Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-3-tension-in-europe-in-the-1930s [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [History](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international.md) › Tension in Europe in the 1930s # Tension in Europe in the 1930s History: Cambridge International GCSE The Twentieth Century (Option B), topic 3.2.3 ## Military Ambitions Threatened Peace in the 1930s The military ambitions of leaders in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s posed a threat to international peace. ### Germany ![Germany](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/aeeeed89-08b5-481e-aea3-ec02ece89c23/shutterstock_408626155.jpg) - Hitler offered solutions to the German people. - including rearmament, an end to the Versailles treaty, and state control of industry - The German public responded well to Hitler's aggressive foreign policy because: - Resentment was still held by some in the wake of WWI. - Ebert and the others who had signed the Treaty of Versailles were still called the 'November Criminals'. - The Great Depression caused rates of unemployment and poverty to boom. ### Italy ![Italy](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/e3bc2aad-1b13-4766-a2b2-23ee189632d5/shutterstock_249572923.jpg) - Mussolini took control over industry and banks. - In late 1934, Mussolini used an attack on Italian troops at Wal-Wal, 50 miles inside Ethiopia, as an excuse to invade. France and Britain had troops in the area to assist the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) but chose not to intervene. ### Italy: Hoare-Laval Pact ![Italy: Hoare-Laval Pact](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2022-01/154ce984-059a-4cf7-ac9d-ccbbd7796519/business-man-financial-inspector-secretary-making-report-calculating-checking-balance-internal-revenue-service-inspector-checking-document-audit-concept_1423-127.jpg) - Britain and France negotiated the secret Hoare-Laval Pact. - Giving Italy two-thirds of the country in exchange for support against Hitler. - The plan was leaked and caused huge reputational damage to the League of Nations. - Mussolini ignored the planned agreement and supported Hitler. - Signing an alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis. ### Japan ![Japan](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/93f3d6ef-17bb-454f-80e3-7c4aa1f13882/shutterstock_588115460.jpg) - In 1931, Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese staged an attack on a Chinese border (the South Manchurian railway). - Used as an excuse to seize Manchuria, a fertile area in north-east China, good for farming. - China went to the League of Nations for help. - But the investigating delegation took a year to report (the Lytton Report). - They only condemned the Japanese when it was too late. ### Japan: invasion ![Japan: invasion](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-08/880b89b9-d9cc-4b36-a625-7e45d9f44e63/japan-4141578_1920.jpg) - The League did not have the military strength to threaten Japan. - Instead, the Japanese moved further into China. - In March 1933 Japan resigned from the League. ## Appeasement of Hitler Over the course of the 1930s, Hitler kept pushing his luck and the response was to appease him in the hope that he eventually became satisfied with his territorial gains. ### Remilitarisation of the Rhineland ![Remilitarisation of the Rhineland](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/87166ea3-1e3d-4b95-becd-a4a7605e74b9/shutterstock_215257702.jpg) - Hitler used the confusion of the Abyssinian Crisis to re-militarise the Rhineland. No one stopped him from stationing troops there and the German soldiers just marched in. - This was one of many examples of appeasement during the period, when democratic countries and members of the League of Nations failed to challenge dictators. ### Violated treaties ![Violated treaties](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/253f8219-7cf5-496e-bd1a-a9ffea019778/shutterstock_184274642.jpg) - Hitler bombed the Spanish city of Guernica in April 1937 as a way to test carpet bombing tactics. In March 1938, Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by uniting Germany and Austria in the Anschluss. - Politicians like Neville Chamberlain appeased Hitler because they were scared of starting another war and hoped that he would eventually be satisfied with his territorial gains. ### Czechoslovakia ![Czechoslovakia](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/540ac8be-3445-46bc-a80a-b78e2a418e07/shutterstock_249573640.jpg) - In September 1938 the Munich Conference met to deal with Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland. - Hitler first claimed parts of the Sudetenland, then pressed to take the whole region. - Britain and France agreed to