Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-6-desertification [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Geography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international.md) › Desertification # Desertification Geography: Cambridge International GCSE (2027 Exams), topic 10.3.6 ## What are the Causes of Desertification? Desertification describes land getting drier, less fertile and more like a desert. After desertification, it is harder to grow crops and survive in the ecosystem. The main factors that lead to desertification are: ### Removal of fuel wood ![Removal of fuel wood](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/22f8bccc-4711-44e5-ac25-859e4a04b3d0/shutterstock_300707318.jpg) - Logging and cutting down trees to burn as fuel means that an area has fewer trees. This means that soil is not bound to tree roots and is more likely to be washed away. - Removing fuel wood increases soil erosion. ### Overgrazing ![Overgrazing](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/7a8fc4fa-ec9e-41d3-bd27-bca249f83f60/shutterstock_515016826.jpg) - If livestock eat every plant on a plot of land, then this can again cause soil erosion. - There will be no roots to bind the soil together and plants may struggle to grow again for a very long time. ### Over-cultivation ![Over-cultivation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/99b5e40d-e006-4b75-8ee7-3aaccc7d2764/shutterstock_1034047900.jpg) - Fallow years are held because planting crops in the same place over and over again uses up all the soil nutrients. - Plants won't be able to grow there in the future and again, soil erosion will happen. ### Population growth ![Population growth](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/f57960a6-b18f-4a83-8f2b-8915cf8d8847/shutterstock_319848719.jpg) - Deforestation to build human settlements, expanding livestock grazing grounds and over-cultivation are all side effects of there being more people on Earth. - In 1950, the world's population was 2.5 billion people. - In 2019, the world's population was 7.7 billion people. ### Climate change ![Climate change](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/f365adfa-e5cf-4abc-9110-fb8ffb638d18/shutterstock_597536849.jpg) - Rising temperatures caused by human carbon emissions and the greenhouse effect is likely to lead to more desertification. - As temperatures rise and rainfall falls, naturally, more places will become desert-like. - The American Mid-West and Southern European countries could be at risk of this by 2100 if temperatures keep rising. ### Soil erosion ![Soil erosion](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/95eaa11d-1348-4720-9605-b237820d2964/shutterstock_348544355.jpg) - A lack of plants in the ground means that exposed soil and nutrients are more easily blown away. - Soil erosion reduces the fertility of land and will reduce the efficiency of food production, causing problems for many countries. ## Test yourself on Desertification - Which of the following is not a factor causing desertification? - What do we call the process of land degrading to become more like a desert? - What are the factors causing desertification? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/88bcf69f-fcc5-4424-b69d-5f2ea23d2e00/section/20eb9c98-ebf7-4ff4-811f-c4a774ce5903/session) - Previous topic: [10.3.5 Food Aid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-5-food-aid.md) - Next topic: [10.3.7 Reducing the Risk of Desertification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-7-reducing-the-risk-of-desertification.md) ## Geography: Cambridge International GCSE (2027 Exams) contents ### 1 Paper 1 - Changing River Environnments - 1.1 Characteristics of Rivers - [1.1.1 The Long Profile](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-1-1-the-long-profile.md) - [1.1.2 Characteristics of Rivers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-1-2-characteristics-of-rivers.md) - 1.2 River Landforms - [1.2.1 Waterfalls & Gorges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-1-waterfalls-and-gorges.md) - [1.2.2 Meanders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-2-meanders.md) - [1.2.3 Oxbow Lakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-3-oxbow-lakes.md) - [1.2.4 Levees](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-4-levees.md) - [1.2.5 Floodplains](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-5-floodplains.md) - [1.2.6 Deltas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-6-deltas.md) - [1.2.7 Interlocking Spurs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-2-7-interlocking-spurs.md) - 1.3 Rivers: Opportunities & Hazards - [1.3.1 River Pollution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-3-1-river-pollution.md) - [1.3.2 River Pollution in the River Thames](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-3-2-river-pollution-in-the-river-thames.md) - 1.4 The Bradshaw Model - [1.4.1 The Bradshaw Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-4-1-the-bradshaw-model.md) - 1.5 The Drainage Basin & the Water Cycle - [1.5.1 The Drainage Basin & the Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-5-1-the-drainage-basin-and-the-water-cycle.md) - 1.6 Processes Operating in a Drainage Basin - [1.6.1 Hydrological Cycle in a Drainage Basin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-6-1-hydrological-cycle-in-a-drainage-basin.md) - [1.6.2 Processes in a Drainage Basin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-6-2-processes-in-a-drainage-basin.md) - 1.7 Processes Operating in a River - [1.7.1 Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-1-erosion.md) - [1.7.2 Transportation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-2-transportation.md) - [1.7.3 Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-3-deposition.md) - [1.7.