Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-4-plate-boundaries [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Geography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international.md) › Plate Boundaries # Plate Boundaries Geography: Cambridge International GCSE (2027 Exams), topic 4.1.4 ## Hotspots and Volcanoes at Plate Bondaries A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust that is formed when magma rises from inside the earth and erupts onto the surface. Volcanoes can be formed at constructive and destructive plate margins. ### Destructive plate margins ![Destructive plate margins](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/eceb3849-11cb-442c-bc91-a12e056d92e5/shutterstock_632702609.jpg) - The denser oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate at destructive margins. - The friction and pressure cause cracks (vents) to form in the continental plate. The magma rises up through these cracks. - This usually creates highly explosive volcanoes (e.g. Mount Vesuvius in Italy) that produce a lot of gas and lava (magma above the surface). ### Constructive plate margins ![Constructive plate margins](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/ae136ed8-142b-49f4-a34a-9df0b59812a4/shutterstock_632702600.jpg) - At constructive plate margins, the plates move apart (diverge). - The convection currents in the mantle diverge (move apart) and cause a gap between the plates. - Magma rises up to fill this gap with a volcano. - This kind of volcano is common in Iceland. ### Hotspots ![Hotspots](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/60087b10-6a64-42a9-a824-ef5b9bb17616/shutterstock_530735248.jpg) - At hotspots, there is a hot mass of rising heat under a weakness in a plate. - Magma rises to the surface through this weakness. - The Hawaiian islands all formed as a result of a mid-Pacific hotspot. ## Test yourself on Plate Boundaries - What do we call an opening in the Earth's crust? - Volcano Formation at Destructive Plate Margins [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/88bcf69f-fcc5-4424-b69d-5f2ea23d2e00/section/aa10479a-fbd1-4355-85d7-314a0a7c573b/session) - Previous topic: [4.1.3 Plate Margins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-3-plate-margins.md) - Next topic: [4.1.5 Earthquakes at Plate Margins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-5-earthquakes-at-plate-margins.md) ## Geography: Cambridge International GCSE (2027 Exams) contents ### 1 Paper 1 - Changing River Environnments - 1.1 Characteristics of Rivers - [1.1.1 The Long Profile](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-1-1-the-long-profile.md) - [1.1.2 Characteristics of Rivers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-1-2-characteristics-of-rivers.md) - 1.2 River Landforms - [1.2.1 Waterfalls & Gorges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-1-waterfalls-and-gorges.md) - [1.2.2 Meanders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-2-meanders.md) - [1.2.3 Oxbow Lakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-3-oxbow-lakes.md) - [1.2.4 Levees](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-4-levees.md) - [1.2.5 Floodplains](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-5-floodplains.md) - [1.2.6 Deltas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-6-deltas.md) - [1.2.7 Interlocking Spurs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-7-interlocking-spurs.md) - 1.3 Rivers: Opportunities & Hazards - [1.3.1 River Pollution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-3-1-river-pollution.md) - [1.3.2 River Pollution in the River Thames](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-3-2-river-pollution-in-the-river-thames.md) - 1.4 The Bradshaw Model - [1.4.1 The Bradshaw Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-4-1-the-bradshaw-model.md) - 1.5 The Drainage Basin & the Water Cycle - [1.5.1 The Drainage Basin & the Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-5-1-the-drainage-basin-and-the-water-cycle.md) - 1.6 Processes Operating in a Drainage Basin - [1.6.1 Hydrological Cycle in a Drainage Basin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-6-1-hydrological-cycle-in-a-drainage-basin.md) - [1.6.2 Processes in a Drainage Basin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-6-2-processes-in-a-drainage-basin.md) - 1.7 Processes Operating in a River - [1.7.1 Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-1-erosion.md) - [1.7.2 Transportation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-2-transportation.md) - [1.7.3 Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-3-deposition.md) - [1.7.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Upper Course](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-upper-course.md) - [1.7.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-deposition.md) ### 2 Paper 1 - Changing Coastal Environments - 2.1 Physical Processes that Shape the Coast - [2.1.1 Processes of Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-1-processes-of-erosion.md) - [2.1.2 Corrosion & Corrasion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-2-corrosion-and-corrasion.md) - [2.1.3 Transportation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-3-transportation.md) - [2.1.4 Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-4-deposition.md) - [2.1.5 Longshore Drift](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-5-longshore-drift.md) - [2.1.6 Types of Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-6-types-of-waves.md) - [2.1.7 Case Study: The Holderness Coast (UK)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-7-case-study-the-holderness-coast-uk.md) - [2.1.8 Case Study: The Holderness Coast - Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-8-case-study-the-holderness-coast-management.md) - [2.1.9 Case Study: The Holderness Coast - Defences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-9-case-study-the-holderness-coast-defences.md) - [2.1.