Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-12-properties-of-solid-state-media [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Computer Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science.md) › [Edexcel IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse.md) › Properties of Solid State Media # Properties of Solid State Media Computer Science: Edexcel IGCSE, topic 4.2.12 ## Properties of Solid State Media Solid state media has a lot of benefits, but it isn't the best media in all scenarios. ### High speed ![High speed](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/b4a2b18d-e934-422b-85a3-05b314ce3d49/Speed-Light-Blur-Fast-.jpg) - Solid state media tends to have very fast read/write times. - Some solid state media has slower access time. For example, USB sticks. ### High cost ![High cost](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/029ac8c9-d3f2-47f7-909e-4d296c745195/shutterstock_184487681.jpg) - Solid state media has a higher cost-per-GB than magnetic media. - Solid state drives (SSDs) do not last as long as hard disk drives (HDDs), so the cost can often seem restrictive. - Some people choose to pay more for the increase in performance. ### Good capacity ![Good capacity](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/269ff597-d23e-4c4e-baed-e795cf61e4fa/Storage-Computer-Warehouse-Boxes-Cardboard-Truck-.jpg) - SSDs have a good capacity, but not on the scale of optical or magnetic media. ### Good reliability ![Good reliability](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/b8c3581d-1451-4170-98bb-505fa8f6ce99/Reliability-Chains-Solid-Strong-.jpg) - Solid state media is very reliable and robust: - It rarely fails (until read/write limit is hit). - It is not easily damaged by shocks. - Once the read/write cycles are used up, then the drive will fail. ## Test yourself on Properties of Solid State Media - A home computer user's solid state drive (SSD) has failed. They are trying to find out why this has happened, but the only thing that they have done differently recently is use virtual memory. Why has their SSD failed? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/40426d0e-f017-490c-a2b3-c98a77d973bd/section/c918661a-feb1-468c-916b-205937e498be/session) - Previous topic: [4.2.11 Solid State Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-11-solid-state-storage.md) - Next topic: [4.2.13 Optical Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-13-optical-storage.md) ## Computer Science: Edexcel IGCSE contents ### 1 Problem Solving - 1.1 Algorithms - [1.1.1 Algorithm Thinking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-1-algorithm-thinking.md) - [1.1.2 Interpreting Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-2-interpreting-algorithms.md) - [1.1.3 Expressing Algorithms - Pseudocode](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-3-expressing-algorithms-pseudocode.md) - [1.1.4 Expressing Algorithms - Flow Charts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-4-expressing-algorithms-flow-charts.md) - [1.1.5 Correcting Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-5-correcting-algorithms.md) - [1.1.6 Completing Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-6-completing-algorithms.md) - [1.1.7 Search Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-7-search-algorithms.md) - [1.1.8 Linear Search](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-8-linear-search.md) - [1.1.9 Binary Search](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-9-binary-search.md) - [1.1.10 Sort Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-10-sort-algorithms.md) - [1.1.11 Bubble Sort](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-11-bubble-sort.md) - [1.1.12 Merge Sort](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-1-12-merge-sort.md) - 1.2 Decomposition & Abstraction - [1.2.1 Computational Thinking - Abstraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-2-1-computational-thinking-abstraction.md) - [1.2.2 Computational Thinking - Decomposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-2-2-computational-thinking-decomposition.md) - [1.2.3 End of Topic Test - Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/1-2-3-end-of-topic-test-algorithms.md) ### 2 Programming - 2.1 Develop Code - [2.1.1 Maintainability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-1-1-maintainability.md) - [2.1.2 Comments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-1-2-comments.md) - [2.1.3 Exceptions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-1-3-exceptions.md) - [2.1.4 Syntax Error](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-1-4-syntax-error.md) - [2.1.5 Logic Error](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-1-5-logic-error.md) - [2.1.6 Runtime Error](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-1-6-runtime-error.md) - [2.1.7 Purpose of Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-1-7-purpose-of-testing.md) - [2.1.8 Test Plans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-1-8-test-plans.md) - 2.2 Constructs - [2.2.1 Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-2-1-selection.md) - [2.2.2 Sequence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-2-2-sequence.md) - [2.2.3 Iteration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-2-3-iteration.md) - 2.3 Data Types & Structures - [2.3.1 Variables & Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-3-1-variables-and-constants.md) - [2.3.2 Scope](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-3-2-scope.md) - [2.3.3 