Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/11-1-1-extracting-metals [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry.md) › [Edexcel IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse.md) › [Higher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher.md) › Extracting Metals # Extracting Metals Chemistry: Edexcel IGCSE, topic 11.1.1 ## Extraction of Metals Most metals are only found as compounds because the metal has reacted with other elements in the past. Because of this, the metal has to be extracted from the ore (rock) where the metal compound is found. ### Why is carbon used to extract metals? ![Why is carbon used to extract metals?](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/7.2.2%20The%20cycling%20of%20materials/coal-471903_640-min.jpg) - Reducing a metal with carbon will result in the extraction of the metal if the metal is lower in the reactivity series than carbon. - Carbon is used because it is cheap and abundant. ### How is carbon used to extract metals? ![How is carbon used to extract metals?](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/4.1.1%20The%20reactivity%20series/Coal.jpg) - In the reduction, the metal oxide loses oxygen to form a pure metal. - Reduction with carbon normally involves heating the metal oxide in the presence of the carbon, which is often used in the form of coal. ## Test yourself on Extracting Metals - What type of reaction is used when extracting metals using carbon? - Why is carbon used to extract metals from their oxides? - Why are zinc, iron, and copper commonly extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon? - Why can't potassium be extracted from its compounds by reduction with carbon? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/967b4370-21e8-11e8-8c0c-d79041e9c8a6/section/2ee14520-220b-11e8-84be-43a7670f6e01/session) - Previous topic: [10.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-13-exam-style-questions-redox-reactions.md) - Next topic: [11.1.2 Extracting Metals - Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/11-1-2-extracting-metals-electrolysis.md) ## Chemistry: Edexcel IGCSE contents ### 1 States of Matter - 1.1 States of Matter - [1.1.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-1-states-of-matter.md) - [1.1.2 Simple Sphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-2-simple-sphere.md) - [1.1.3 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-3-changes-of-state.md) - [1.1.4 Changes of State 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-4-changes-of-state-2.md) - [1.1.5 Changes of State 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-5-changes-of-state-3.md) - [1.1.6 Changes of State and Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-6-changes-of-state-and-temperature.md) - [1.1.7 Solubility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-7-solubility.md) - [1.1.8 Solubility Curves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-8-solubility-curves.md) - [1.1.9 Solubility - Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-9-solubility-experiments.md) - [1.1.10 Diffusion - Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-10-diffusion-experiment.md) - [1.1.11 Changing State HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/1-1-11-changing-state-hyperlearning.md) ### 2 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures - 2.1 Elements, Mixtures & Compounds - [2.1.1 Elements & Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-1-elements-and-compounds.md) - [2.1.2 Chemical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-2-chemical-formula.md) - [2.1.3 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-3-mixtures.md) - [2.1.4 Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-4-purity.md) - [2.1.5 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-5-separating-mixtures.md) - [2.1.6 Separating Mixtures 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-6-separating-mixtures-2.md) - [2.1.7 Paper Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-7-paper-chromatography.md) - [2.1.8 Paper Chromatography Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-8-paper-chromatography-analysis.md) - [2.1.9 Paper Chromatography - Practical](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-9-paper-chromatography-practical.md) - [2.1.10 End of Topic Test - Elements,Compounds,Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-10-end-of-topic-test-elementscompoundsmixtures.md) - [2.1.11 Grade 9 - Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-11-grade-9-chromatography.md) - [2.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Separation of Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/2-1-12-exam-style-questions-separation-of-mixtures.md) ### 3 Atomic Structure - 3.1 Atoms - [3.1.1 Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-1-atomic-structure.md) - [3.1.2 Atom Size](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-2-atom-size.md) - [3.1.3 Subatomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-3-subatomic-particles.md) - [3.1.4 Atomic Number](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-4-atomic-number.md) - [3.1.5 Relative Atomic Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-5-relative-atomic-mass.md) - [3.1.6 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-6-isotopes.md) - [3.1.7 Isotopes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/3-1-7-isotopes-2.md) ### 4 The Periodic Table - 4.1 The Periodic Table - [4.1.1 Periodic Table Arrangement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-1-periodic-table-arrangement.md) - [4.1.2 Electron Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-2-electron-structure.md) - [4.1.3 Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-3-metals-and-non-metals.md) - [4.1.4 Noble Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-4-noble-gases.md) - [4.1.5 End of Topic Test- Atomic Structure,Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-5-end-of-topic-test-atomic-structureperiodic-table.md) - [4.1.6 