Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-3-examples-of-redox-reactions [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international.md) › [Higher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher.md) › Examples of Redox Reactions # Examples of Redox Reactions Chemistry: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement, topic 6.4.3 ## Examples of Redox Reactions Oxidation and reduction reactions are important types of reactions in chemistry. ### Oxidation ![Oxidation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/4.1.1%20The%20reactivity%20series/oxygen-min%20-%20Edited.jpg) - An oxidation reaction involves gaining oxygen. - It can also involve losing electrons. - E.g. when metals react with oxygen, metal oxides are produced: - Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide - 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO ### Reduction ![Reduction](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/4.1.1%20The%20reactivity%20series/breathe-out.jpg) - A reduction reaction involves losing oxygen. - It can also involve gaining electrons. - E.g. when metal oxides lose oxygen and return to their atomic form: - Iron oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide - Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 ### Transition metals ![Transition metals](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/d6660675-728b-4dce-99e5-e5e0d6921129/brackets_with_dots.png) - For transition metals, the oxidation state (valency) is given in Roman numerals after the name of the metal. - Examples are iron (II) oxide and iron (III) oxide. - The oxidation state of iron in the first case is +2 and in the second +3. ## Test yourself on Examples of Redox Reactions - Which of these are oxidation reactions? - What tells us the oxidisation state of a transition metal? - Which of these shows the correct name and valency of the transition metal? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/afdd1dc8-0b57-4b25-b0a6-5ea74b6b33b7/section/321dc475-c607-4285-91ae-9f21d1edd44b/session) - Previous topic: [6.4.2 Redox Reactions - OIL RIG](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-2-redox-reactions-oil-rig.md) - Next topic: [6.4.4 Identifying Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-4-identifying-redox-reactions.md) ## Chemistry: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement contents ### 1 States of Matter - 1.1 Solids, Liquids, & Gases - [1.1.1 States of Matter - Solids, Liquids & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-1-states-of-matter-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) - [1.1.2 Structure of Solids, Liquids & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-2-structure-of-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) - [1.1.3 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-3-changes-of-state.md) - [1.1.4 The Effects of Temperature & Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-4-the-effects-of-temperature-and-pressure.md) - [1.1.5 Kinetic Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-5-kinetic-theory.md) - [1.1.6 Kinetic Theory - Effects of Temperature & Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-6-kinetic-theory-effects-of-temperature-and-pressure.md) - 1.2 Diffusion - [1.2.1 Diffusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-1-diffusion.md) - [1.2.2 The Effect of Relative Molecular Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-2-the-effect-of-relative-molecular-mass.md) ### 2 Atoms, Elements & Compounds - 2.1 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures - [2.1.1 Differences Between Elements, Compounds & Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-1-1-differences-between-elements-compounds-and-mixtures.md) - 2.2 Atomic Structure & the Periodic Table - [2.2.1 The Structure of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-1-the-structure-of-the-atom.md) - [2.2.2 Relative Charge, Mass & Atomic Numbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-2-relative-charge-mass-and-atomic-numbers.md) - [2.2.3 Electronic Configuration of Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-3-electronic-configuration-of-elements.md) - 2.3 Isotopes - [2.3.1 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-1-isotopes.md) - [2.3.2 Electronic Configuration of Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-2-electronic-configuration-of-isotopes.md) - [2.3.3 Calculating Relative Atomic Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-3-calculating-relative-atomic-mass.md) - 2.4 Ions & Ionic Bonds - [2.4.1 Properties of Ionic Compounds - Structure & Bond](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-1-properties-of-ionic-compounds-structure-and-bond.md) - [2.4.2 Formation of Ions & Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-2-formation-of-ions-and-ionic-bonds.md) - [2.4.3 Formation of Ionic Bonds - Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-3-formation-of-ionic-bonds-metals-and-non-metals.md) - [2.4.4 Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-4-ionic-bonds.md) - [2.4.5 