Data Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-3-3-data-types.md) - [2.3.4 Casting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-3-4-casting.md) - [2.3.5 Data Structures - Arrays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-3-5-data-structures-arrays.md) - [2.3.6 Data Structures - 2D Arrays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-3-6-data-structures-2d-arrays.md) - [2.3.7 Data Structures - Strings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-3-7-data-structures-strings.md) - [2.3.8 Data Structures - Records](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-3-8-data-structures-records.md) - 2.4 Input / Output - [2.4.1 Input and Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-4-1-input-and-output.md) - [2.4.2 Validation and Sanitation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-4-2-validation-and-sanitation.md) - [2.4.3 Files](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-4-3-files.md) - [2.4.4 File Handling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-4-4-file-handling.md) - 2.5 Operators - [2.5.1 Arithmetic Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-5-1-arithmetic-operators.md) - [2.5.2 Relational Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-5-2-relational-operators.md) - [2.5.3 Boolean Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-5-3-boolean-operators.md) - 2.6 Subprograms - [2.6.1 Modularity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-6-1-modularity.md) - [2.6.2 End of Topic Test - Programming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/2-6-2-end-of-topic-test-programming.md) ### 3 Data - 3.1 Binary - [3.1.1 Number Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-1-1-number-bases.md) - [3.1.2 Negative Binary Numbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-1-2-negative-binary-numbers.md) - [3.1.3 Binary Addition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-1-3-binary-addition.md) - [3.1.4 Binary Shifts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-1-4-binary-shifts.md) - 3.2 Data Representation - [3.2.1 Representing Text](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-2-1-representing-text.md) - [3.2.2 ASCII](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-2-2-ascii.md) - [3.2.3 Unicode](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-2-3-unicode.md) - [3.2.4 Representing Images](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-2-4-representing-images.md) - [3.2.5 Representing Sound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-2-5-representing-sound.md) - 3.3 Data Storage & Compression - [3.3.1 Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-3-1-capacity.md) - [3.3.2 Calculating Capacity Requirements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-3-2-calculating-capacity-requirements.md) - [3.3.3 Data Compression](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-3-3-data-compression.md) - [3.3.4 Run Length Encoding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-3-4-run-length-encoding.md) - 3.4 Encryption - [3.4.1 Encryption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-4-1-encryption.md) - [3.4.2 Caesar Cipher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-4-2-caesar-cipher.md) - [3.4.3 Ciphers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-4-3-ciphers.md) - 3.5 Databases - [3.5.1 Databases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-5-1-databases.md) - [3.5.2 End of Topic Test - Data & Representation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/3-5-2-end-of-topic-test-data-and-representation.md) ### 4 Computers - 4.1 Machines & Computational Modelling - [4.1.1 Computational Models](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-1-1-computational-models.md) - [4.1.2 Input-Process-Output Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-1-2-input-process-output-model.md) - 4.2 Hardware - [4.2.1 Elements of Computer Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-1-elements-of-computer-systems.md) - [4.2.2 Types of Computer Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-2-types-of-computer-systems.md) - [4.2.3 Memory - RAM](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-3-memory-ram.md) - [4.2.4 Memory - ROM](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-4-memory-rom.md) - [4.2.5 Memory - Cache](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-5-memory-cache.md) - [4.2.6 Running Out of Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-6-running-out-of-memory.md) - [4.2.7 Virtual Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-7-virtual-memory.md) - [4.2.8 Magnetic Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-8-magnetic-storage.md) - [4.2.9 Properties of Magnetic Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-9-properties-of-magnetic-media.md) - [4.2.10 Examples of Magnetic Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-10-examples-of-magnetic-storage.md) - [4.2.11 Solid State Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-11-solid-state-storage.md) - [4.2.12 Properties of Solid State Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-12-properties-of-solid-state-media.md) - [4.2.13 Optical Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-13-optical-storage.md) - [4.2.14 Properties of Optical Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-14-properties-of-optical-storage.md) - [4.2.15 Examples of Optical Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-15-examples-of-optical-storage.md) - [4.2.16 Types of Optical