Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-2-factors-affecting-rate-of-reaction [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international.md) › [Higher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher.md) › Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction # Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction Chemistry: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement, topic 6.2.2 ## Rate of Reaction - Key Factors The main factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions are: ### Concentration of dissolved reactants ![Concentration of dissolved reactants](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/6.1.1%20Calculating%20rates%20of%20reactions/vitamin-b-871135_640-min.jpg) - Increasing the concentration increases the frequency (number) of collisions. This increases the rate of reaction. ### Pressure of gas reactants ![Pressure of gas reactants](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/6.1.1%20Calculating%20rates%20of%20reactions/blood-pressure-1006791_640-min.jpg) - Increasing pressure is like increasing the concentration. - It increases the frequency (number) of collisions. This increases the rate of reaction (makes the reaction faster). ### Temperature ![Temperature](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/6.1.1%20Calculating%20rates%20of%20reactions/thermometer-1614708_640-min.jpg) - Increasing the temperature increases the frequency (number) of collisions. - Increasing the temperature increases the energy of reactant particles. This means that a greater proportion (more) of the particles will have more energy than the activation energy that is needed. - Together, these lead to more successful collisions. This increases the rate of reaction. ### Surface area of solid reactants ![Surface area of solid reactants](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/6.1.1%20Calculating%20rates%20of%20reactions/cube-surface-2886285_640-min.jpg) - Increasing the surface area increases the frequency (number) of collisions. This increases the rate of reaction. - This is often done by breaking up solids into smaller lumps (e.g. powders). - This increase in surface area to volume ratio makes sure that more particles are exposed to attack. ### Catalysts ![Catalysts](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/6.1.1%20Calculating%20rates%20of%20reactions/beakers-309864_640-min.jpg) - Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process. ## Test yourself on Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction - Limestone and marble structures crumble when reacted with acid. How will the recent increase in concentration of acid in rainwater affect the rate at which limestone and marble are being worn away? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/afdd1dc8-0b57-4b25-b0a6-5ea74b6b33b7/section/d6df8207-1d30-44ff-bcf5-3aa23da0c0d3/session) - Previous topic: [6.2.1 Collision Theory & Rate of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-1-collision-theory-and-rate-of-reaction.md) - Next topic: [6.2.3 Investigating Rate of Reaction by Change in Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-3-investigating-rate-of-reaction-by-change-in-mass.md) ## Chemistry: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement contents ### 1 States of Matter - 1.1 Solids, Liquids, & Gases - [1.1.1 States of Matter - Solids, Liquids & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-1-states-of-matter-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) - [1.1.2 Structure of Solids, Liquids & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-2-structure-of-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) - [1.1.3 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-3-changes-of-state.md) - [1.1.4 The Effects of Temperature & Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-4-the-effects-of-temperature-and-pressure.md) - [1.1.5 Kinetic Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-5-kinetic-theory.md) - [1.1.6 Kinetic Theory - Effects of Temperature & Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-1-6-kinetic-theory-effects-of-temperature-and-pressure.md) - 1.2 Diffusion - [1.2.1 Diffusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-1-diffusion.md) - [1.2.2 The Effect of Relative Molecular Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/1-2-2-the-effect-of-relative-molecular-mass.md) ### 2 Atoms, Elements & Compounds - 2.1 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures - [2.1.1 Differences Between Elements, Compounds & Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-1-1-differences-between-elements-compounds-and-mixtures.md) - 2.2 Atomic Structure & the Periodic Table - [2.2.1 The Structure of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-1-the-structure-of-the-atom.md) - [2.2.2 Relative Charge, Mass & Atomic Numbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-2-relative-charge-mass-and-atomic-numbers.md) - [2.2.3 Electronic Configuration of Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-2-3-electronic-configuration-of-elements.md) - 2.3 Isotopes - [2.3.1 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-1-isotopes.md) - [2.3.2 Electronic Configuration of Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-2-electronic-configuration-of-isotopes.md) - [2.3.3 Calculating Relative Atomic Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-3-3-calculating-relative-atomic-mass.md) - 2.4 Ions & Ionic Bonds - [2.4.1 Properties of Ionic Compounds - Structure & Bond](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-1-properties-of-ionic-compounds-structure-and-bond.md) - [2.4.2 Formation of Ions & Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-2-formation-of-ions-and-ionic-bonds.md) - [2.4.3 Formation of Ionic Bonds - Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-3-formation-of-ionic-bonds-metals-and-non-metals.md) - [2.4.4 Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-4-ionic-bonds.md) - [2.4.5 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-5-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.4.6 Giant Lattice Structure of Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-4-6-giant-lattice-structure-of-ionic-compounds.md) - 2.5 Simple Molecules & Covalent Bonds - [2.5.1 Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-1-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.5.2 Formation of Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-2-formation-of-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.5.3 Structure & Properties of Simple Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-3-structure-and-properties-of-simple-molecules.md) - [2.5.4 Covalent Bonds in Simple Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-4-covalent-bonds-in-simple-molecules.md) - [2.5.5 Properties of Simple Molecular Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-5-5-properties-of-simple-molecular-compounds.md) - 2.6 Giant Covalent Structures - [2.6.1 Giant Covalent Structures - Graphite](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-1-giant-covalent-structures-graphite.md) - [2.6.2 Giant Covalent Structures - Diamond](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-2-giant-covalent-structures-diamond.md) - [2.6.3 Uses of Graphite & Diamonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-3-uses-of-graphite-and-diamonds.md) - [2.6.4 Giant Covalent Structures - Silicon Oxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-4-giant-covalent-structures-silicon-oxide.md) - [2.6.5 Similarity Between Diamond & Silicon Oxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-6-5-similarity-between-diamond-and-silicon-oxide.md) - 2.7 Metallic Bonding - [2.7.1 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-7-1-metallic-bonding.md) - [2.7.2 The Properties of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/2-7-2-the-properties-of-metals.md) ### 3 Stoichometry - 3.1 Formulae - [3.1.1 Understanding Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-1-understanding-formulae.md) - [3.1.2 Empirical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-2-empirical-formula.md) - [3.1.3 Stoichiometry - Formulae, Word & Symbol Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-3-stoichiometry-formulae-word-and-symbol-equations.md) - [3.1.4 Deduce & Write Ionic Compound Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-1-4-deduce-and-write-ionic-compound-formulas.md) - 3.2 Relative Masses of Atoms & Molecules - [3.2.1 Relative Atomic Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-1-relative-atomic-mass.md) - [3.2.2 Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-2-relative-molecular-mass-mr.md) - [3.2.3 Calculating Reacting Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-2-3-calculating-reacting-masses.md) - 3.3 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant - [3.3.1 Introducing Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-1-introducing-moles.md) - [3.3.2 Amounts of Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-2-amounts-of-substances.md) - [3.3.3 Moles & Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-3-moles-and-equations.md) - [3.3.4 Calculations Involving Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-4-calculations-involving-gases.md) - [3.3.5 Calculating Stoichiometric Reacting Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-5-calculating-stoichiometric-reacting-masses.md) - [3.3.6 Calculating the Moles of Solute](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-6-calculating-the-moles-of-solute.md) - [3.3.7 Calculating Empirical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-7-calculating-empirical-formula.md) - [3.3.8 Chemical Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-8-chemical-equations.md) - [3.3.9 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-9-percentage-yield.md) - [3.3.10 Calculating Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-10-calculating-yield.md) - [3.3.11 Percentage Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/3-3-11-percentage-purity.md) ### 4 Electrochemistry - 4.1 Electrolysis - [4.1.1 Electrolytic Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-1-electrolytic-process.md) - [4.1.2 Electrolysis Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-2-electrolysis-examples.md) - [4.1.3 Electrolysis of a Binary Compound in Molten State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-3-electrolysis-of-a-binary-compound-in-molten-state.md) - [4.1.4 