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Swash & Backwash](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-10-diagnostic-misconceptions-swash-and-backwash.md) - 2.2 Landforms - [2.2.1 Headlands & Bays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-1-headlands-and-bays.md) - [2.2.2 Beaches, Stumps, & Cliffs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-2-beaches-stumps-and-cliffs.md) - [2.2.3 Wave-cut Platforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-3-wave-cut-platforms.md) - [2.2.4 Caves, Arches, & Stacks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-4-caves-arches-and-stacks.md) - [2.2.5 Spits, Bars, & Sand Dunes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-5-spits-bars-and-sand-dunes.md) - [2.2.6 Discordant & Concordant Coastlines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-6-discordant-and-concordant-coastlines.md) - 2.3 Opportunities & Hazards - [2.3.1 Opportunities & Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-1-opportunities-and-hazards.md) - [2.3.2 Managing Flooding - Hard Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-2-managing-flooding-hard-engineering.md) - [2.3.3 Coastal Management - Hard Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-3-coastal-management-hard-engineering.md) - [2.3.4 Coastal Management - More Hard Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-4-coastal-management-more-hard-engineering.md) - [2.3.5 Coastal Management - Soft Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-5-coastal-management-soft-engineering.md) - [2.3.6 End of Topic Test - Rivers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-6-end-of-topic-test-rivers.md) - [2.3.7 End of Topic Test -Coasts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-7-end-of-topic-test-coasts.md) - 2.4 Tropical Storms - [2.4.1 Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-1-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.2 Structure of Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-2-structure-of-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.3 Causes of Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-3-causes-of-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.4 Effects of Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-4-effects-of-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.5 Hazards of Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-5-hazards-of-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.6 Case Study: Hurricane Katrina - Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-6-case-study-hurricane-katrina-effects.md) - [2.4.7 Case Study: Hurricane Katrina - Responses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-7-case-study-hurricane-katrina-responses.md) - [2.4.8 Case Study: Cyclone Nargis - Responses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-8-case-study-cyclone-nargis-responses.md) - [2.4.9 Case Study: Cyclone Nargis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-9-case-study-cyclone-nargis.md) - [2.4.10 Mathematical Skills: Weather Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-10-mathematical-skills-weather-hazards.md) - [2.4.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Rainfall](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-rainfall.md) - 2.5 Protection & Management - [2.5.1 Coral Reefs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-1-coral-reefs.md) - [2.5.2 Types of Reefs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-2-types-of-reefs.md) - [2.5.3 Importance of Coral Reefs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-3-importance-of-coral-reefs.md) - [2.5.4 Mangrove Swamps](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-4-mangrove-swamps.md) - [2.5.5 Importance of Mangroves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-5-importance-of-mangroves.md) ### 3 Paper 1 - Changing Ecosystems - 3.1 Antarctic - [3.1.1 Features of the Antartic Ecosystem](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-1-1-features-of-the-antartic-ecosystem.md) - [3.1.2 Factors Influencing the Antarctic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-1-2-factors-influencing-the-antarctic.md) - [3.1.3 Abiotic–Biotic Factors & Adaptations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-1-3-abiotic-biotic-factors-and-adaptations.md) - 3.2 Threats to the Antarctic - [3.2.1 Antarctic: Threats & Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-2-1-antarctic-threats-and-impacts.md) - [3.2.2 Antarctic: Evaluation of Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-2-2-antarctic-evaluation-of-strategies.md) - 3.3 Tropical Rainforest - [3.3.1 Global Distribution & Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-3-1-global-distribution-and-characteristics.md) - [3.3.2 Tropical Rainforest: Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-3-2-tropical-rainforest-structure.md) - [3.3.3 Tropical Rainforest: Interrelationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-3-3-tropical-rainforest-interrelationships.md) - 3.4 Tropical Rainforest: Threats - [3.4.1 ThreatsThreats & Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-4-1-threatsthreats-and-impacts.md) - [3.4.2 Evaluation of Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-4-2-evaluation-of-strategies.md) - [3.4.3 Mathematical Skills: Deforestation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-4-3-mathematical-skills-deforestation.md) - [3.4.4 Rainforest Case Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-4-4-rainforest-case-study.md) ### 4 Paper 1 - Tectonic Hazards - 4.1 The Structure of the Earth - [4.1.1 