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Upper Course](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-upper-course.md) - [1.7.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/1-7-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-deposition.md) ### 2 Paper 1 - Changing Coastal Environments - 2.1 Physical Processes that Shape the Coast - [2.1.1 Processes of Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-1-processes-of-erosion.md) - [2.1.2 Corrosion & Corrasion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-2-corrosion-and-corrasion.md) - [2.1.3 Transportation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-3-transportation.md) - [2.1.4 Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-4-deposition.md) - [2.1.5 Longshore Drift](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-5-longshore-drift.md) - [2.1.6 Types of Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-6-types-of-waves.md) - [2.1.7 Case Study: The Holderness Coast (UK)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-7-case-study-the-holderness-coast-uk.md) - [2.1.8 Case Study: The Holderness Coast - Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-8-case-study-the-holderness-coast-management.md) - [2.1.9 Case Study: The Holderness Coast - Defences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-9-case-study-the-holderness-coast-defences.md) - [2.1.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Swash & Backwash](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-1-10-diagnostic-misconceptions-swash-and-backwash.md) - 2.2 Landforms - [2.2.1 Headlands & Bays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-1-headlands-and-bays.md) - [2.2.2 Beaches, Stumps, & Cliffs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-2-beaches-stumps-and-cliffs.md) - [2.2.3 Wave-cut Platforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-3-wave-cut-platforms.md) - [2.2.4 Caves, Arches, & Stacks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-4-caves-arches-and-stacks.md) - [2.2.5 Spits, Bars, & Sand Dunes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-5-spits-bars-and-sand-dunes.md) - [2.2.6 Discordant & Concordant Coastlines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-2-6-discordant-and-concordant-coastlines.md) - 2.3 Opportunities & Hazards - [2.3.1 Opportunities & Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-1-opportunities-and-hazards.md) - [2.3.2 Managing Flooding - Hard Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-2-managing-flooding-hard-engineering.md) - [2.3.3 Coastal Management - Hard Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-3-coastal-management-hard-engineering.md) - [2.3.4 Coastal Management - More Hard Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-4-coastal-management-more-hard-engineering.md) - [2.3.5 Coastal Management - Soft Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-5-coastal-management-soft-engineering.md) - [2.3.6 End of Topic Test - Rivers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-6-end-of-topic-test-rivers.md) - [2.3.7 End of Topic Test -Coasts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-3-7-end-of-topic-test-coasts.md) - 2.4 Tropical Storms - [2.4.1 Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-1-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.2 Structure of Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-2-structure-of-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.3 Causes of Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-3-causes-of-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.4 Effects of Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-4-effects-of-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.5 Hazards of Tropical Storms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-5-hazards-of-tropical-storms.md) - [2.4.6 Case Study: Hurricane Katrina - Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-6-case-study-hurricane-katrina-effects.md) - [2.4.7 Case Study: Hurricane Katrina - Responses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-7-case-study-hurricane-katrina-responses.md) - [2.4.8 Case Study: Cyclone Nargis - Responses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-8-case-study-cyclone-nargis-responses.md) - [2.4.9 Case Study: Cyclone Nargis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-9-case-study-cyclone-nargis.md) - [2.4.10 Mathematical Skills: Weather Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-10-mathematical-skills-weather-hazards.md) - [2.4.