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-5-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.4.6 Giant Lattice Structure of Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-6-giant-lattice-structure-of-ionic-compounds.md) - 2.5 Simple Molecules & Covalent Bonds - [2.5.1 Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-1-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.5.2 Formation of Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-2-formation-of-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.5.3 Structure & Properties of Simple Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-3-structure-and-properties-of-simple-molecules.md) - [2.5.4 Covalent Bonds in Simple Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-4-covalent-bonds-in-simple-molecules.md) - [2.5.5 Properties of Simple Molecular Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-5-properties-of-simple-molecular-compounds.md) - 2.6 Giant Covalent Structures - [2.6.1 Giant Covalent Structures - Graphite](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-1-giant-covalent-structures-graphite.md) - [2.6.2 Giant Covalent Structures - Diamond](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-2-giant-covalent-structures-diamond.md) - [2.6.3 Uses of Graphite & Diamonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-3-uses-of-graphite-and-diamonds.md) - [2.6.4 Giant Covalent Structures - Silicon Oxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-4-giant-covalent-structures-silicon-oxide.md) - [2.6.5 Similarity Between Diamond & Silicon Oxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-5-similarity-between-diamond-and-silicon-oxide.md) - 2.7 Metallic Bonding - [2.7.1 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-7-1-metallic-bonding.md) - [2.7.2 The Properties of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-7-2-the-properties-of-metals.md) ### 3 Stoichometry - 3.1 Formulae - [3.1.1 Understanding Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-1-understanding-formulae.md) - [3.1.2 Empirical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-2-empirical-formula.md) - [3.1.3 Stoichiometry - Formulae, Word & Symbol Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-3-stoichiometry-formulae-word-and-symbol-equations.md) - [3.1.4 Deduce & Write Ionic Compound Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-4-deduce-and-write-ionic-compound-formulas.md) - 3.2 Relative Masses of Atoms & Molecules - [3.2.1 Relative Atomic Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-1-relative-atomic-mass.md) - [3.2.2 Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-2-relative-molecular-mass-mr.md) - [3.2.3 Calculating Reacting Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-3-calculating-reacting-masses.md) - 3.3 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant - [3.3.1 Introducing Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-1-introducing-moles.md) - [3.3.2 Amounts of Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-2-amounts-of-substances.md) - [3.3.3 Moles & Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-3-moles-and-equations.md) - [3.3.4 Calculations Involving Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-4-calculations-involving-gases.md) - [3.3.5 Calculating Stoichiometric Reacting Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-5-calculating-stoichiometric-reacting-masses.md) - [3.3.6 Calculating the Moles of Solute](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-6-calculating-the-moles-of-solute.md) - [3.3.7 Calculating Empirical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-7-calculating-empirical-formula.md) - [3.3.8 Chemical Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-8-chemical-equations.md) - [3.3.9 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-9-percentage-yield.md) - [3.3.10 Calculating Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-10-calculating-yield.md) - [3.3.11 Percentage Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-11-percentage-purity.md) ### 4 Electrochemistry - 4.1 Electrolysis - [4.1.1 Electrolytic Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-1-electrolytic-process.md) - [4.1.2 Electrolysis Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-2-electrolysis-examples.md) - [4.1.3 Electrolysis of a Binary Compound in Molten State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-3-electrolysis-of-a-binary-compound-in-molten-state.md) - [4.1.4 Electroplating](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-4-electroplating.md) - [4.1.5 Transfer of Charge During Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-5-transfer-of-charge-during-electrolysis.md) - [4.1.6 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-6-electrolysis-of-aqueous-solutions.md) - [4.1.7 Electrolysis of Copper Sulfate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-7-electrolysis-of-copper-sulfate.md) - [4.1.8 Electrolysis of Halide Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-8-electrolysis-of-halide-compounds.md) - [4.1.9 Half-Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-9-half-equations.md) - [4.1.10 Combustion of Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-10-combustion-of-hydrocarbons.md) - 4.2 Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cells - [4.2.1 Fuel Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-1-fuel-cells.md) - [4.2.