Structure of the Earth: Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-1-structure-of-the-earth-characteristics.md) - [4.1.2 Tectonic Plates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-2-tectonic-plates.md) - [4.1.3 Plate Margins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-3-plate-margins.md) - [4.1.4 Plate Boundaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-4-plate-boundaries.md) - [4.1.5 Earthquakes at Plate Margins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-5-earthquakes-at-plate-margins.md) - 4.2 The Processes of Earthquakes & Volcanoes - [4.2.1 Earthquakes: Processes & Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-1-earthquakes-processes-and-characteristics.md) - [4.2.2 Earthquake Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-2-earthquake-hazards.md) - [4.2.3 Types of Volcano](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-3-types-of-volcano.md) - [4.2.4 Classification & Features](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-4-classification-and-features.md) - [4.2.5 Volcanic Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-5-volcanic-hazards.md) - [4.2.6 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Lava](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-6-diagnostic-misconceptions-lava.md) - [4.2.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Location of Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-location-of-volcanoes.md) - [4.2.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Focus vs Epicentre](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-focus-vs-epicentre.md) - [4.2.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sliding Plates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-sliding-plates.md) - 4.3 The Impacts of Tectonic Hazards - [4.3.1 Why do People Live Near Volcanoes?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-3-1-why-do-people-live-near-volcanoes.md) - [4.3.2 Primary Effects of Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-3-2-primary-effects-of-volcanoes.md) - [4.3.3 Secondary Effects of Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-3-3-secondary-effects-of-volcanoes.md) - [4.3.4 Measuring Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-3-4-measuring-earthquakes.md) - 4.4 Managing the Impacts of Tectonic Hazards - [4.4.1 Managing Impacts of Tectonic Hazards - Monitoring](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-1-managing-impacts-of-tectonic-hazards-monitoring.md) - [4.4.2 Managing Impacts of Tectonic Hazards - Planning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-2-managing-impacts-of-tectonic-hazards-planning.md) - [4.4.3 Case Study: Agung](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-3-case-study-agung.md) - [4.4.4 Case Study: Christchurch](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-4-case-study-christchurch.md) - [4.4.5 Mathematic Skills: Tectonic Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-5-mathematic-skills-tectonic-hazards.md) ### 5 Paper 1 - Climate Change - 5.1 Natural & Human Causes of Climate Change - [5.1.1 Climate Change: Evidence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-1-climate-change-evidence.md) - [5.1.2 Climate Change: Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-2-climate-change-factors.md) - [5.1.3 Climate Change: Human Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-3-climate-change-human-influence.md) - [5.1.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Greenhouse Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-greenhouse-effect.md) - [5.1.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - 1°C Change in Temp.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-1%C2%B0c-change-in-temp.md) - 5.2 Impacts of Climate Change - [5.2.1 Impact on the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-2-1-impact-on-the-environment.md) - [5.2.2 Impact on People](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-2-2-impact-on-people.md) - [5.2.3 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Species Adaptation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-2-3-diagnostic-misconceptions-species-adaptation.md) - 5.3 Responses to Climate Change - [5.3.1 Climate Change: Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-3-1-climate-change-strategies.md) - [5.3.2 Evaluation of Mitigation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-3-2-evaluation-of-mitigation.md) - [5.3.3 Climate Change: Case Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-3-3-climate-change-case-study.md) ### 6 Paper 2 - Changing Populations - 6.1 Populations Grow & Decline - [6.1.1 Reasons for Growth & Decline](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-1-reasons-for-growth-and-decline.md) - [6.1.2 Patterns & Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-2-patterns-and-trends.md) - [6.1.3 Evaluation of Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-3-evaluation-of-impacts.md) - [6.1.4 Demographic Transition Model (DTM)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-4-demographic-transition-model-dtm.md) - [6.1.5 Stages of the Demographic Transition Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-5-stages-of-the-demographic-transition-model.md) - [6.1.6 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Declining Birth Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-6-diagnostic-misconceptions-declining-birth-rate.md) - 6.2 Population Structures Over Time - [6.2.1 Factors Influencing Birth Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-1-factors-influencing-birth-rates.md) - [6.2.2 Factors Influencing Death Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-2-factors-influencing-death-rates.md) - [6.2.3 Population Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-3-population-policies.md) - [6.2.4 