Electroplating](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-4-electroplating.md) - [4.1.5 Transfer of Charge During Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-5-transfer-of-charge-during-electrolysis.md) - [4.1.6 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-6-electrolysis-of-aqueous-solutions.md) - [4.1.7 Electrolysis of Copper Sulfate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-7-electrolysis-of-copper-sulfate.md) - [4.1.8 Electrolysis of Halide Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-8-electrolysis-of-halide-compounds.md) - [4.1.9 Half-Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-9-half-equations.md) - [4.1.10 Combustion of Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-1-10-combustion-of-hydrocarbons.md) - 4.2 Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cells - [4.2.1 Fuel Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-1-fuel-cells.md) - [4.2.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-2-hydrogen-fuel-cells.md) - [4.2.3 Comparing Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells & Petrol](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/4-2-3-comparing-hydrogen-oxygen-fuel-cells-and-petrol.md) ### 5 Chemical Energetics - 5.1 Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions - [5.1.1 Energy Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-1-energy-conservation.md) - [5.1.2 Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-2-exothermic-reactions.md) - [5.1.3 Endothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-3-endothermic-reactions.md) - [5.1.4 Energy Change of a Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-4-energy-change-of-a-reaction.md) - [5.1.5 Reaction Pathway Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-5-reaction-pathway-diagrams.md) - [5.1.6 Calculating Enthalpy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/5-1-6-calculating-enthalpy-change.md) ### 6 Chemical Reactions - 6.1 Physical & Chemical Changes - [6.1.1 Difference btwn Physical & Chemical Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-1-1-difference-btwn-physical-and-chemical-changes.md) - 6.2 Rate of Reaction - [6.2.1 Collision Theory & Rate of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-1-collision-theory-and-rate-of-reaction.md) - [6.2.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-2-factors-affecting-rate-of-reaction.md) - [6.2.3 Investigating Rate of Reaction by Change in Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-3-investigating-rate-of-reaction-by-change-in-mass.md) - [6.2.4 Investigating Rate - Formation of a Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-4-investigating-rate-formation-of-a-gas.md) - [6.2.5 Evaluating Methods to Investigate Reaction Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-2-5-evaluating-methods-to-investigate-reaction-rates.md) - 6.3 Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium - [6.3.1 Reversible Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-1-reversible-reactions.md) - [6.3.2 Conditions & Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-2-conditions-and-equilibrium.md) - [6.3.3 Dynamic Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-3-dynamic-equilibrium.md) - [6.3.4 Changing Conditions - Heat & Water Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-4-changing-conditions-heat-and-water-effects.md) - [6.3.5 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-5-factors-affecting-equilibria-temperature.md) - [6.3.6 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-6-factors-affecting-equilibria-pressure.md) - [6.3.7 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-7-factors-affecting-equilibria-concentration.md) - [6.3.8 The Haber Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-8-the-haber-process.md) - [6.3.9 The Haber Process Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-3-9-the-haber-process-equation.md) - 6.4 Redox - [6.4.1 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-1-redox-reactions.md) - [6.4.2 Redox Reactions - OIL RIG](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-2-redox-reactions-oil-rig.md) - [6.4.3 Examples of Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-3-examples-of-redox-reactions.md) - [6.4.4 Identifying Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-4-identifying-redox-reactions.md) - [6.4.5 Identifying Redox Reactions by Colour Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-5-identifying-redox-reactions-by-colour-changes.md) - [6.4.6 Testing for Oxidising & Reducing Agents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/6-4-6-testing-for-oxidising-and-reducing-agents.md) ### 7 Acids, Bases & Salts - 7.1 The Characteristic Properties of Acids & Bases - [7.1.1 Acids & Alkali](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-1-acids-and-alkali.md) - [7.1.2 Reactions of Metals with Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-2-reactions-of-metals-with-acids.md) - [7.1.3 Reactions of Bases with Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-3-reactions-of-bases-with-acids.md) - [7.1.4 Reactions of Carbonates with Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-4-reactions-of-carbonates-with-acids.md) - [7.1.5 Identifying Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-5-identifying-acids.md) - [7.1.6 