Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-1-3-factors-affecting-financing [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IGCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse.md) › [Business](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international.md) › Factors Affecting Financing # Factors Affecting Financing Business: Cambridge International GCSE (2027 Exams), topic 5.1.3 ## Factors Affecting Financing Lots of different factors affect what is the best source of financing for a business: ### New vs established business ![New vs established business](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/d0fa2897-4665-479b-86b0-a07541b10d99/shutterstock_211654672.jpg) - A company’s size and track record can affect the availability and cost of finance. - New businesses are likely to find it harder to get loans from a bank but can take advantage of hire purchases and trade credit. - Established companies are also much more likely to be larger and therefore require larger investments. - External sources of finance are preferred when the size of the investment is large as internal sources of finance are often limited. ### Financial situation ![Financial situation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/8c9840ed-6029-4194-aa17-6d11e37d4f6d/shutterstock_497088016.jpg) - Whether a business is in a good financial situation can impact the availability and cost of finance. - A business that is struggling may not be able to get loans as it is much more likely that they won’t pay them back. Even if they are able to get loans, these loans will have much higher interest payments. - A business that is struggling is also less likely to be able to use internal sources of finance. ### Long-term vs short-term ![Long-term vs short-term](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/e8993a9d-6ee4-4c6b-9a80-3446dccf25cb/shutterstock_651190168.jpg) - The length of time that finance is needed for affects which type of finance is best. - Trade credits are an example of short-term finance. A supplier is likely to only give the business an extension of a few days or weeks. - Bank loans and mortgages are a long term source of finance and may only be paid back in full after 20 years. ### Cost ![Cost](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/d70c956d-36db-449a-adc3-781158483879/shutterstock_547096873.jpg) - External financing tends to be more expensive because a business normally has to pay interest on external financing. ## Test yourself on Factors Affecting Financing - How do struggling businesses source finance? - Which of the following is a short-term source of finance? - I'm setting up a new business selling toothbrushes for animals. Which source of finance am I likely to struggle to get? - Which of the following businesses will find it easiest to source finance? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/c8ce31e3-5a0a-4a1c-bd97-b76bf32298cd/section/50fc71ee-b517-472c-85bf-e0040dd27aff/session) - Previous topic: [5.1.2 Sources of Finance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-1-2-sources-of-finance.md) - Next topic: [5.2.1 Cash Flow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-2-1-cash-flow.md) ## Business: Cambridge International GCSE (2027 Exams) contents ### 1 Understanding Business Activity - 1.1 Business Activity - [1.1.1 Purpose of Business Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-1-1-purpose-of-business-activity.md) - [1.1.2 Customer Needs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-1-2-customer-needs.md) - [1.1.3 Why are Businesses Set Up?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-1-3-why-are-businesses-set-up.md) - [1.1.4 Specialisation & Division of Labour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-1-4-specialisation-and-division-of-labour.md) - 1.2 Classification of Businesses - [1.2.1 The 3 Sectors of Economic Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-2-1-the-3-sectors-of-economic-activity.md) - [1.2.2 Public & Private Sector](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-2-2-public-and-private-sector.md) - 1.3 Enterprise, Business Growth & Size - [1.3.1 Business Aims](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-1-business-aims.md) - [1.3.2 Business Objectives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-2-business-objectives.md) - [1.3.3 Different Businesses Have Different Objectives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-3-different-businesses-have-different-objectives.md) - [1.3.4 Business Objectives Change Over Time](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-4-business-objectives-change-over-time.md) - [1.3.5 End of Topic Test - Business Objectives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-5-end-of-topic-test-business-objectives.md) - [1.3.6 Enterprise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-6-enterprise.md) - [1.3.7 Risks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-7-risks.md) - [1.3.8 Rewards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-8-rewards.md) - [1.3.9 Entrepreneur](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-9-entrepreneur.md) - [1.3.10 Role of the Entrepreneur](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-10-role-of-the-entrepreneur.md) - [1.3.11 Encouragement of Enterprise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-11-encouragement-of-enterprise.md) - [1.3.12 Business Plans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-12-business-plans.md) - [1.3.13 Advantages & Disadvantages of a Business Plan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-13-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-business-plan.md) - [1.3.14 The Main Parts of a Business Plan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-14-the-main-parts-of-a-business-plan.md) - [1.3.15 Methods of Measuring Business Size](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-15-methods-of-measuring-business-size.md) - [1.3.16 Business Expansion - Internal Expansion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-16-business-expansion-internal-expansion.md) - [1.3.17 Advantages of External Expansion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-17-advantages-of-external-expansion.md) - [1.3.18 Disadvantages of External Expansions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-18-disadvantages-of-external-expansions.md) - [1.3.19 Small Businesses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-19-small-businesses.md) - [1.3.20 Reasons for Business Failure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-3-20-reasons-for-business-failure.md) - 1.4 Types of