Population Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-4-population-structure.md) - [6.2.5 Population Pyramids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-5-population-pyramids.md) - [6.2.6 Case Study: UK's Ageing Population - Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-6-case-study-uks-ageing-population-causes.md) - [6.2.7 Case Study: UK's Ageing Population - Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-7-case-study-uks-ageing-population-effects.md) - [6.2.8 Case Study: UK's Ageing Population - Responses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-8-case-study-uks-ageing-population-responses.md) - 6.3 Causes & Impacts of International Migration - [6.3.1 Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-1-migration.md) - [6.3.2 Impacts of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-2-impacts-of-migration.md) - [6.3.3 Types of Migrant & Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-3-types-of-migrant-and-causes.md) - [6.3.4 Evaluation of Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-4-evaluation-of-strategies.md) - [6.3.5 Case Study: Afghanistan to Pakistan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-5-case-study-afghanistan-to-pakistan.md) - [6.3.6 Case Study: Mexico to the USA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-6-case-study-mexico-to-the-usa.md) - [6.3.7 End of Topic Test - Populations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-7-end-of-topic-test-populations.md) ### 7 Paper 2 - Changing Towns & Cities - 7.1 Where People Live - [7.1.1 Variations in Global Population](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-1-1-variations-in-global-population.md) - 7.2 Opportunities & Challenges of Urbanisation - [7.2.1 Opportunities & Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-1-opportunities-and-challenges.md) - [7.2.2 Impact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-2-impact.md) - [7.2.3 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Inequality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-3-diagnostic-misconceptions-inequality.md) - [7.2.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Urbanisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-urbanisation.md) - [7.2.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Megacities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-megacities.md) - 7.3 Management of Urban Growth - [7.3.1 Evaluation of Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-3-1-evaluation-of-strategies.md) - [7.3.2 Case Study: Notting Hill & Leicester](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-3-2-case-study-notting-hill-and-leicester.md) - [7.3.3 Mathematical Skills: Urban Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-3-3-mathematical-skills-urban-issues.md) - [7.3.4 End of Topic Test - Urbanisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-3-4-end-of-topic-test-urbanisation.md) ### 8 Paper 2 - Development - 8.1 Measuring Development - [8.1.1 Social & Economic Indicators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-1-social-and-economic-indicators.md) - [8.1.2 Comparing Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-2-comparing-countries.md) - [8.1.3 Development: Environmental Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-3-development-environmental-factors.md) - [8.1.4 Development: Historical Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-4-development-historical-factors.md) - [8.1.5 Development: Political Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-5-development-political-causes.md) - [8.1.6 Development: Social Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-6-development-social-causes.md) - [8.1.7 Development: Economic Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-7-development-economic-causes.md) - 8.2 Uneven Development - [8.2.1 Reasons for Uneven Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-2-1-reasons-for-uneven-development.md) - [8.2.2 Uneven Development: Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-2-2-uneven-development-patterns.md) - [8.2.3 Measures of Inequality Within Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-2-3-measures-of-inequality-within-countries.md) - [8.2.4 Case Study: Inequality in China](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-2-4-case-study-inequality-in-china.md) - 8.3 Sustainable Development - [8.3.1 Definition & Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-3-1-definition-and-techniques.md) - [8.3.2 Case Study: Bangladesh](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-3-2-case-study-bangladesh.md) ### 9 Paper 2 - Changing Economies - 9.1 Changing Employment Structures - [9.1.1 Different Industries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-1-1-different-industries.md) - [9.1.2 Changing Employment Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-1-2-changing-employment-structure.md) - [9.1.3 Industrial Location & Distribution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-1-3-industrial-location-and-distribution.md) - 9.2 Globalisation - [9.2.1 Globalisation Definition & Features](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-1-globalisation-definition-and-features.md) - [9.2.2 Globalisation - Transport](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-2-globalisation-transport.md) - [9.2.3 Globalisation - Communication & Banking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-3-globalisation-communication-and-banking.md) - [9.2.4 Transnational Corporations (TNCs)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-4-transnational-corporations-tncs.md) - [9.2.5 Case Study: SEZs in China](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-5-case-study-sezs-in-china.md) - [9.2.6 Case Study: SEZs in HSBC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-6-case-study-sezs-in-hsbc.md) - 9.3 Tourism - [9.3.1 Factors Leading to the Growth of Tourism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-1-factors-leading-to-the-growth-of-tourism.md) - [9.3.2 The Butler Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-2-the-butler-model.md) - [9.3.3 Benefits of Tourism - Economic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-3-benefits-of-tourism-economic.md) - [9.3.4 Benefits of Tourism - Social, Cultural & Env.