Grade 9 - Atomic Structure, Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-6-grade-9-atomic-structure-periodic-table.md) - [4.1.7 Exam-Style Questions -Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/4-1-7-exam-style-questions-alkali-metals.md) ### 5 Chemical Formulae, Equations & Calculations - 5.1 Equations - [5.1.1 Forming Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-1-forming-equations.md) - [5.1.2 Balancing Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-2-balancing-symbols.md) - [5.1.3 State Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-3-state-symbols.md) - [5.1.4 Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-4-relative-formula-mass.md) - [5.1.5 Calculating Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-5-calculating-relative-formula-mass.md) - [5.1.6 Relative Formula Mass - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-6-relative-formula-mass-calculations.md) - [5.1.7 Introducing Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-7-introducing-moles.md) - [5.1.8 Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-8-relative-formula-mass.md) - [5.1.9 Amounts of Substance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-9-amounts-of-substance.md) - [5.1.10 Moles & Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-10-moles-and-yield.md) - [5.1.11 Moles - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-11-moles-calculations.md) - [5.1.12 Balancing Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-12-balancing-equations.md) - [5.1.13 Moles to Balance Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-13-moles-to-balance-equations.md) - [5.1.14 Limiting Reactants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-14-limiting-reactants.md) - [5.1.15 Chemical Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-15-chemical-measurements.md) - [5.1.16 Calculating Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-16-calculating-mass.md) - [5.1.17 Changing Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-17-changing-mass.md) - [5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-18-exam-style-questions-moles.md) - [5.1.19 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-19-percentage-yield.md) - [5.1.20 Calculating Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-20-calculating-yield.md) - [5.1.21 Percentage Yield - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-21-percentage-yield-calculations.md) - [5.1.22 Empirical & Molecular Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-22-empirical-and-molecular-formula.md) - [5.1.23 Experiment for Empirical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-23-experiment-for-empirical-formula.md) - [5.1.24 Empirical Formula - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-24-empirical-formula-calculations.md) - [5.1.25 Concentrations & Amounts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-25-concentrations-and-amounts.md) - [5.1.26 Conclusion of Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-26-conclusion-of-solutions.md) - [5.1.27 Volumes and Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-27-volumes-and-gases.md) - [5.1.28 Concentration & Amounts - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-28-concentration-and-amounts-calculations.md) - [5.1.29 End of Topic Test - Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-29-end-of-topic-test-equations.md) - [5.1.30 Grade 9 - Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/5-1-30-grade-9-equations.md) ### 6 Bonding - 6.1 Ionic Bonding - [6.1.1 Dot & Cross Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-1-dot-and-cross-diagrams.md) - [6.1.2 Changes in Number of Subatomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-2-changes-in-number-of-subatomic-particles.md) - [6.1.3 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-3-ionic-bonding.md) - [6.1.4 Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-4-ions.md) - [6.1.5 Types of Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-5-types-of-bonding.md) - [6.1.6 Ion Formation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-6-ion-formation.md) - [6.1.7 Identifying Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-7-identifying-ionic-compounds.md) - [6.1.8 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-8-ionic-compounds.md) - [6.1.9 Ionic and Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-9-ionic-and-metallic-bonding.md) - [6.1.10 Ion Charges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-1-10-ion-charges.md) - 6.2 Covalent Bonding - [6.2.1 Covalent Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-1-covalent-bonding.md) - [6.2.2 Dot-and-Cross Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-2-dot-and-cross-diagrams.md) - [6.2.3 Representing Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-3-representing-covalent-bonds.md) - [6.2.4 Covalent Bond Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-4-covalent-bond-examples.md) - [6.2.5 Covalent Bond Examples 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-5-covalent-bond-examples-2.md) - [6.2.6 Simple Covalent Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-6-simple-covalent-molecules.md) - [6.2.7 Chemical Properties of Small Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-7-chemical-properties-of-small-molecules.md) - [6.2.8 Giant Covalent Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-8-giant-covalent-structures.md) - [6.2.9 Giant Covalent Structures 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-9-giant-covalent-structures-2.md) - [6.2.10 Carbon Structures - Diamonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-10-carbon-structures-diamonds.md) - [6.2.11 Carbon Structures - Graphite](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-11-carbon-structures-graphite.md) - [6.2.12 Carbon Structures - Fullerenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-12-carbon-structures-fullerenes.md) - [6.2.13 