Business Organisation - [1.4.1 Sole Traders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-1-sole-traders.md) - [1.4.2 Partnerships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-2-partnerships.md) - [1.4.3 Limited Companies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-3-limited-companies.md) - [1.4.4 Private Limited Companies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-4-private-limited-companies.md) - [1.4.5 Public Limited Companies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-5-public-limited-companies.md) - [1.4.6 Unlimited vs Limited Liability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-6-unlimited-vs-limited-liability.md) - [1.4.7 Not For Profit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-7-not-for-profit.md) - [1.4.8 Franchising](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-8-franchising.md) - [1.4.9 End of Topic Test - Business Ownership](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-9-end-of-topic-test-business-ownership.md) - [1.4.10 Application Questions - Business Ownership](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-10-application-questions-business-ownership.md) - [1.4.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Company vs Business](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-4-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-company-vs-business.md) - 1.5 Business Objectives & Stakeholder Objectives - [1.5.1 The Main Stakeholders in a Business](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-5-1-the-main-stakeholders-in-a-business.md) - [1.5.2 The Impact & Influence of Stakeholders on Business](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-5-2-the-impact-and-influence-of-stakeholders-on-business.md) - [1.5.3 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Profit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-5-3-diagnostic-misconceptions-profit.md) - [1.5.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Owners vs Shareholders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/1-5-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-owners-vs-shareholders.md) ### 2 People in Business - 2.1 Human Resource Management (HRM) - [2.1.1 Contracts of Employment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-1-contracts-of-employment.md) - [2.1.2 Recruitment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-2-recruitment.md) - [2.1.3 Benefits of an Effective Recruitment Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-3-benefits-of-an-effective-recruitment-process.md) - [2.1.4 Reducing the Workforce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-4-reducing-the-workforce.md) - [2.1.5 Legal Controls Over Employment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-5-legal-controls-over-employment.md) - [2.1.6 Training](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-6-training.md) - [2.1.7 End of Topic Test - The Workforce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-7-end-of-topic-test-the-workforce.md) - [2.1.8 Application Questions - The Workforce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-8-application-questions-the-workforce.md) - [2.1.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Recruitment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-1-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-recruitment.md) - 2.2 Organisation & Management - [2.2.1 Internal Organisational Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-2-1-internal-organisational-structures.md) - [2.2.2 Business Functions & Definitions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-2-2-business-functions-and-definitions.md) - [2.2.3 Centralised vs. Decentralised Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-2-3-centralised-vs-decentralised-structures.md) - [2.2.4 Tall & Flat Organisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-2-4-tall-and-flat-organisations.md) - [2.2.5 The Impact of Organisational Structure on Managing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-2-5-the-impact-of-organisational-structure-on-managing.md) - [2.2.6 Leadership Styles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-2-6-leadership-styles.md) - [2.2.7 Trade Unions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-2-7-trade-unions.md) - [2.2.8 End of Topic Test - Org Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-2-8-end-of-topic-test-org-structure.md) - 2.3 Methods of Communication - [2.3.1 Communication in Businesses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-3-1-communication-in-businesses.md) - 2.4 Motivating Employees - [2.4.1 Motivation in the Workplace](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-4-1-motivation-in-the-workplace.md) - [2.4.2 Financial Methods of Motivation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-4-2-financial-methods-of-motivation.md) - [2.4.3 Non-Financial Methods of Motivation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-4-3-non-financial-methods-of-motivation.md) - [2.4.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Money](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/2-4-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-money.md) ### 3 Marketing - 3.1 Marketing & the Market - [3.1.1 Customer Needs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-1-customer-needs.md) - [3.1.2 Identifying and Satisfying Customer Needs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-2-identifying-and-satisfying-customer-needs.md) - [3.1.3 The Market](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-3-the-market.md) - [3.1.4 The Market-Driven Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-4-the-market-driven-approach.md) - [3.1.5 Competition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-5-competition.md) - [3.1.6 The Impact of High Competition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-6-the-impact-of-high-competition.md) - [3.1.