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-4-benefits-of-tourism-social-cultural-and-env.md) - [9.3.5 Problems with Tourism - Economic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-5-problems-with-tourism-economic.md) - [9.3.6 Problems of Tourism - Social, Cultural & Env.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-6-problems-of-tourism-social-cultural-and-env.md) - [9.3.7 Managing Tourism - Sustainability & Ecotourism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-7-managing-tourism-sustainability-and-ecotourism.md) - [9.3.8 Managing Tourism - Quotas & Tourism Hubs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-8-managing-tourism-quotas-and-tourism-hubs.md) - [9.3.9 Case Study: Blackpool (UK)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-9-case-study-blackpool-uk.md) - [9.3.10 Mathematical Skills: Changing Economic World](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-10-mathematical-skills-changing-economic-world.md) ### 10 Paper 2 - Resource Provision - 10.1 Food - [10.1.1 Farming Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-1-farming-types.md) - [10.1.2 Human Inputs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-2-human-inputs.md) - [10.1.3 Physical Inputs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-3-physical-inputs.md) - [10.1.4 Green Revolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-4-green-revolution.md) - [10.1.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Food](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-food.md) - 10.2 Patterns of Food Supply & Demand - [10.2.1 Calorie Intake](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-2-1-calorie-intake.md) - [10.2.2 Reasons for Changing Global Supply](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-2-2-reasons-for-changing-global-supply.md) - [10.2.3 Strategies to Increase Food Supply](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-2-3-strategies-to-increase-food-supply.md) - [10.2.4 Reasons & Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-2-4-reasons-and-impacts.md) - 10.3 Challenges of Food Supply - [10.3.1 Human Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-1-human-factors.md) - [10.3.2 Natural Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-2-natural-factors.md) - [10.3.3 Impacts of Food Insecurity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-3-impacts-of-food-insecurity.md) - [10.3.4 Increasing Farm Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-4-increasing-farm-output.md) - [10.3.5 Food Aid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-5-food-aid.md) - [10.3.6 Desertification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-6-desertification.md) - [10.3.7 Reducing the Risk of Desertification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-7-reducing-the-risk-of-desertification.md) - [10.3.8 Soil Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-8-soil-erosion.md) - [10.3.9 Low Impact Farming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-9-low-impact-farming.md) - [10.3.10 Mathematical Skills: Food](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-10-mathematical-skills-food.md) - 10.4 Energy - [10.4.1 Types of Energy: Renewable & Non-Renewable](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-1-types-of-energy-renewable-and-non-renewable.md) - [10.4.2 Non-Renewable: Fuelwood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-2-non-renewable-fuelwood.md) - [10.4.3 Non-Renewable: Nuclear](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-3-non-renewable-nuclear.md) - [10.4.4 Non-Renewable: Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-4-non-renewable-fossil-fuels.md) - [10.4.5 Renewable: Wind & Solar](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-5-renewable-wind-and-solar.md) - [10.4.6 Renewable: Wave & Tidal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-6-renewable-wave-and-tidal.md) - [10.4.7 Renewable: Biofuel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-7-renewable-biofuel.md) - [10.4.8 Renewable: HEP & Geothermal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-8-renewable-hep-and-geothermal.md) - 10.5 Patterns of Energy Supply & Demand - [10.5.1 Reasons for Increasing Energy Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-5-1-reasons-for-increasing-energy-consumption.md) - [10.5.2 Energy Security](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-5-2-energy-security.md) - [10.5.3 Variations in Energy Use](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-5-3-variations-in-energy-use.md) - 10.6 Impacts of Energy Production - [10.6.1 Strategies to Increase Energy Supply](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-1-strategies-to-increase-energy-supply.md) - [10.6.2 Evaluation of the Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-2-evaluation-of-the-strategies.md) - [10.6.3 Case Study: Iceland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-3-case-study-iceland.md) - [10.6.4 Case Study: China](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-4-case-study-china.md) - [10.6.5 Mathematical Skills: Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-5-mathematical-skills-energy.md) - [10.6.6 End of Topic Test - Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-6-end-of-topic-test-energy.md)