Disk](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-16-types-of-optical-disk.md) - [4.2.17 Von Neumann Architecture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-17-von-neumann-architecture.md) - [4.2.18 Registers of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-18-registers-of-the-central-processing-unit-cpu.md) - [4.2.19 Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-19-fetch-decode-execute-cycle.md) - [4.2.20 Factors Affecting CPU Performance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-20-factors-affecting-cpu-performance.md) - [4.2.21 The Cloud](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-21-the-cloud.md) - [4.2.22 How the Cloud Works](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-22-how-the-cloud-works.md) - [4.2.23 The Cloud - Pros](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-23-the-cloud-pros.md) - [4.2.24 The Cloud - Cons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-24-the-cloud-cons.md) - [4.2.25 End of Topic Test - Hardware](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-2-25-end-of-topic-test-hardware.md) - 4.3 Logic - [4.3.1 Binary Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-3-1-binary-systems.md) - [4.3.2 Logic Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-3-2-logic-circuits.md) - [4.3.3 Boolean Logic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-3-3-boolean-logic.md) - [4.3.4 End of Topic Test - Logic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-3-4-end-of-topic-test-logic.md) - 4.4 Software - [4.4.1 Operating Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-1-operating-systems.md) - [4.4.2 User Interface Managetment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-2-user-interface-managetment.md) - [4.4.3 Memory and Process Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-3-memory-and-process-management.md) - [4.4.4 File Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-4-file-management.md) - [4.4.5 Device Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-5-device-management.md) - [4.4.6 User Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-6-user-management.md) - [4.4.7 Encryption Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-7-encryption-software.md) - [4.4.8 Defragmentation Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-8-defragmentation-software.md) - [4.4.9 Data Compression Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-9-data-compression-software.md) - [4.4.10 Backup Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-4-10-backup-software.md) - 4.5 Programming Languages - [4.5.1 High Level Languages](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-5-1-high-level-languages.md) - [4.5.2 Low Level Languages](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-5-2-low-level-languages.md) - [4.5.3 Translators - Compilers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-5-3-translators-compilers.md) - [4.5.4 Translators - Interpreters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-5-4-translators-interpreters.md) - [4.5.5 Translators - Assemblers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-5-5-translators-assemblers.md) - [4.5.6 End of Topic Test - Translation & Representation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/4-5-6-end-of-topic-test-translation-and-representation.md) ### 5 Communication & The Internet - 5.1 Networks - [5.1.1 Benefits of Networks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-1-benefits-of-networks.md) - [5.1.2 Network Performance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-2-network-performance.md) - [5.1.3 Types of Network](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-3-types-of-network.md) - [5.1.4 Client-Server Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-4-client-server-model.md) - [5.1.5 Pros of Client-Server Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-5-pros-of-client-server-model.md) - [5.1.6 Cons of Client-Server Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-6-cons-of-client-server-model.md) - [5.1.7 Peer-to-Peer Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-7-peer-to-peer-model.md) - [5.1.8 Pros of Peer-to-Peer Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-8-pros-of-peer-to-peer-model.md) - [5.1.9 Cons of Peer-to-Peer Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-9-cons-of-peer-to-peer-model.md) - [5.1.10 Network Hardware](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-10-network-hardware.md) - [5.1.11 Transmission Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-11-transmission-media.md) - [5.1.12 WiFi](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-12-wifi.md) - [5.1.13 WiFi Frequency and Channels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-13-wifi-frequency-and-channels.md) - [5.1.14 WiFi Encryption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-14-wifi-encryption.md) - [5.1.15 Network Protocols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-15-network-protocols.md) - [5.1.16 Transmission Protocols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-16-transmission-protocols.md) - [5.1.17 Web Protocols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-17-web-protocols.md) - [5.1.18 Email Protocols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-18-email-protocols.md) - [5.1.19 Layers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-19-layers.md) - [5.1.20 TCP and OSI Models](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-20-tcp-and-osi-models.md) - [5.1.21 Advantages of