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Competition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-competition.md) - [3.1.8 Market Segmentation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-8-market-segmentation.md) - [3.1.9 Methods of Market Segmentation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-1-9-methods-of-market-segmentation.md) - 3.2 Market Research - [3.2.1 Market Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-2-1-market-research.md) - [3.2.2 Qualitative & Quantitative Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-2-2-qualitative-and-quantitative-research.md) - [3.2.3 Primary Market Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-2-3-primary-market-research.md) - [3.2.4 Secondary Market Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-2-4-secondary-market-research.md) - [3.2.5 Analyse Market Research Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-2-5-analyse-market-research-data.md) - [3.2.6 Application Questions - Marketing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-2-6-application-questions-marketing.md) - [3.2.7 End of Topic Test - Marketing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-2-7-end-of-topic-test-marketing.md) - 3.3 Marketing Mix - [3.3.1 The Product Life Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-1-the-product-life-cycle.md) - [3.3.2 Product Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-2-product-design.md) - [3.3.3 Product Portfolio & The Boston Matrix](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-3-product-portfolio-and-the-boston-matrix.md) - [3.3.4 Benefits & Risks of New Products](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-4-benefits-and-risks-of-new-products.md) - [3.3.5 Extension Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-5-extension-strategies.md) - [3.3.6 Price](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-6-price.md) - [3.3.7 Pricing - Skimming & Penetration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-7-pricing-skimming-and-penetration.md) - [3.3.8 Competitive and Cost-Plus Pricing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-8-competitive-and-cost-plus-pricing.md) - [3.3.9 Market Mapping - Price vs Quality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-9-market-mapping-price-vs-quality.md) - [3.3.10 Place](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-10-place.md) - [3.3.11 Manufacturer-Wholesalers-Retailers-Customers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-11-manufacturer-wholesalers-retailers-customers.md) - [3.3.12 Manufacturer-Retailers-Customers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-12-manufacturer-retailers-customers.md) - [3.3.13 Direct to Customers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-13-direct-to-customers.md) - [3.3.14 Promotional Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-14-promotional-methods.md) - [3.3.15 Reasons for Promotion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-15-reasons-for-promotion.md) - [3.3.16 Advertising](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-16-advertising.md) - [3.3.17 Advertisement - Product Placement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-17-advertisement-product-placement.md) - [3.3.18 Public Relations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-18-public-relations.md) - [3.3.19 Sales Promotion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-19-sales-promotion.md) - [3.3.20 Sponsorship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-20-sponsorship.md) - [3.3.21 Social Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-21-social-media.md) - [3.3.22 Promotional Mix](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-22-promotional-mix.md) - [3.3.23 E-Commerce and M-Commerce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-23-e-commerce-and-m-commerce.md) - [3.3.24 Benefits & Drawbacks of E-Commerce and M-Commerce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-24-benefits-and-drawbacks-of-e-commerce-and-m-commerce.md) - [3.3.25 End of Topic Test - Marketing Mix](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-25-end-of-topic-test-marketing-mix.md) - [3.3.26 Grade 9 - Marketing Mix](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-26-grade-9-marketing-mix.md) - [3.3.27 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Decreasing Price](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-27-diagnostic-misconceptions-decreasing-price.md) - [3.3.28 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Advertise vs Promote](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-28-diagnostic-misconceptions-advertise-vs-promote.md) - [3.3.29 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Social Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-29-diagnostic-misconceptions-social-media.md) - [3.3.30 Marketing Strategy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-30-marketing-strategy.md) - [3.3.31 Entering Foreign Markets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-3-31-entering-foreign-markets.md) - 3.4 Legal Controls - [3.4.1 Legal Controls on Marketing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/3-4-1-legal-controls-on-marketing.md) ### 4 Operations Management - 4.1 Production of Goods & Services - [4.1.1 Production Processes Overview](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-1-production-processes-overview.md) - [4.1.2 Job Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-2-job-production.md) - [4.1.3 Flow Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-3-flow-production.md) - [4.1.4 Batch Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-4-batch-production.md) - [4.1.5 Production Efficiency - Lean Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-5-production-efficiency-lean-production.md) - [4.1.6 Managing Stock - Just in Time](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-6-managing-stock-just-in-time.md) - [4.1.7 Technology & Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-7-technology-and-production.md) - [4.1.8 Factors of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-8-factors-of-production.md) - [4.1.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - JIT vs JIC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-1-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-jit-vs-jic.md) - 4.2 Cost, Scale of Production & Break-Even Analysis - [4.2.1 Costs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-1-costs.md) - [4.2.2 Costs - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-2-costs-calculations.md) - [4.2.3 Economies of Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-3-economies-of-scale.md) - [4.2.4 Diseconomies of Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-4-diseconomies-of-scale.md) - [4.2.5 Break-Even Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-5-break-even-analysis.md) - [4.2.6 Profits and Losses - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-6-profits-and-losses-calculations.md) - [4.2.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Fixed Costs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-fixed-costs.md) - [4.2.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Economies of Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-economies-of-scale.md) - [4.2.