Properties & Effects of Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-6-properties-and-effects-of-acids.md) - [7.1.7 Properties of Bases - Reactions with Acids & Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-7-properties-of-bases-reactions-with-acids-and-salts.md) - [7.1.8 Properties of Alkalis & Indicators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-8-properties-of-alkalis-and-indicators.md) - [7.1.9 Strong vs Weak Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-9-strong-vs-weak-acids.md) - [7.1.10 Strong vs Weak Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-10-strong-vs-weak-bases.md) - [7.1.11 Understanding Universal Indicator Paper](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-11-understanding-universal-indicator-paper.md) - [7.1.12 Acids, Bases & the Neutralisation Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-1-12-acids-bases-and-the-neutralisation-reaction.md) - 7.2 Oxides - [7.2.1 Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-2-1-oxides.md) - [7.2.2 Amphoteric Oxides - Reacting with Acids & Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-2-2-amphoteric-oxides-reacting-with-acids-and-bases.md) - 7.3 Preparation of Salts - [7.3.1 Soluble Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-3-1-soluble-salts.md) - [7.3.2 Preparing Soluble Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-3-2-preparing-soluble-salts.md) - [7.3.3 Solubility of Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-3-3-solubility-of-salts.md) - [7.3.4 Preparing Insoluble Salts & Crystallisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/7-3-4-preparing-insoluble-salts-and-crystallisation.md) ### 8 The Periodic Table - 8.1 Arrangement of Elements - [8.1.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-1-1-the-periodic-table.md) - [8.1.2 Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-1-2-metals-and-non-metals.md) - 8.2 Group I Properties - [8.2.1 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-2-1-alkali-metals.md) - [8.2.2 Alkali Metals - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-2-2-alkali-metals-properties.md) - [8.2.3 Reactivity of Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-2-3-reactivity-of-alkali-metals.md) - [8.2.4 Alkali Metals & Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-2-4-alkali-metals-and-water.md) - 8.3 Group VII Properties - [8.3.1 The Halogens - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-3-1-the-halogens-properties.md) - [8.3.2 The Halogens - Colours & States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-3-2-the-halogens-colours-and-states.md) - [8.3.3 The Halogen - Displacement 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-3-3-the-halogen-displacement-1.md) - [8.3.4 The Halogen - Displacement 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-3-4-the-halogen-displacement-2.md) - 8.4 Transition Elements - [8.4.1 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-4-1-transition-metals.md) - [8.4.2 Transition Metals - Special Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-4-2-transition-metals-special-properties.md) - 8.5 Noble Gases - [8.5.1 Noble Gases - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/8-5-1-noble-gases-properties.md) ### 9 Metals - 9.1 Properties of Metals - [9.1.1 Physical Properties of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-1-1-physical-properties-of-metals.md) - [9.1.2 Chemical Properties of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-1-2-chemical-properties-of-metals.md) - [9.1.3 Metal Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-1-3-metal-oxides.md) - 9.2 Uses of Metals - [9.2.1 Uses of Metals: Aluminium & Copper](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-2-1-uses-of-metals-aluminium-and-copper.md) - 9.3 Alloys & Their Properties - [9.3.1 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-1-alloys.md) - [9.3.2 Alloys 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-2-alloys-2.md) - [9.3.3 Alloys & their Uses in Everyday Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-3-alloys-and-their-uses-in-everyday-life.md) - [9.3.4 Structural Diagrams of Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-4-structural-diagrams-of-alloys.md) - [9.3.5 Structure of Alloys & Their Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-3-5-structure-of-alloys-and-their-strength.md) - 9.4 Reactivity Series - [9.4.1 Metals - Reactivity Series & Reactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-4-1-metals-reactivity-series-and-reactivity.md) - [9.4.2 Order of Reactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-4-2-order-of-reactivity.md) - [9.4.3 Reactivity of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-4-3-reactivity-of-metals.md) - 9.5 Corrosion of Metals - [9.5.1 Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-5-1-corrosion.md) - [9.5.2 Preventing Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-5-2-preventing-corrosion.md) - 9.6 Extraction of Metals - [9.6.1 Extraction of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-6-1-extraction-of-metals.md) - [9.6.2 Extracting Iron](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-6-2-extracting-iron.md) - [9.6.3 Extracting Aluminium from