the Munich Agreement. - Allowing Germany to annex the Sudetenland to avoid war. - Czechoslovakia was excluded from the talks and, in March 1939, Germany occupied the rest of the country. ### Perspectives on the Munich Agreement ![Perspectives on the Munich Agreement](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2025-09/f3c7ad26-ddcf-436b-9321-4b2351c9bf6e/c56950dc-3a6d-4c67-9e50-774e6d454cd9.png) - Chamberlain thought that the conference had been successful in preventing a war from breaking out. The British public also believed that the negotiations had gone well. - However, Czechoslovakia and the USSR weren't happy because neither was invited to attend. ## Test yourself on Tension in Europe in the 1930s - Which countries had military ambitions that threatened peace in the 1930s? - Events in Japan in the 1930s - Who was the leader of Italy in the 1930s who went back on a deal with the League of Nations and offered his support to Hitler instead? - Which of the following is NOT a solution offered by Hitler to the German people in the 1930s that lead to his increase in popularity and power? - In the confusion resulting from which event did Hitler re-militarise the Rhineland? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/bde822bc-1ee8-46a6-8c98-090be2f1d690/section/ea724b41-4a5f-420e-b3a3-ba6e47fd750d/session) - Previous topic: [3.2.2 Collapse of the League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-2-collapse-of-the-league-of-nations.md) - Next topic: [3.2.4 WWII & Failure of the League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-4-wwii-and-failure-of-the-league-of-nations.md) ## History: Cambridge International GCSE The Twentieth Century (Option B) contents ### 1 Was the Treaty of Versailles Fair? - 1.1 What were the Motives and Aims at Versailles? - [1.1.1 The Treaty of Versailles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-1-1-the-treaty-of-versailles.md) - [1.1.2 Roles of Wilson, Clemenceau & George](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-1-2-roles-of-wilson-clemenceau-and-george.md) - 1.2 Did the Victors Get Everything They Wanted? - [1.2.1 The Terms: Territory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-1-the-terms-territory.md) - [1.2.2 The Terms: Reparations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-2-the-terms-reparations.md) - [1.2.3 The Terms: Armaments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-3-the-terms-armaments.md) - [1.2.4 The Terms: War Guilt](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-4-the-terms-war-guilt.md) - [1.2.5 The League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-5-the-league-of-nations.md) - [1.2.6 French Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-6-french-reaction.md) - [1.2.7 American Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-7-american-reaction.md) - [1.2.8 British Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-8-british-reaction.md) - [1.2.9 Countries Left Out of the Treaty of Versailles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-2-9-countries-left-out-of-the-treaty-of-versailles.md) - 1.3 What was the Impact on Germany up to 1923? - [1.3.1 German Reaction to the Treaty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-1-german-reaction-to-the-treaty.md) - [1.3.2 Germany’s Allies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-2-germanys-allies.md) - [1.3.3 Economic Impacts: Ruhr & Hyperinflation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-3-economic-impacts-ruhr-and-hyperinflation.md) - [1.3.4 Social Impacts of the Treaty in Germany](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-4-social-impacts-of-the-treaty-in-germany.md) - [1.3.5 Political Impacts of the Treaty on Germany](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-5-political-impacts-of-the-treaty-on-germany.md) - [1.3.6 Reducing Reparation: The Dawes Plan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-3-6-reducing-reparation-the-dawes-plan.md) - 1.4 Could the Treaty be Justified at the Time? - [1.4.1 Positives & Negatives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-4-1-positives-and-negatives.md) - [1.4.2 Contemporary Opinions About the Treaty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/1-4-2-contemporary-opinions-about-the-treaty.md) ### 2 Was the League of Nations a Success? - 2.1 How did Weaknesses in the League Lead to Failure? - [2.1.1 The League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-1-the-league-of-nations.md) - [2.1.2 Structure of the League: Assembly & Council](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-2-structure-of-the-league-assembly-and-council.md) - [2.1.3 Structure of the League: Special Commissions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-3-structure-of-the-league-special-commissions.md) - [2.1.4 