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Rainfall](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-4-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-rainfall.md) - 2.5 Protection & Management - [2.5.1 Coral Reefs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-1-coral-reefs.md) - [2.5.2 Types of Reefs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-2-types-of-reefs.md) - [2.5.3 Importance of Coral Reefs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-3-importance-of-coral-reefs.md) - [2.5.4 Mangrove Swamps](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-4-mangrove-swamps.md) - [2.5.5 Importance of Mangroves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/2-5-5-importance-of-mangroves.md) ### 3 Paper 1 - Changing Ecosystems - 3.1 Antarctic - [3.1.1 Features of the Antartic Ecosystem](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-1-1-features-of-the-antartic-ecosystem.md) - [3.1.2 Factors Influencing the Antarctic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-1-2-factors-influencing-the-antarctic.md) - [3.1.3 Abiotic–Biotic Factors & Adaptations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-1-3-abiotic-biotic-factors-and-adaptations.md) - 3.2 Threats to the Antarctic - [3.2.1 Antarctic: Threats & Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-2-1-antarctic-threats-and-impacts.md) - [3.2.2 Antarctic: Evaluation of Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-2-2-antarctic-evaluation-of-strategies.md) - 3.3 Tropical Rainforest - [3.3.1 Global Distribution & Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-3-1-global-distribution-and-characteristics.md) - [3.3.2 Tropical Rainforest: Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-3-2-tropical-rainforest-structure.md) - [3.3.3 Tropical Rainforest: Interrelationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-3-3-tropical-rainforest-interrelationships.md) - 3.4 Tropical Rainforest: Threats - [3.4.1 ThreatsThreats & Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-4-1-threatsthreats-and-impacts.md) - [3.4.2 Evaluation of Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-4-2-evaluation-of-strategies.md) - [3.4.3 Mathematical Skills: Deforestation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-4-3-mathematical-skills-deforestation.md) - [3.4.4 Rainforest Case Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/3-4-4-rainforest-case-study.md) ### 4 Paper 1 - Tectonic Hazards - 4.1 The Structure of the Earth - [4.1.1 Structure of the Earth: Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-1-structure-of-the-earth-characteristics.md) - [4.1.2 Tectonic Plates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-2-tectonic-plates.md) - [4.1.3 Plate Margins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-3-plate-margins.md) - [4.1.4 Plate Boundaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-4-plate-boundaries.md) - [4.1.5 Earthquakes at Plate Margins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-1-5-earthquakes-at-plate-margins.md) - 4.2 The Processes of Earthquakes & Volcanoes - [4.2.1 Earthquakes: Processes & Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-1-earthquakes-processes-and-characteristics.md) - [4.2.2 Earthquake Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-2-earthquake-hazards.md) - [4.2.3 Types of Volcano](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-3-types-of-volcano.md) - [4.2.4 Classification & Features](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-4-classification-and-features.md) - [4.2.5 Volcanic Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-5-volcanic-hazards.md) - [4.2.6 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Lava](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-6-diagnostic-misconceptions-lava.md) - [4.2.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Location of Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-location-of-volcanoes.md) - [4.2.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Focus vs Epicentre](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-focus-vs-epicentre.md) - [4.2.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sliding Plates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-2-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-sliding-plates.md) - 4.3 The Impacts of Tectonic Hazards - [4.3.1 Why do People Live Near Volcanoes?