Carbon Structures - Summary](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-13-carbon-structures-summary.md) - [6.2.14 Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-2-14-exam-style-questions-allotropes-of-carbon.md) - 6.3 Metallic Bonding - [6.3.1 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-1-metallic-bonding.md) - [6.3.2 Metals as Conductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-2-metals-as-conductors.md) - [6.3.3 Pure Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-3-pure-metals.md) - [6.3.4 End of Topic Test - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-4-end-of-topic-test-bonding.md) - [6.3.5 Grade 9 - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-5-grade-9-bonding.md) - [6.3.6 Exam-Style Questions - Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/6-3-6-exam-style-questions-metals.md) ### 7 Electrolysis - 7.1 Electrolysis - [7.1.1 Molten Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-1-molten-ionic-compounds.md) - [7.1.2 Electrolysis - Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-2-electrolysis-process.md) - [7.1.3 Electrolysis - Aqueous Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-3-electrolysis-aqueous-solutions.md) - [7.1.4 Electrolysis - Copper Sulfate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-4-electrolysis-copper-sulfate.md) - [7.1.5 Electrolysis - Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-5-electrolysis-examples.md) - [7.1.6 Half Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-6-half-equations.md) - [7.1.7 Exam-Style Questions - Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/7-1-7-exam-style-questions-electrolysis.md) ### 8 Groups of the Periodic Table - 8.1 Alkali Metals & Halogens - [8.1.1 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-1-alkali-metals.md) - [8.1.2 Alkali Metals - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-2-alkali-metals-properties.md) - [8.1.3 Alkali Metal Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-3-alkali-metal-reactions.md) - [8.1.4 Reactivity of Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-4-reactivity-of-alkali-metals.md) - [8.1.5 Halogens - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-5-halogens-properties.md) - [8.1.6 Halogens - Colours and States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-6-halogens-colours-and-states.md) - [8.1.7 Halogen - Displacement Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-7-halogen-displacement-reactions.md) - [8.1.8 Halogen - Displacement Reactions 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-8-halogen-displacement-reactions-2.md) - [8.1.9 Reactions Between Halogens and Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-9-reactions-between-halogens-and-metals.md) - [8.1.10 Hydrogen Halides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-10-hydrogen-halides.md) - [8.1.11 End of Topic Test - Alkali Metals & Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-11-end-of-topic-test-alkali-metals-and-halogens.md) - [8.1.12 Grade 9 - Alkali Metals & Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-12-grade-9-alkali-metals-and-halogens.md) - [8.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/8-1-13-exam-style-questions-alkali-metals.md) ### 9 The Atmosphere - 9.1 Gases in the Atmosphere - [9.1.1 Gases in the Air](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-1-gases-in-the-air.md) - [9.1.2 Calculating Oxygen in the Air - Metal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-2-calculating-oxygen-in-the-air-metal.md) - [9.1.3 Calculating Oxygen in the Air - Non-Metal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-3-calculating-oxygen-in-the-air-non-metal.md) - [9.1.4 Oxygen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-4-oxygen.md) - [9.1.5 Carbon Dioxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-5-carbon-dioxide.md) - [9.1.6 Greenhouse Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-6-greenhouse-gases.md) - [9.1.7 Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-7-greenhouse-gases-and-human-activities.md) - [9.1.8 Greenhouse Gases & Climate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-8-greenhouse-gases-and-climate.md) - [9.1.9 End of Topic Test - Gases in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-9-end-of-topic-test-gases-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.10 Grade 9 - Gases in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/9-1-10-grade-9-gases-in-the-atmosphere.md) ### 10 Reactivity Series - 10.1 Reactivity Series - [10.1.1 Reactivity Diagram](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-1-reactivity-diagram.md) - [10.1.2 Displacement Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-2-displacement-reactions.md) - [10.1.3 Reactivity Tests - Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-3-reactivity-tests-water.md) - [10.1.4 Reactivity Tests - Acid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-4-reactivity-tests-acid.md) - [10.1.5 Reactivity Tests - Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-5-reactivity-tests-metals.md) - [10.1.6 Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-6-corrosion.md) - [10.1.7 Preventing Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-7-preventing-corrosion.md) - [10.1.8 Metal Oxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-8-metal-oxide.md) - [10.1.9 Oxidisation & Reduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-9-oxidisation-and-reduction.md) - [10.1.10 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-10-redox-reactions.md) - [10.1.11 End of Topic Test - Reactivity Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-11-end-of-topic-test-reactivity-series.md) - [10.1.12 Grade 9 - Reactivity Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-12-grade-9-reactivity-series.md) - [10.