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-2-hydrogen-fuel-cells.md) - [4.2.3 Comparing Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells & Petrol](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-3-comparing-hydrogen-oxygen-fuel-cells-and-petrol.md) ### 5 Chemical Energetics - 5.1 Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions - [5.1.1 Energy Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-1-energy-conservation.md) - [5.1.2 Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-2-exothermic-reactions.md) - [5.1.3 Endothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-3-endothermic-reactions.md) - [5.1.4 Energy Change of a Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-4-energy-change-of-a-reaction.md) - [5.1.5 Reaction Pathway Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-5-reaction-pathway-diagrams.md) - [5.1.6 Calculating Enthalpy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-6-calculating-enthalpy-change.md) ### 6 Chemical Reactions - 6.1 Physical & Chemical Changes - [6.1.1 Difference btwn Physical & Chemical Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-1-1-difference-btwn-physical-and-chemical-changes.md) - 6.2 Rate of Reaction - [6.2.1 Collision Theory & Rate of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-1-collision-theory-and-rate-of-reaction.md) - [6.2.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-2-factors-affecting-rate-of-reaction.md) - [6.2.3 Investigating Rate of Reaction by Change in Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-3-investigating-rate-of-reaction-by-change-in-mass.md) - [6.2.4 Investigating Rate - Formation of a Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-4-investigating-rate-formation-of-a-gas.md) - [6.2.5 Evaluating Methods to Investigate Reaction Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-5-evaluating-methods-to-investigate-reaction-rates.md) - 6.3 Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium - [6.3.1 Reversible Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-1-reversible-reactions.md) - [6.3.2 Conditions & Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-2-conditions-and-equilibrium.md) - [6.3.3 Dynamic Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-3-dynamic-equilibrium.md) - [6.3.4 Changing Conditions - Heat & Water Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-4-changing-conditions-heat-and-water-effects.md) - [6.3.5 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-5-factors-affecting-equilibria-temperature.md) - [6.3.6 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-6-factors-affecting-equilibria-pressure.md) - [6.3.7 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-7-factors-affecting-equilibria-concentration.md) - [6.3.8 The Haber Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-8-the-haber-process.md) - [6.3.9 The Haber Process Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-9-the-haber-process-equation.md) - 6.4 Redox - [6.4.1 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-1-redox-reactions.md) - [6.4.2 Redox Reactions - OIL RIG](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-2-redox-reactions-oil-rig.md) - [6.4.3 Examples of Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-3-examples-of-redox-reactions.md) - [6.4.4 Identifying Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-4-identifying-redox-reactions.md) - [6.4.5 Identifying Redox Reactions by Colour Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-5-identifying-redox-reactions-by-colour-changes.md) - [6.4.6 Testing for Oxidising & Reducing Agents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-6-testing-for-oxidising-and-reducing-agents.md) ### 7 Acids, Bases & Salts - 7.1 The Characteristic Properties of Acids & Bases - [7.1.1 Acids & Alkali](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-1-acids-and-alkali.md) - [7.1.2 Reactions of Metals with Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-2-reactions-of-metals-with-acids.md) - [7.1.3 Reactions of Bases with Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-3-reactions-of-bases-with-acids.md) - [7.1.4 Reactions of Carbonates with Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-4-reactions-of-carbonates-with-acids.md) - [7.1.5 Identifying Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-5-identifying-acids.md) - [7.1.6 Properties & Effects of Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-6-properties-and-effects-of-acids.md) - [7.1.7 Properties of Bases - Reactions with Acids & Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-7-properties-of-bases-reactions-with-acids-and-salts.md) - [7.1.8 Properties of Alkalis & Indicators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-8-properties-of-alkalis-and-indicators.md) - [7.1.9 Strong