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-3-1-why-do-people-live-near-volcanoes.md) - [4.3.2 Primary Effects of Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-3-2-primary-effects-of-volcanoes.md) - [4.3.3 Secondary Effects of Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-3-3-secondary-effects-of-volcanoes.md) - [4.3.4 Measuring Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-3-4-measuring-earthquakes.md) - 4.4 Managing the Impacts of Tectonic Hazards - [4.4.1 Managing Impacts of Tectonic Hazards - Monitoring](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-1-managing-impacts-of-tectonic-hazards-monitoring.md) - [4.4.2 Managing Impacts of Tectonic Hazards - Planning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-2-managing-impacts-of-tectonic-hazards-planning.md) - [4.4.3 Case Study: Agung](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-3-case-study-agung.md) - [4.4.4 Case Study: Christchurch](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-4-case-study-christchurch.md) - [4.4.5 Mathematic Skills: Tectonic Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/4-4-5-mathematic-skills-tectonic-hazards.md) ### 5 Paper 1 - Climate Change - 5.1 Natural & Human Causes of Climate Change - [5.1.1 Climate Change: Evidence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-1-climate-change-evidence.md) - [5.1.2 Climate Change: Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-2-climate-change-factors.md) - [5.1.3 Climate Change: Human Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-3-climate-change-human-influence.md) - [5.1.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Greenhouse Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-greenhouse-effect.md) - [5.1.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - 1°C Change in Temp.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-1-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-1%C2%B0c-change-in-temp.md) - 5.2 Impacts of Climate Change - [5.2.1 Impact on the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-2-1-impact-on-the-environment.md) - [5.2.2 Impact on People](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-2-2-impact-on-people.md) - [5.2.3 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Species Adaptation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-2-3-diagnostic-misconceptions-species-adaptation.md) - 5.3 Responses to Climate Change - [5.3.1 Climate Change: Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-3-1-climate-change-strategies.md) - [5.3.2 Evaluation of Mitigation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-3-2-evaluation-of-mitigation.md) - [5.3.3 Climate Change: Case Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/5-3-3-climate-change-case-study.md) ### 6 Paper 2 - Changing Populations - 6.1 Populations Grow & Decline - [6.1.1 Reasons for Growth & Decline](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-1-reasons-for-growth-and-decline.md) - [6.1.2 Patterns & Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-2-patterns-and-trends.md) - [6.1.3 Evaluation of Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-3-evaluation-of-impacts.md) - [6.1.4 Demographic Transition Model (DTM)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-4-demographic-transition-model-dtm.md) - [6.1.5 Stages of the Demographic Transition Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-5-stages-of-the-demographic-transition-model.md) - [6.1.6 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Declining Birth Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-1-6-diagnostic-misconceptions-declining-birth-rate.md) - 6.2 Population Structures Over Time - [6.2.1 Factors Influencing Birth Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-1-factors-influencing-birth-rates.md) - [6.2.2 Factors Influencing Death Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-2-factors-influencing-death-rates.md) - [6.2.3 Population Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-3-population-policies.md) - [6.2.4 Population Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-4-population-structure.md) - [6.2.5 Population Pyramids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-5-population-pyramids.md) - [6.2.6 Case Study: UK's Ageing Population - Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-6-case-study-uks-ageing-population-causes.md) - [6.2.7 Case Study: UK's Ageing Population - Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-7-case-study-uks-ageing-population-effects.md) - [6.2.8 Case Study: UK's Ageing Population - Responses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-2-8-case-study-uks-ageing-population-responses.md) - 6.3 Causes & Impacts of International Migration - [6.3.1 Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-1-migration.md) - [6.3.2 Impacts of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-2-impacts-of-migration.md) - [6.3.3 Types of Migrant & Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-3-types-of-migrant-and-causes.md) - [6.3.4 Evaluation of Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-4-evaluation-of-strategies.md) - [6.3.5 Case Study: Afghanistan to Pakistan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-5-case-study-afghanistan-to-pakistan.md) - [6.3.6 Case Study: Mexico to the USA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-6-case-study-mexico-to-the-usa.md) - [6.3.7 End of Topic Test - Populations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/6-3-7-end-of-topic-test-populations.md) ### 7 Paper 2 - Changing Towns & Cities - 7.1 Where People Live - [7.1.1 Variations in Global Population](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-1-1-variations-in-global-population.md) - 7.2 Opportunities & Challenges of Urbanisation - [7.2.1 Opportunities & Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-1-opportunities-and-challenges.md) - [7.2.2 Impact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-2-impact.md) - [7.2.3 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Inequality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-3-diagnostic-misconceptions-inequality.md) - [7.2.