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/10-1-13-exam-style-questions-redox-reactions.md) ### 11 Metal Extraction - 11.1 Metal Extraction - [11.1.1 Extracting Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/11-1-1-extracting-metals.md) - [11.1.2 Extracting Metals - Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/11-1-2-extracting-metals-electrolysis.md) - [11.1.3 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/11-1-3-alloys.md) - [11.1.4 Metal Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/11-1-4-metal-alloys.md) - [11.1.5 End of Topic Test - Extracting Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/11-1-5-end-of-topic-test-extracting-metals.md) - [11.1.6 Grade 9 - Extracting Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/11-1-6-grade-9-extracting-metals.md) ### 12 Acids & Alkalis - 12.1 Acids, Alkalis & Titrations - [12.1.1 Acids and Alkali Indicators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-1-acids-and-alkali-indicators.md) - [12.1.2 Is it an Acid or Alkali?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-2-is-it-an-acid-or-alkali.md) - [12.1.3 The pH Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-3-the-ph-scale.md) - [12.1.4 Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-4-titrations.md) - [12.1.5 Titration - Practical](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-5-titration-practical.md) - [12.1.6 Titrations - Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-6-titrations-methods.md) - [12.1.7 Soluble Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-7-soluble-salts.md) - [12.1.8 Solubility of Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-8-solubility-of-salts.md) - [12.1.9 Making Insoluble Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-9-making-insoluble-salts.md) - [12.1.10 Required Practical: Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-10-required-practical-separating-mixtures.md) - [12.1.11 Reaction of Acid & Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-11-reaction-of-acid-and-metals.md) - [12.1.12 Neutralisation of Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-12-neutralisation-of-acids.md) - [12.1.13 Strong vs Weak Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-13-strong-vs-weak-bases.md) - [12.1.14 End of Topic Test - Acids & Alkalis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-14-end-of-topic-test-acids-and-alkalis.md) - [12.1.15 Grade 9 - Acids & Alkalis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-15-grade-9-acids-and-alkalis.md) - [12.1.16 Exam-Style Questions - Neutralisation & Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/12-1-16-exam-style-questions-neutralisation-and-titrations.md) ### 13 Chemical Tests - 13.1 Identifying Gases - [13.1.1 Hydrogen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-1-1-hydrogen.md) - [13.1.2 Oxygen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-1-2-oxygen.md) - [13.1.3 Carbon Dioxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-1-3-carbon-dioxide.md) - [13.1.4 Chlorine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-1-4-chlorine.md) - [13.1.5 Ammonia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-1-5-ammonia.md) - 13.2 Testing Anions, Cations & Water - [13.2.1 Flame Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-1-flame-tests.md) - [13.2.2 Flame Test - Practical](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-2-flame-test-practical.md) - [13.2.3 Metal Hydroxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-3-metal-hydroxides.md) - [13.2.4 Testing Cations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-4-testing-cations.md) - [13.2.5 Testing for Aqueous Cations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-5-testing-for-aqueous-cations.md) - [13.2.6 Testing Carbonates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-6-testing-carbonates.md) - [13.2.7 Testing Halides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-7-testing-halides.md) - [13.2.8 Testing for Carbonate and Halides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-8-testing-for-carbonate-and-halides.md) - [13.2.9 Testing Sulfates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-9-testing-sulfates.md) - [13.2.10 Testing Sulfates 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-10-testing-sulfates-2.md) - [13.2.11 Testing Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-11-testing-water.md) - [13.2.12 Testing Water Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-12-testing-water-purity.md) - [13.2.13 End of Topic Test - Chemical Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-13-end-of-topic-test-chemical-tests.md) - [13.2.14 Grade 9 - Chemical Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-14-grade-9-chemical-tests.md) - [13.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Identifying Gases & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/13-2-15-exam-style-questions-identifying-gases-and-ions.md) ### 14 Physical Chemistry - 14.1 Energetics - [14.1.1 Energy Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-1-energy-conservation.md) - [14.1.2 Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-2-exothermic-reactions.md) - [14.1.3 Endothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-3-endothermic-reactions.md) - [14.1.4 Heat Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-4-heat-changes.md) - [14.1.5 Calculating Heat Energy Transferred](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-5-calculating-heat-energy-transferred.md) - [14.1.6 Molar Enthalpy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-6-molar-enthalpy-change.md) - [14.1.7 Reaction Profiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-7-reaction-profiles.md) - [14.1.8 Reaction Profiles - Catalysed vs Uncatalysed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-8-reaction-profiles-catalysed-vs-uncatalysed.md) - [14.1.9 Exam-Style Questions - Reaction Profiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-9-exam-style-questions-reaction-profiles.md) - [14.1.10 Chemical Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-10-chemical-bonds.md) - [14.1.11 