vs Weak Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-9-strong-vs-weak-acids.md) - [7.1.10 Strong vs Weak Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-10-strong-vs-weak-bases.md) - [7.1.11 Understanding Universal Indicator Paper](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-11-understanding-universal-indicator-paper.md) - [7.1.12 Acids, Bases & the Neutralisation Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-12-acids-bases-and-the-neutralisation-reaction.md) - 7.2 Oxides - [7.2.1 Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-2-1-oxides.md) - [7.2.2 Amphoteric Oxides - Reacting with Acids & Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-2-2-amphoteric-oxides-reacting-with-acids-and-bases.md) - 7.3 Preparation of Salts - [7.3.1 Soluble Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-3-1-soluble-salts.md) - [7.3.2 Preparing Soluble Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-3-2-preparing-soluble-salts.md) - [7.3.3 Solubility of Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-3-3-solubility-of-salts.md) - [7.3.4 Preparing Insoluble Salts & Crystallisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-3-4-preparing-insoluble-salts-and-crystallisation.md) ### 8 The Periodic Table - 8.1 Arrangement of Elements - [8.1.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-1-1-the-periodic-table.md) - [8.1.2 Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-1-2-metals-and-non-metals.md) - 8.2 Group I Properties - [8.2.1 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-2-1-alkali-metals.md) - [8.2.2 Alkali Metals - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-2-2-alkali-metals-properties.md) - [8.2.3 Reactivity of Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-2-3-reactivity-of-alkali-metals.md) - [8.2.4 Alkali Metals & Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-2-4-alkali-metals-and-water.md) - 8.3 Group VII Properties - [8.3.1 The Halogens - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-3-1-the-halogens-properties.md) - [8.3.2 The Halogens - Colours & States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-3-2-the-halogens-colours-and-states.md) - [8.3.3 The Halogen - Displacement 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-3-3-the-halogen-displacement-1.md) - [8.3.4 The Halogen - Displacement 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-3-4-the-halogen-displacement-2.md) - 8.4 Transition Elements - [8.4.1 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-4-1-transition-metals.md) - [8.4.2 Transition Metals - Special Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-4-2-transition-metals-special-properties.md) - 8.5 Noble Gases - [8.5.1 Noble Gases - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-5-1-noble-gases-properties.md) ### 9 Metals - 9.1 Properties of Metals - [9.1.1 Physical Properties of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-1-1-physical-properties-of-metals.md) - [9.1.2 Chemical Properties of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-1-2-chemical-properties-of-metals.md) - [9.1.3 Metal Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-1-3-metal-oxides.md) - 9.2 Uses of Metals - [9.2.1 Uses of Metals: Aluminium & Copper](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-2-1-uses-of-metals-aluminium-and-copper.md) - 9.3 Alloys & Their Properties - [9.3.1 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-1-alloys.md) - [9.3.2 Alloys 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-2-alloys-2.md) - [9.3.3 Alloys & their Uses in Everyday Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-3-alloys-and-their-uses-in-everyday-life.md) - [9.3.4 Structural Diagrams of Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-4-structural-diagrams-of-alloys.md) - [9.3.5 Structure of Alloys & Their Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-5-structure-of-alloys-and-their-strength.md) - 9.4 Reactivity Series - [9.4.1 Metals - Reactivity Series & Reactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-4-1-metals-reactivity-series-and-reactivity.md) - [9.4.2 Order of Reactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-4-2-order-of-reactivity.md) - [9.4.3 Reactivity of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-4-3-reactivity-of-metals.md) - 9.5 Corrosion of Metals - [9.5.1 Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-5-1-corrosion.md) - [9.5.2 Preventing Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-5-2-preventing-corrosion.md) - 9.6 Extraction of Metals - [9.6.1 Extraction of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-6-1-extraction-of-metals.md) - [9.6.2 Extracting Iron](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-6-2-extracting-iron.md) - [9.6.3 Extracting Aluminium from Bauxite](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-6-3-extracting-aluminium-from-bauxite.md) ### 10 Chemistry of the Environment - 10.1 Water - [10.1.1 Testing & Treating Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-1-1-testing-and-treating-water.md) - [10.1.2 Testing Water Purity Using Melting