Structure of the League: Permanent Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-4-structure-of-the-league-permanent-court.md) - [2.1.5 Structure of the League: Secretariat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-5-structure-of-the-league-secretariat.md) - [2.1.6 Financial Crisis in the World](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-1-6-financial-crisis-in-the-world.md) - 2.2 The League’s Success in Peacekeeping - [2.2.1 Successes: International Borders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-1-successes-international-borders.md) - [2.2.2 Successes: International Agreements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-2-successes-international-agreements.md) - [2.2.3 Failures: Vilna (1920)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-3-failures-vilna-1920.md) - [2.2.4 Åland Islands 1920-21](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-4-aland-islands-1920-21.md) - [2.2.5 Failures: Corfu 1923](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-5-failures-corfu-1923.md) - [2.2.6 Failures: Bulgaria 1925](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-2-6-failures-bulgaria-1925.md) - 2.3 How Important was the League's Humanitarian Work? - [2.3.1 Refugees, Health, Slavery, Working Conditions 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-3-1-refugees-health-slavery-working-conditions-1.md) - [2.3.2 Refugees, Health, Slavery, Working Conditions 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-3-2-refugees-health-slavery-working-conditions-2.md) - 2.4 How did the Depression Impact the League? - [2.4.1 The Great Depression, 1929](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-4-1-the-great-depression-1929.md) - [2.4.2 The Manchurian Crisis, 1931](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-4-2-the-manchurian-crisis-1931.md) - [2.4.3 Invasion of Abyssinia, 1935](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/2-4-3-invasion-of-abyssinia-1935.md) ### 3 How did Hitler's Foreign Policy Impact the War? - 3.1 What were the Long-Term Consequences of Versailles - [3.1.1 Long-Term Consequences of Versailles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-1-1-long-term-consequences-of-versailles.md) - 3.2 What were the Consequences of the League's Failure - [3.2.1 The Disarmament Conference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-1-the-disarmament-conference.md) - [3.2.2 Collapse of the League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-2-collapse-of-the-league-of-nations.md) - [3.2.3 Tension in Europe in the 1930s](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-3-tension-in-europe-in-the-1930s.md) - [3.2.4 WWII & Failure of the League of Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-4-wwii-and-failure-of-the-league-of-nations.md) - [3.2.5 Weak Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-2-5-weak-nations.md) - 3.3 Was the Policy of Appeasement Justified? - [3.3.1 The Spanish Civil War, 1936-39](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-1-the-spanish-civil-war-1936-39.md) - [3.3.2 The Sudetenland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-2-the-sudetenland.md) - [3.3.3 Arguments for Appeasement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-3-arguments-for-appeasement.md) - [3.3.4 Arguments Against Appeasement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-4-arguments-against-appeasement.md) - [3.3.5 Reasons & Acts of Appeasement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-5-reasons-and-acts-of-appeasement.md) - [3.3.6 Impact of Appeasement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-3-6-impact-of-appeasement.md) - 3.4 How Important was the Nazi-Soviet Pact? - [3.4.1 The Nazi-Soviet Pact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-4-1-the-nazi-soviet-pact.md) - [3.4.2 The Polish Crisis & the Outbreak of War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-4-2-the-polish-crisis-and-the-outbreak-of-war.md) - 3.5 Why did Britain & France Declare War on Germany? - [3.5.1 The Guarantee for Poland and the War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-1-the-guarantee-for-poland-and-the-war.md) - [3.5.2 Hitler’s Foreign Policy & Rearmament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-2-hitlers-foreign-policy-and-rearmament.md) - [3.5.3 Hitler's Plan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-3-hitlers-plan.md) - [3.5.4 The Saar](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-4-the-saar.md) - [3.5.5 Remilitarisation of the Rhineland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-5-remilitarisation-of-the-rhineland.md) - [3.5.6 The Rome-Berlin Axis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-6-the-rome-berlin-axis.md) - [3.5.7 Germany & Italy in the Spanish