Bond Energies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-1-11-bond-energies.md) - 14.2 Rates of Reaction - [14.2.1 Reaction Practicals - Measuring Gas Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-2-1-reaction-practicals-measuring-gas-production.md) - [14.2.2 Reaction Practicals - Observing a Colour Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-2-2-reaction-practicals-observing-a-colour-change.md) - [14.2.3 Rate of Reaction - Collision Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-2-3-rate-of-reaction-collision-theory.md) - [14.2.4 Rate of Reaction - Key Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-2-4-rate-of-reaction-key-factors.md) - [14.2.5 Rate of Reaction - Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-2-5-rate-of-reaction-catalysts.md) - [14.2.6 End of Topic Test - Energetics & Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-2-6-end-of-topic-test-energetics-and-rates.md) - [14.2.7 Grade 9 - Energetics & Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-2-7-grade-9-energetics-and-rates.md) - 14.3 Reversible Reactions & Equilibria - [14.3.1 Reversible Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-3-1-reversible-reactions.md) - [14.3.2 Dynamic Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-3-2-dynamic-equilibrium.md) - [14.3.3 Conditions and Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-3-3-conditions-and-equilibrium.md) - [14.3.4 Equilibrium Position - Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-3-4-equilibrium-position-temperature.md) - [14.3.5 Equilibrium Position - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-3-5-equilibrium-position-pressure.md) - [14.3.6 End of Topic Test - Equilibria](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/14-3-6-end-of-topic-test-equilibria.md) ### 15 Organic Chemistry - 15.1 Hydrocarbons - [15.1.1 Crude Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-1-crude-oil.md) - [15.1.2 Properties of Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-2-properties-of-hydrocarbons.md) - [15.1.3 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-3-fractional-distillation.md) - [15.1.4 Process of Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-4-process-of-fractional-distillation.md) - [15.1.5 Fractions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-5-fractions.md) - [15.1.6 Combustion of Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-6-combustion-of-hydrocarbons.md) - [15.1.7 Impurities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-7-impurities.md) - [15.1.8 Heavy Fractions of Crude Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-8-heavy-fractions-of-crude-oil.md) - [15.1.9 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-1-9-cracking.md) - 15.2 Alkanes & Alkenes - [15.2.1 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-1-homologous-series.md) - [15.2.2 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-2-alkanes.md) - [15.2.3 Smallest Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-3-smallest-alkanes.md) - [15.2.4 Structural Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-4-structural-isomerism.md) - [15.2.5 Structure of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-5-structure-of-alkenes.md) - [15.2.6 The Shortest Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-6-the-shortest-alkenes.md) - [15.2.7 Alkene Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-7-alkene-reactions.md) - [15.2.8 Types of Alkene Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-8-types-of-alkene-reactions.md) - [15.2.9 Q5 - Alkene Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-2-9-q5-alkene-reactions.md) - 15.3 Alcohols - [15.3.1 Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-3-1-alcohols.md) - [15.3.2 Smallest Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-3-2-smallest-alcohols.md) - [15.3.3 Combustion of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-3-3-combustion-of-alcohols.md) - [15.3.4 Oxidisation of Ethanol](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-3-4-oxidisation-of-ethanol.md) - [15.3.5 Fermentation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-3-5-fermentation.md) - [15.3.6 Ethanol Hydration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-3-6-ethanol-hydration.md) - [15.3.7 Fermentation vs Hydration of Ethene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-3-7-fermentation-vs-hydration-of-ethene.md) - 15.4 Carboxylic Acids - [15.4.1 Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-4-1-carboxylic-acids.md) - [15.4.2 Smallest Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-4-2-smallest-carboxylic-acids.md) - [15.4.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-4-3-reactions-of-carboxylic-acids.md) - 15.5 Esters - [15.5.1 Esters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-5-1-esters.md) - [15.5.2 Ethyl Ethanoate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-5-2-ethyl-ethanoate.md) - 15.6 Synthetic Polymers - [15.6.1 Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-6-1-polymers.md) - [15.6.2 Addition Polymerisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-6-2-addition-polymerisation.md) - [15.6.3 Examples of Addition Polymerisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-6-3-examples-of-addition-polymerisation.md) - [15.6.4 Problems With Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-6-4-problems-with-polymers.md) - [15.6.5 Condensation Polymerisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-6-5-condensation-polymerisation.md) - 15.7 End of Topic - Organic Chemistry - [15.7.1 End of Topic Test - Organic Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-7-1-end-of-topic-test-organic-chemistry.md) - [15.7.2 Grade 9 - Organic Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-7-2-grade-9-organic-chemistry.md) - [15.7.3 Exam-Style Questions - Organic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/edexcel-igcse/higher/15-7-3-exam-style-questions-organic-compounds.md)