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Urbanisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-urbanisation.md) - [7.2.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Megacities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-2-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-megacities.md) - 7.3 Management of Urban Growth - [7.3.1 Evaluation of Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-3-1-evaluation-of-strategies.md) - [7.3.2 Case Study: Notting Hill & Leicester](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-3-2-case-study-notting-hill-and-leicester.md) - [7.3.3 Mathematical Skills: Urban Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-3-3-mathematical-skills-urban-issues.md) - [7.3.4 End of Topic Test - Urbanisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/7-3-4-end-of-topic-test-urbanisation.md) ### 8 Paper 2 - Development - 8.1 Measuring Development - [8.1.1 Social & Economic Indicators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-1-social-and-economic-indicators.md) - [8.1.2 Comparing Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-2-comparing-countries.md) - [8.1.3 Development: Environmental Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-3-development-environmental-factors.md) - [8.1.4 Development: Historical Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-4-development-historical-factors.md) - [8.1.5 Development: Political Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-5-development-political-causes.md) - [8.1.6 Development: Social Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-6-development-social-causes.md) - [8.1.7 Development: Economic Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-1-7-development-economic-causes.md) - 8.2 Uneven Development - [8.2.1 Reasons for Uneven Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-2-1-reasons-for-uneven-development.md) - [8.2.2 Uneven Development: Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-2-2-uneven-development-patterns.md) - [8.2.3 Measures of Inequality Within Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-2-3-measures-of-inequality-within-countries.md) - [8.2.4 Case Study: Inequality in China](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-2-4-case-study-inequality-in-china.md) - 8.3 Sustainable Development - [8.3.1 Definition & Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-3-1-definition-and-techniques.md) - [8.3.2 Case Study: Bangladesh](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/8-3-2-case-study-bangladesh.md) ### 9 Paper 2 - Changing Economies - 9.1 Changing Employment Structures - [9.1.1 Different Industries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-1-1-different-industries.md) - [9.1.2 Changing Employment Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-1-2-changing-employment-structure.md) - [9.1.3 Industrial Location & Distribution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-1-3-industrial-location-and-distribution.md) - 9.2 Globalisation - [9.2.1 Globalisation Definition & Features](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-1-globalisation-definition-and-features.md) - [9.2.2 Globalisation - Transport](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-2-globalisation-transport.md) - [9.2.3 Globalisation - Communication & Banking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-3-globalisation-communication-and-banking.md) - [9.2.4 Transnational Corporations (TNCs)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-4-transnational-corporations-tncs.md) - [9.2.5 Case Study: SEZs in China](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-5-case-study-sezs-in-china.md) - [9.2.6 Case Study: SEZs in HSBC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-2-6-case-study-sezs-in-hsbc.md) - 9.3 Tourism - [9.3.1 Factors Leading to the Growth of Tourism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-1-factors-leading-to-the-growth-of-tourism.md) - [9.3.2 The Butler Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-2-the-butler-model.md) - [9.3.3 Benefits of Tourism - Economic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-3-benefits-of-tourism-economic.md) - [9.3.4 Benefits of Tourism - Social, Cultural & Env.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-4-benefits-of-tourism-social-cultural-and-env.md) - [9.3.5 Problems with Tourism - Economic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-5-problems-with-tourism-economic.md) - [9.3.6 Problems of Tourism - Social, Cultural & Env.