War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-7-germany-and-italy-in-the-spanish-war.md) - [3.5.8 The Anti-Comintern Pact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-8-the-anti-comintern-pact.md) - [3.5.9 Anschluss with Austria](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-9-anschluss-with-austria.md) - [3.5.10 The Munich Agreement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-10-the-munich-agreement.md) - [3.5.11 The Crisis over Czechoslovakia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/3-5-11-the-crisis-over-czechoslovakia.md) ### 4 Who was to Blame for the Cold War? - 4.1 Why did the US-Soviet Alliance Break Down? - [4.1.1 Cold War - Definition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-1-cold-war-definition.md) - [4.1.2 The Grand Alliance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-2-the-grand-alliance.md) - [4.1.3 The 1945 Summit Conferences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-3-the-1945-summit-conferences.md) - [4.1.4 Early US-Soviet Relations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-4-early-us-soviet-relations.md) - [4.1.5 The Breakdown of the US-Soviet Alliance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-5-the-breakdown-of-the-us-soviet-alliance.md) - [4.1.6 Attitudes of Truman & Stalin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-6-attitudes-of-truman-and-stalin.md) - [4.1.7 US & Soviet Attitudes to Peace](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-1-7-us-and-soviet-attitudes-to-peace.md) - 4.2 How did the USSR Gain Control of Eastern Europe? - [4.2.1 The USSR & Eastern Europe](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-2-1-the-ussr-and-eastern-europe.md) - 4.3 How did the US React to Soviet Expansionism? - [4.3.1 The Beginning of the Cold War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-3-1-the-beginning-of-the-cold-war.md) - [4.3.2 The Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-3-2-the-truman-doctrine-and-marshall-plan.md) - [4.3.3 East-West Boundaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-3-3-east-west-boundaries.md) - [4.3.4 Berlin Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-3-4-berlin-crisis.md) - 4.4 What were the Consequences of the Berlin Blockade? - [4.4.1 Germany](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-1-germany.md) - [4.4.2 Bizonia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-2-bizonia.md) - [4.4.3 Berlin Blockade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-3-berlin-blockade.md) - [4.4.4 FRG & GDR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-4-frg-and-gdr.md) - [4.4.5 NATO](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-5-nato.md) - [4.4.6 Warsaw Pact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-4-6-warsaw-pact.md) - 4.5 Who was More to Blame for Starting the Cold War? - [4.5.1 The Responsibility for Cold War Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-5-1-the-responsibility-for-cold-war-tensions.md) - [4.5.2 Blame on the USRR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-5-2-blame-on-the-usrr.md) - [4.5.3 Blame on the US](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-5-3-blame-on-the-us.md) - [4.5.4 Sharing the Blame](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/4-5-4-sharing-the-blame.md) ### 5 Did the US Contain the Spread of Communism? - 5.1 The US and Korea, 1950-53 - [5.1.1 The US and Korea: Background to the Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-1-1-the-us-and-korea-background-to-the-crisis.md) - [5.1.2 The Korean War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-1-2-the-korean-war.md) - [5.1.3 The Course of the Korean War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-1-3-the-course-of-the-korean-war.md) - 5.2 The US and Cuba, 1959-62 - [5.2.1 Build-Up to the Cuban Missile Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-2-1-build-up-to-the-cuban-missile-crisis.md) - [5.2.2 The Cuban Missile Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-2-2-the-cuban-missile-crisis.md) - [5.2.3 Consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-2-3-consequence-of-the-cuban-missile-crisis.md) - 5.3 The US and Vietnam, 1955-75 - [5.3.1 French Rule in Vietnam](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-1-french-rule-in-vietnam.md) - [5.3.2 President Eisenhower](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-2-president-eisenhower.md) - [5.3.3 President Kennedy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-3-president-kennedy.md) - [5.3.4 The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 1964](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-4-the-gulf-of-tonkin-incident-1964.md) - [5.3.5 US Tactics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-5-us-tactics.md) - [5.3.6 Vietcong