Bauxite](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/9-6-3-extracting-aluminium-from-bauxite.md) ### 10 Chemistry of the Environment - 10.1 Water - [10.1.1 Testing & Treating Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-1-1-testing-and-treating-water.md) - [10.1.2 Testing Water Purity Using Melting Point](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-1-2-testing-water-purity-using-melting-point.md) - [10.1.3 Water from Natural Sources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-1-3-water-from-natural-sources.md) - [10.1.4 Potable Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-1-4-potable-water.md) - 10.2 Fertilisers - [10.2.1 Nitrogen & Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-2-1-nitrogen-and-fertilisers.md) - 10.3 Air Quality & Climate - [10.3.1 Gases in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-1-gases-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [10.3.2 Common Atmospheric Pollutants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-2-common-atmospheric-pollutants.md) - [10.3.3 Consequences of Atmospheric Pollutants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-3-consequences-of-atmospheric-pollutants.md) - [10.3.4 Strategies to Reduce Pollution Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-4-strategies-to-reduce-pollution-effects.md) - [10.3.5 Photochemical Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-5-photochemical-reactions.md) - [10.3.6 Car Engines, Nitrogen Oxides, & Converters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/10-3-6-car-engines-nitrogen-oxides-and-converters.md) ### 11 Organic Chemistry - 11.1 Formulae, Functional Groups & Terminology - [11.1.1 Formula of a Molecule](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-1-formula-of-a-molecule.md) - [11.1.2 General Formulae of Organic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-2-general-formulae-of-organic-compounds.md) - [11.1.3 Functional Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-3-functional-groups.md) - [11.1.4 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-4-homologous-series.md) - [11.1.5 Saturated & Unsaturated Organic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-5-saturated-and-unsaturated-organic-compounds.md) - [11.1.6 Structural Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-6-structural-formula.md) - [11.1.7 Structural Isomers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-1-7-structural-isomers.md) - 11.2 Naming Organic Compounds - [11.2.1 Drawing Displayed Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-2-1-drawing-displayed-formulae.md) - [11.2.2 Naming Organic Compounds - Unbranched](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-2-2-naming-organic-compounds-unbranched.md) - [11.2.3 Naming Unbranched Esters from Alcohols & Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-2-3-naming-unbranched-esters-from-alcohols-and-acids.md) - [11.2.4 Naming Structural Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-2-4-naming-structural-formulae.md) - 11.3 Fuels - [11.3.1 Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-1-fossil-fuels.md) - [11.3.2 Methane as the Main Constituent of Natural Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-2-methane-as-the-main-constituent-of-natural-gas.md) - [11.3.3 Fuels & Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-3-fuels-and-hydrocarbons.md) - [11.3.4 Petroleum - A Mixture of Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-4-petroleum-a-mixture-of-hydrocarbons.md) - [11.3.5 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-5-fractional-distillation.md) - [11.3.6 Fractions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-6-fractions.md) - [11.3.7 Uses of Fractions - Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-3-7-uses-of-fractions-fuels.md) - 11.4 Alkanes - [11.4.1 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-4-1-alkanes.md) - [11.4.2 Properties of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-4-2-properties-of-alkanes.md) - [11.4.3 Substitution Reactions of Alkanes with Chlorine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-4-3-substitution-reactions-of-alkanes-with-chlorine.md) - 11.5 Alkenes - [11.5.1 Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-1-alkenes.md) - [11.5.2 Shortest Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-2-shortest-alkenes.md) - [11.5.3 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-3-reactions-of-alkenes.md) - [11.5.4 Types of Alkene Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-4-types-of-alkene-reactions.md) - [11.5.5 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-5-cracking.md) - [11.5.6 Testing Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-6-testing-saturated-and-unsaturated-hydrocarbons.md) - [11.5.7 Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-5-7-properties-of-alkenes-addition-reactions.md) - 11.6 Alcohols - [11.6.1 Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-1-alcohols.md) - [11.6.2 Smallest Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-2-smallest-alcohols.md) - [11.6.3 Fermentation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-3-fermentation.md) - [11.6.4 Steam](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-4-steam.md) - [11.6.5 Fermentation vs Hydration of