Point](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-1-2-testing-water-purity-using-melting-point.md) - [10.1.3 Water from Natural Sources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-1-3-water-from-natural-sources.md) - [10.1.4 Potable Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-1-4-potable-water.md) - 10.2 Fertilisers - [10.2.1 Nitrogen & Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-2-1-nitrogen-and-fertilisers.md) - 10.3 Air Quality & Climate - [10.3.1 Gases in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-1-gases-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [10.3.2 Common Atmospheric Pollutants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-2-common-atmospheric-pollutants.md) - [10.3.3 Consequences of Atmospheric Pollutants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-3-consequences-of-atmospheric-pollutants.md) - [10.3.4 Strategies to Reduce Pollution Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-4-strategies-to-reduce-pollution-effects.md) - [10.3.5 Photochemical Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-5-photochemical-reactions.md) - [10.3.6 Car Engines, Nitrogen Oxides, & Converters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-6-car-engines-nitrogen-oxides-and-converters.md) ### 11 Organic Chemistry - 11.1 Formulae, Functional Groups & Terminology - [11.1.1 Formula of a Molecule](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-1-formula-of-a-molecule.md) - [11.1.2 General Formulae of Organic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-2-general-formulae-of-organic-compounds.md) - [11.1.3 Functional Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-3-functional-groups.md) - [11.1.4 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-4-homologous-series.md) - [11.1.5 Saturated & Unsaturated Organic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-5-saturated-and-unsaturated-organic-compounds.md) - [11.1.6 Structural Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-6-structural-formula.md) - [11.1.7 Structural Isomers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-7-structural-isomers.md) - 11.2 Naming Organic Compounds - [11.2.1 Drawing Displayed Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-2-1-drawing-displayed-formulae.md) - [11.2.2 Naming Organic Compounds - Unbranched](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-2-2-naming-organic-compounds-unbranched.md) - [11.2.3 Naming Unbranched Esters from Alcohols & Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-2-3-naming-unbranched-esters-from-alcohols-and-acids.md) - [11.2.4 Naming Structural Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-2-4-naming-structural-formulae.md) - 11.3 Fuels - [11.3.1 Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-1-fossil-fuels.md) - [11.3.2 Methane as the Main Constituent of Natural Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-2-methane-as-the-main-constituent-of-natural-gas.md) - [11.3.3 Fuels & Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-3-fuels-and-hydrocarbons.md) - [11.3.4 Petroleum - A Mixture of Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-4-petroleum-a-mixture-of-hydrocarbons.md) - [11.3.5 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-5-fractional-distillation.md) - [11.3.6 Fractions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-6-fractions.md) - [11.3.7 Uses of Fractions - Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-7-uses-of-fractions-fuels.md) - 11.4 Alkanes - [11.4.1 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-4-1-alkanes.md) - [11.4.2 Properties of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-4-2-properties-of-alkanes.md) - [11.4.3 Substitution Reactions of Alkanes with Chlorine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-4-3-substitution-reactions-of-alkanes-with-chlorine.md) - 11.5 Alkenes - [11.5.1 Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-1-alkenes.md) - [11.5.2 Shortest Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-2-shortest-alkenes.md) - [11.5.3 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-3-reactions-of-alkenes.md) - [11.5.4 Types of Alkene Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-4-types-of-alkene-reactions.md) - [11.5.5 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-5-cracking.md) - [11.5.6 Testing Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-6-testing-saturated-and-unsaturated-hydrocarbons.md) - [11.5.7 Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-7-properties-of-alkenes-addition-reactions.md) - 11.6 Alcohols - [11.6.1 Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-1-alcohols.md) - [11.6.2 Smallest Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-2-smallest-alcohols.md) - [11.6.3 Fermentation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-3-fermentation.md) - [11.6.4 Steam](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-4-steam.md) - [11.6.5 Fermentation vs Hydration of Ethene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-5-fermentation-vs-hydration-of-ethene.md) - [11.6.6 Manufacture of