Tactics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-6-vietcong-tactics.md) - [5.3.7 The Vietcong](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-7-the-vietcong.md) - [5.3.8 The My Lai Massacre, 1968](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-8-the-my-lai-massacre-1968.md) - [5.3.9 Vietnamisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-9-vietnamisation.md) - [5.3.10 The Tet Offensive, 1968](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-10-the-tet-offensive-1968.md) - [5.3.11 Attacks on Cambodia & Laos](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-11-attacks-on-cambodia-and-laos.md) - [5.3.12 The Bombing of North Vietnam](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-12-the-bombing-of-north-vietnam.md) - [5.3.13 The Failure of Vietnamisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-13-the-failure-of-vietnamisation.md) - [5.3.14 The Growth of Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-14-the-growth-of-opposition.md) - [5.3.15 The Draft System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-15-the-draft-system.md) - [5.3.16 The Kent State University Shootings, 1970](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-16-the-kent-state-university-shootings-1970.md) - [5.3.17 Political Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-17-political-opposition.md) - [5.3.18 Reasons for Support 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-18-reasons-for-support-1.md) - [5.3.19 Reasons for Support 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-19-reasons-for-support-2.md) - [5.3.20 Political Support](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-20-political-support.md) - [5.3.21 Peace Negotiations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-21-peace-negotiations.md) - [5.3.22 The Paris Peace Accords, 1973](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-22-the-paris-peace-accords-1973.md) - [5.3.23 Economic & Human Costs 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-23-economic-and-human-costs-1.md) - [5.3.24 Economic & Human Costs 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-24-economic-and-human-costs-2.md) - [5.3.25 The Strengths of North Vietnam 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-25-the-strengths-of-north-vietnam-1.md) - [5.3.26 The Strengths of North Vietnam 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-26-the-strengths-of-north-vietnam-2.md) - [5.3.27 The Weaknesses of the US 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-27-the-weaknesses-of-the-us-1.md) - [5.3.28 The Weaknesses of the US 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-28-the-weaknesses-of-the-us-2.md) - [5.3.29 Opposition in the US](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-29-opposition-in-the-us.md) - [5.3.30 Reasons Why USA Lost](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/5-3-30-reasons-why-usa-lost.md) ### 6 How was USSR's Control Over Eastern Europe? - 6.1 Opposition to Control in Hungary & Czechoslovakia - [6.1.1 Causes of Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-1-1-causes-of-opposition.md) - [6.1.2 The Hungarian Uprising](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-1-2-the-hungarian-uprising.md) - [6.1.3 Czechoslovakia, 1968](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-1-3-czechoslovakia-1968.md) - [6.1.4 Reaction to the Brezhnev Doctrine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-1-4-reaction-to-the-brezhnev-doctrine.md) - 6.2 Similarities Between Hungary & Czechoslovakia - [6.2.1 Hungary and Czechoslovakia 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-2-1-hungary-and-czechoslovakia-1.md) - [6.2.2 Hungary & Czechoslovakia 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-2-2-hungary-and-czechoslovakia-2.md) - 6.3 Why was the Berlin Wall Built? - [6.3.1 The Berlin Wall 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-3-1-the-berlin-wall-1.md) - [6.3.2 The Berlin Wall 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-3-2-the-berlin-wall-2.md) - [6.3.3 The U2 Crisis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-3-3-the-u2-crisis.md) - 6.4 Solidarity in Poland & Soviet Influence - [6.4.1 Solidarity in Poland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-4-1-solidarity-in-poland.md) - 6.5 Gorbachev's Responsibility - [6.5.1 Reagan & Gorbachev](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-5-1-reagan-and-gorbachev.md) - [6.5.2 Reagan and the ‘Second Cold War’](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-5-2-reagan-and-the-second-cold-war.md) - [6.5.3 The Collapse of Soviet Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-5-3-the-collapse-of-soviet-control.md) - [6.5.4 The Collapse of the USSR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/history/cambridge-international/6-5-4-the-collapse-of-the-ussr.md)