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Break-Even](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-2-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-break-even.md) - 4.3 Achieving Quality Production - [4.3.1 Importance of Quality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-3-1-importance-of-quality.md) - [4.3.2 Measuring Quality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-3-2-measuring-quality.md) - [4.3.3 Quality control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-3-3-quality-control.md) - [4.3.4 Total Quality Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-3-4-total-quality-management.md) - [4.3.5 Benefits of Maintaining High Product/Service Qual.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-3-5-benefits-of-maintaining-high-productservice-qual.md) - [4.3.6 Costs of Maintaining High Quality/Service](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-3-6-costs-of-maintaining-high-qualityservice.md) - [4.3.7 End of Topic Test - Operational Decisions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-3-7-end-of-topic-test-operational-decisions.md) - 4.4 Location Decisions - [4.4.1 Business Location](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-4-1-business-location.md) - [4.4.2 Nature of Business Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/4-4-2-nature-of-business-activity.md) ### 5 Financial Information & Decisions - 5.1 Business Finance - [5.1.1 Finance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-1-1-finance.md) - [5.1.2 Sources of Finance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-1-2-sources-of-finance.md) - [5.1.3 Factors Affecting Financing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-1-3-factors-affecting-financing.md) - 5.2 Cash Flow Forecast - [5.2.1 Cash Flow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-2-1-cash-flow.md) - [5.2.2 Cash Flow Forecasts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-2-2-cash-flow-forecasts.md) - [5.2.3 Consequences of Cash Flow Problems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-2-3-consequences-of-cash-flow-problems.md) - [5.2.4 Cash Flow - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-2-4-cash-flow-calculations.md) - [5.2.5 Solutions to Cash Flow Problems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-2-5-solutions-to-cash-flow-problems.md) - [5.2.6 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cash Flow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-2-6-diagnostic-misconceptions-cash-flow.md) - 5.3 Profit & Loss - [5.3.1 Profit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-3-1-profit.md) - [5.3.2 Profit - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-3-2-profit-calculations.md) - [5.3.3 Financial Statements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-3-3-financial-statements.md) - [5.3.4 Income Statements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-3-4-income-statements.md) - [5.3.5 Financial Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-3-5-financial-data.md) - [5.3.6 Information from Graphs & Charts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-3-6-information-from-graphs-and-charts.md) - [5.3.7 End of Topic Test - Finance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-3-7-end-of-topic-test-finance.md) - [5.3.8 Grade 9 - Finance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-3-8-grade-9-finance.md) - 5.4 Statement of Financial Position - [5.4.1 Elements of a Statement of Financial](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-4-1-elements-of-a-statement-of-financial.md) - 5.5 Analysis of Accounts - [5.5.1 Gross Profit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-1-gross-profit.md) - [5.5.2 Liquidity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-2-liquidity.md) - [5.5.3 Gross Profit - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-3-gross-profit-calculations.md) - [5.5.4 Net Profit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-4-net-profit.md) - [5.5.5 Net Profit - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-5-net-profit-calculations.md) - [5.5.6 Operating Profit Margin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-6-operating-profit-margin.md) - [5.5.7 Markup](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-7-markup.md) - [5.5.8 Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-8-return-on-capital-employed-roce.md) - [5.5.9 Current Ratio & Acid Test Ratio](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/5-5-9-current-ratio-and-acid-test-ratio.md) ### 6 External Influences on Business Activity - 6.1 Economic Issues - [6.1.1 Business Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-1-1-business-cycle.md) - [6.1.2 Objectives of Government Economic Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-1-2-objectives-of-government-economic-policy.md) - [6.1.3 Provision of Public Services](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-1-3-provision-of-public-services.md) - [6.1.4 Taxation & Constraints on Public Spending](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-1-4-taxation-and-constraints-on-public-spending.md) - [6.1.5 The Government & Business Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-1-5-the-government-and-business-activity.md) - [6.1.6 Interest Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-1-6-interest-rates.md) - [6.1.7 Interest Rates - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-1-7-interest-rates-calculations.md) - [6.1.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Recession](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-1-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-recession.md) - 6.2 Business & the International Economy - [6.2.1 Multinational Companies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-2-1-multinational-companies.md) - [6.2.2 Exchange Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-2-2-exchange-rates.md) - 6.3 Business & the Environment - [6.3.1 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-3-1-globalisation.md) - [6.3.2 Environmental Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-3-2-environmental-issues.md) - [6.3.3 Business and Sustainability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-3-3-business-and-sustainability.md) - 6.4 Business & Ethical Issues - [6.4.1 Ethical Considerations for Businesses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-4-1-ethical-considerations-for-businesses.md) - [6.4.2 Benefits of Being Ethical](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-4-2-benefits-of-being-ethical.md) - 6.5 Pressure Groups - [6.5.1 Pressure Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/igcse/business/cambridge-international/6-5-1-pressure-groups.md)