Ethene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-5-fermentation-vs-hydration-of-ethene.md) - [11.6.6 Manufacture of Ethanol: Fermentation & Hydration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-6-manufacture-of-ethanol-fermentation-and-hydration.md) - [11.6.7 Combustion of Ethanol](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-7-combustion-of-ethanol.md) - [11.6.8 Uses of Ethanol - Solvent & Fuel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-8-uses-of-ethanol-solvent-and-fuel.md) - [11.6.9 Advantages & Disadvantages of Ethanol Manufacture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-6-9-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-ethanol-manufacture.md) - 11.7 Carboxylic Acids - [11.7.1 Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-7-1-carboxylic-acids.md) - [11.7.2 Smallest Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-7-2-smallest-carboxylic-acids.md) - [11.7.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-7-3-reactions-of-carboxylic-acids.md) - [11.7.4 Formation of Ethanoic Acid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-7-4-formation-of-ethanoic-acid.md) - 11.8 Polymers - [11.8.1 Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-1-polymers.md) - [11.8.2 Problems With Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-2-problems-with-polymers.md) - [11.8.3 Polymers & Plastics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-3-polymers-and-plastics.md) - [11.8.4 Problems with Plastics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-4-problems-with-plastics.md) - [11.8.5 Condensation Polymerisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-5-condensation-polymerisation.md) - [11.8.6 Condensation Polymerisation Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-6-condensation-polymerisation-examples.md) - [11.8.7 Addition Polymerisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-7-addition-polymerisation.md) - [11.8.8 Addition Polymerisation Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-8-addition-polymerisation-examples.md) - [11.8.9 Structure of Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-9-structure-of-polymers.md) - [11.8.10 Natural Polyamides - Proteins & Amino Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/11-8-10-natural-polyamides-proteins-and-amino-acids.md) ### 12 Experimental Techniques & Chemical Analysis - 12.1 Experimental Design - [12.1.1 Measurement Tools](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-1-measurement-tools.md) - [12.1.2 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-2-mixtures.md) - [12.1.3 Understanding Solvents, Solutes, & Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-3-understanding-solvents-solutes-and-solutions.md) - [12.1.4 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-4-separating-mixtures.md) - [12.1.5 Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-5-distillation.md) - [12.1.6 Advantages & Disadvantages of Experimental Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-1-6-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-experimental-methods.md) - 12.2 Acid-base Titrations - [12.2.1 Acid-base Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-2-1-acid-base-titrations.md) - 12.3 Chromatography - [12.3.1 Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-3-1-chromatography.md) - [12.3.2 Paper Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-3-2-paper-chromatography.md) - [12.3.3 Chromatogram](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-3-3-chromatogram.md) - 12.4 Separation & Purification - [12.4.1 Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-4-1-purity.md) - [12.4.2 Methods of Separation & Purification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-4-2-methods-of-separation-and-purification.md) - 12.5 Identification of Ions & Gases - [12.5.1 Testing Aqueous Cations 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-1-testing-aqueous-cations-1.md) - [12.5.2 Testing Aqueous Cations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-2-testing-aqueous-cations-2.md) - [12.5.3 Testing Cations - Flame Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-3-testing-cations-flame-tests.md) - [12.5.4 Testing Cations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-4-testing-cations.md) - [12.5.5 Testing for Aqueous Cations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-5-testing-for-aqueous-cations.md) - [12.5.6 Testing Anions - Sulfates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-6-testing-anions-sulfates.md) - [12.5.7 Testing Anions - Nitrates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-7-testing-anions-nitrates.md) - [12.5.8 Testing Gases - Hydrogen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-8-testing-gases-hydrogen.md) - [12.5.9 Testing Gases - Oxygen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-9-testing-gases-oxygen.md) - [12.5.10 Testing Gases - Carbon Dioxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-10-testing-gases-carbon-dioxide.md) - [12.5.11 Testing Gases - Chlorine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-11-testing-gases-chlorine.md) - [12.5.12 Identifying Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/chemistry/cambridge-international/higher/12-5-12-identifying-gases.md)