Layering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-21-advantages-of-layering.md) - [5.1.22 Topology - Star](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-22-topology-star.md) - [5.1.23 Topology - Mesh](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-23-topology-mesh.md) - [5.1.24 Topology - Ring](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-24-topology-ring.md) - [5.1.25 Topology - Bus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-25-topology-bus.md) - [5.1.26 End of Topic Test - Networks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-1-26-end-of-topic-test-networks.md) - 5.2 Network Security - [5.2.1 User Access Levels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-1-user-access-levels.md) - [5.2.2 Encryption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-2-encryption.md) - [5.2.3 Protecting Against Malware](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-3-protecting-against-malware.md) - [5.2.4 Firewalls](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-4-firewalls.md) - [5.2.5 Forms of Attack](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-5-forms-of-attack.md) - [5.2.6 Penetration Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-6-penetration-testing.md) - [5.2.7 Malware](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-7-malware.md) - [5.2.8 How Malware Spreads](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-8-how-malware-spreads.md) - [5.2.9 Social Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-9-social-engineering.md) - [5.2.10 Protecting Against Social Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-10-protecting-against-social-engineering.md) - [5.2.11 Phishing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-11-phishing.md) - [5.2.12 Network Administration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-12-network-administration.md) - [5.2.13 Network Forensics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-2-13-network-forensics.md) - 5.3 The Internet & the World Wide Web - [5.3.1 IP Addresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-1-ip-addresses.md) - [5.3.2 Types of IP Address](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-2-types-of-ip-address.md) - [5.3.3 MAC Addresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-3-mac-addresses.md) - [5.3.4 Packet Switching](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-4-packet-switching.md) - [5.3.5 How Do Packets Get Routed?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-5-how-do-packets-get-routed.md) - [5.3.6 Did My Data Arrive Safely?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-6-did-my-data-arrive-safely.md) - [5.3.7 The Internet](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-7-the-internet.md) - [5.3.8 URLs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-8-urls.md) - [5.3.9 DNS](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-9-dns.md) - [5.3.10 Web Hosting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-10-web-hosting.md) - [5.3.11 End of Topic Test - Security](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/5-3-11-end-of-topic-test-security.md) ### 6 The Bigger Picture - 6.1 Emerging Trends, Issues & Impact - [6.1.1 E-Waste](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-1-e-waste.md) - [6.1.2 Energy Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-2-energy-consumption.md) - [6.1.3 Positive Environmental Impact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-3-positive-environmental-impact.md) - [6.1.4 Ethical Issues - The Digital Divide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-4-ethical-issues-the-digital-divide.md) - [6.1.5 Ethical Issues - Net Neutrality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-5-ethical-issues-net-neutrality.md) - [6.1.6 Ethical Issues - Working Conditions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-6-ethical-issues-working-conditions.md) - [6.1.7 Ethical Issues - Censorship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-7-ethical-issues-censorship.md) - [6.1.8 Online Activity Tracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-8-online-activity-tracking.md) - [6.1.9 The Internet of Things](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-9-the-internet-of-things.md) - [6.1.10 Positive Cultural Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-10-positive-cultural-impacts.md) - [6.1.11 Negative Cultural Impacts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-11-negative-cultural-impacts.md) - [6.1.12 Data Protection Act](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-12-data-protection-act.md) - [6.1.13 Computer Misuse Act](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-13-computer-misuse-act.md) - [6.1.14 Copyright Designs and Parents Act](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-14-copyright-designs-and-parents-act.md) - [6.1.15 Creative Commons Licensing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-15-creative-commons-licensing.md) - [6.1.16 Freedom of Information Act](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-16-freedom-of-information-act.md) - [6.1.17 Open Source Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-17-open-source-software.md) - [6.1.18 Proprietary Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-18-proprietary-software.md) - [6.1.19 Licensing Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-19-licensing-issues.md) - [6.1.20 End of Topic Test - Software & Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/computer-science/edexcel-igcse/6-1-20-end-of-topic-test-software-and-issues.md)