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-6-problems-of-tourism-social-cultural-and-env.md) - [9.3.7 Managing Tourism - Sustainability & Ecotourism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-7-managing-tourism-sustainability-and-ecotourism.md) - [9.3.8 Managing Tourism - Quotas & Tourism Hubs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-8-managing-tourism-quotas-and-tourism-hubs.md) - [9.3.9 Case Study: Blackpool (UK)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-9-case-study-blackpool-uk.md) - [9.3.10 Mathematical Skills: Changing Economic World](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/9-3-10-mathematical-skills-changing-economic-world.md) ### 10 Paper 2 - Resource Provision - 10.1 Food - [10.1.1 Farming Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-1-farming-types.md) - [10.1.2 Human Inputs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-2-human-inputs.md) - [10.1.3 Physical Inputs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-3-physical-inputs.md) - [10.1.4 Green Revolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-4-green-revolution.md) - [10.1.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Food](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-1-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-food.md) - 10.2 Patterns of Food Supply & Demand - [10.2.1 Calorie Intake](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-2-1-calorie-intake.md) - [10.2.2 Reasons for Changing Global Supply](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-2-2-reasons-for-changing-global-supply.md) - [10.2.3 Strategies to Increase Food Supply](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-2-3-strategies-to-increase-food-supply.md) - [10.2.4 Reasons & Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-2-4-reasons-and-impacts.md) - 10.3 Challenges of Food Supply - [10.3.1 Human Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-1-human-factors.md) - [10.3.2 Natural Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-2-natural-factors.md) - [10.3.3 Impacts of Food Insecurity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-3-impacts-of-food-insecurity.md) - [10.3.4 Increasing Farm Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-4-increasing-farm-output.md) - [10.3.5 Food Aid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-5-food-aid.md) - [10.3.6 Desertification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-6-desertification.md) - [10.3.7 Reducing the Risk of Desertification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-7-reducing-the-risk-of-desertification.md) - [10.3.8 Soil Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-8-soil-erosion.md) - [10.3.9 Low Impact Farming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-9-low-impact-farming.md) - [10.3.10 Mathematical Skills: Food](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-3-10-mathematical-skills-food.md) - 10.4 Energy - [10.4.1 Types of Energy: Renewable & Non-Renewable](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-1-types-of-energy-renewable-and-non-renewable.md) - [10.4.2 Non-Renewable: Fuelwood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-2-non-renewable-fuelwood.md) - [10.4.3 Non-Renewable: Nuclear](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-3-non-renewable-nuclear.md) - [10.4.4 Non-Renewable: Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-4-non-renewable-fossil-fuels.md) - [10.4.5 Renewable: Wind & Solar](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-5-renewable-wind-and-solar.md) - [10.4.6 Renewable: Wave & Tidal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-6-renewable-wave-and-tidal.md) - [10.4.7 Renewable: Biofuel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-7-renewable-biofuel.md) - [10.4.8 Renewable: HEP & Geothermal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-4-8-renewable-hep-and-geothermal.md) - 10.5 Patterns of Energy Supply & Demand - [10.5.1 Reasons for Increasing Energy Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-5-1-reasons-for-increasing-energy-consumption.md) - [10.5.2 Energy Security](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-5-2-energy-security.md) - [10.5.3 Variations in Energy Use](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-5-3-variations-in-energy-use.md) - 10.6 Impacts of Energy Production - [10.6.1 Strategies to Increase Energy Supply](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-1-strategies-to-increase-energy-supply.md) - [10.6.2 Evaluation of the Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-2-evaluation-of-the-strategies.md) - [10.6.3 Case Study: Iceland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-3-case-study-iceland.md) - [10.6.4 Case Study: China](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-4-case-study-china.md) - [10.6.5 Mathematical Skills: Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-5-mathematical-skills-energy.md) - [10.6.6 End of Topic Test - Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/geography/cambridge-international/10-6-6-end-of-topic-test-energy.md)