and-the-second-cold-war.md) - [6.5.3 The Collapse of Soviet Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-5-3-the-collapse-of-soviet-control.md) - [6.5.4 The Collapse of the USSR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-5-4-the-collapse-of-the-ussr.md)