Ethanol: Fermentation & Hydration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-6-manufacture-of-ethanol-fermentation-and-hydration.md) - [11.6.7 Combustion of Ethanol](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-7-combustion-of-ethanol.md) - [11.6.8 Uses of Ethanol - Solvent & Fuel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-8-uses-of-ethanol-solvent-and-fuel.md) - [11.6.9 Advantages & Disadvantages of Ethanol Manufacture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-9-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-ethanol-manufacture.md) - 11.7 Carboxylic Acids - [11.7.1 Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-7-1-carboxylic-acids.md) - [11.7.2 Smallest Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-7-2-smallest-carboxylic-acids.md) - [11.7.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-7-3-reactions-of-carboxylic-acids.md) - [11.7.4 Formation of Ethanoic Acid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-7-4-formation-of-ethanoic-acid.md) - 11.8 Polymers - [11.8.1 Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-1-polymers.md) - [11.8.2 Problems With Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-2-problems-with-polymers.md) - [11.8.3 Polymers & Plastics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-3-polymers-and-plastics.md) - [11.8.4 Problems with Plastics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-4-problems-with-plastics.md) - [11.8.5 Condensation Polymerisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-5-condensation-polymerisation.md) - [11.8.6 Condensation Polymerisation Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-6-condensation-polymerisation-examples.md) - [11.8.7 Addition Polymerisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-7-addition-polymerisation.md) - [11.8.8 Addition Polymerisation Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-8-addition-polymerisation-examples.md) - [11.8.9 Structure of Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-9-structure-of-polymers.md) - [11.8.10 Natural Polyamides - Proteins & Amino Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-10-natural-polyamides-proteins-and-amino-acids.md) ### 12 Experimental Techniques & Chemical Analysis - 12.1 Experimental Design - [12.1.1 Measurement Tools](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-1-measurement-tools.md) - [12.1.2 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-2-mixtures.md) - [12.1.3 Understanding Solvents, Solutes, & Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-3-understanding-solvents-solutes-and-solutions.md) - [12.1.4 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-4-separating-mixtures.md) - [12.1.5 Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-5-distillation.md) - [12.1.6 Advantages & Disadvantages of Experimental Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-6-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-experimental-methods.md) - 12.2 Acid-base Titrations - [12.2.1 Acid-base Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-2-1-acid-base-titrations.md) - 12.3 Chromatography - [12.3.1 Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-3-1-chromatography.md) - [12.3.2 Paper Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-3-2-paper-chromatography.md) - [12.3.3 Chromatogram](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-3-3-chromatogram.md) - 12.4 Separation & Purification - [12.4.1 Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-4-1-purity.md) - [12.4.2 Methods of Separation & Purification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-4-2-methods-of-separation-and-purification.md) - 12.5 Identification of Ions & Gases - [12.5.1 Testing Aqueous Cations 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-1-testing-aqueous-cations-1.md) - [12.5.2 Testing Aqueous Cations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-2-testing-aqueous-cations-2.md) - [12.5.3 Testing Cations - Flame Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-3-testing-cations-flame-tests.md) - [12.5.4 Testing Cations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-4-testing-cations.md) - [12.5.5 Testing for Aqueous Cations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-5-testing-for-aqueous-cations.md) - [12.5.6 Testing Anions - Sulfates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-6-testing-anions-sulfates.md) - [12.5.7 Testing Anions - Nitrates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-7-testing-anions-nitrates.md) - [12.5.8 Testing Gases - Hydrogen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-8-testing-gases-hydrogen.md) - [12.5.9 Testing Gases - Oxygen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-9-testing-gases-oxygen.md) - [12.5.10 Testing Gases - Carbon Dioxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-10-testing-gases-carbon-dioxide.md) - [12.5.11 Testing Gases - Chlorine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-11-testing-gases-chlorine.md) - [12.5.12 Identifying Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-12-identifying-gases.md)