Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-3-magnetic-flux-and-flux-linkage

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IB Diploma](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma.md) › [Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics.md) › [Physics: IB Diploma Higher Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level.md) › Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage

# Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage

Physics: IB Diploma Higher Level, topic 4.8.3

## Magnetic Flux Definitions

Three terms that are closely related but different are magnetic flux, magnetic flux density and magnetic flux linkage.

### Definitions

![Definitions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.6.4.2%20-%20Magnetic%20field%20around%20a%20solenoid-min.jpg)

- Magnetic flux is a measure of the number of field lines passing through a region of space.
- Magnetic flux density is a measure of the number of field lines passing through a region of space per unit cross-sectional area.
- Magnetic flux linkage is the product of the magnetic flux and the number of turns on a coil through which the field passes.

### Different flux density

![Different flux density](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/f7154eae-a46e-41aa-965f-5e15e310c911/different-flux-linkage-loops.png)

- The two loops in the diagram have the same flux but different flux densities since area Y is larger than area X.

### Different flux

![Different flux](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/f7154eae-a46e-41aa-965f-5e15e310c911/different-flux-linkage-loops.png)

- The two loops in the diagram have the same flux density but different flux since area Y is larger than area X.

### Different flux linkage

![Different flux linkage](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/758d80a1-d2c6-4bfb-83a9-652a82663984/different-flux-linkage-loops%20(1).png)

- The two loops in the diagram have the same flux and flux density, but as loop Y has twice the number of turns as loop X, the flux linkage in Y is twice that of loop X.

## Magnetic Flux and Flux Linkage

The formulae for magnetic flux and magnetic flux linkage are:

### Magnetic flux, Φ

![Magnetic flux, Φ](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.4.2%20Transformers/magnetic-field-min-min.jpg)

- The magnetic flux is the amount of magnetic field passing through a surface.
- The equation for magnetic flux is:
 - $$\Phi = BA \cos \theta = B_\perp A$$
    - Where $$\phi$$ is the flux, B is the field strength, A is the area and theta is the angle between the normal of the surface and the field.

### Magnetic flux linkage, nΦ

![Magnetic flux linkage, nΦ](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.4.1%20-%20Effects%20of%20forces/sping-min.jpg)

- The magnetic flux linkage is the amount of field passing through a coil of wire. It is the flux 'linked' to a wire. 
- The equation for the flux linkage is:
 - $$N \Phi = BAN \cos \theta$$
    - Where N is the number of coils in the wire.

## Magnetic Flux Linkage Experiment

This experiment investigates how magnetic flux linkage varies with the angle between a search coil and the magnetic field direction. This is done using a search coil and an oscilloscope.

### Apparatus

![Apparatus](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/6e844aee-3f0c-4982-93fd-27afd8375bd0/search-coil-experiment.png)

- Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
- The search coil will experience a flux linkage as determined by the formula: 
 - $$N \Phi = BAN \cos \theta$$.

### Underlying theory

![Underlying theory](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.6.4.2%20-%20Magnetic%20field%20around%20a%20solenoid-min.jpg)

- The magnetic field inside the coil will be uniform and running parallel to the length of the spring (across the page horizontally in the diagram).
- As the current is a.c., there will be a varying magnetic flux density through the search coil, and hence a varying flux linkage.

### Underlying theory 2

![Underlying theory 2](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/3.4.3%20-%20Oscilloscope%20traces%20for%20sound%20volume%20and%20pitch-min.png)

- This will induce an EMF in the search coil which is detected by the oscilloscope.
- The time base (time axis) of the oscilloscope is turned off, so that the a.c. induced gives a vertical line on the screen. The amplitude of this line (from the peak to the middle) gives the magnitude of the induced EMF.

### Method

![Method](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/6e844aee-3f0c-4982-93fd-27afd8375bd0/search-coil-experiment.png)

- The search coil can now be rotated so that the angle between the plane of the coil and the magnetic field lines changes.
- By recording the amplitude of the induced EMF every 10 degrees, a graph of EMF induced against angle can be plotted, showing the relationship between the flux linkage and the angle between the normal to the plane of the coil and the magnetic field lines.

## Test yourself on Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage

- Which of these factors will increase the magnetic flux linkage?
- Two systems have the same flux and flux density. System X has a flux linkage of 2 Wb-t. System Y has half the coils of system X, what is its flux linkage?
- What is the formula for magnetic flux?
- What is the correct equation for the magnetic flux linkage?
- At what angle will the induced EMF be at a maximum?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/d1080336-c86a-41e9-bd82-37d8d6e9f104/section/efd6b2f4-d0a5-4715-9fe8-8b59fdfac7c5/session)

- Previous topic: [4.8.2 Electromagnetic Induction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-2-electromagnetic-induction-2.md)
- Next topic: [4.8.4 End of Topic Test - Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-4-end-of-topic-test-electromagnetic-induction.md)

## Physics: IB Diploma Higher Level contents

### 1 Space, Time & Motion
- 1.1 Motion
  - [1.1.1 Motion Basics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-1-motion-basics.md)
  - [1.1.2 Graphs of Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-2-graphs-of-motion.md)
  - [1.1.3 Uniform Acceleration Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-3-uniform-acceleration-equations.md)
  - [1.1.4 Projectile Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-4-projectile-motion.md)
  - [1.1.5 Bouncing Ball Example](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-5-bouncing-ball-example.md)
- 1.2 Forces
  - [1.2.1 Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-1-friction.md)
  - [1.2.2 Terminal Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-2-terminal-speed.md)
  - [1.2.3 Newton's Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-3-newtons-laws.md)
  - [1.2.4 Exam-Style Question - Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-4-exam-style-question-forces.md)
  - [1.2.5 End of Topic Test - Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-5-end-of-topic-test-newtons-third-law.md)
- 1.3 Momentum & Impulse
  - [1.3.1 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-1-momentum.md)
  - [1.3.2 Momentum 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-2-momentum-2.md)
  - [1.3.3 End of Topic Test - Newton's Laws & Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-3-end-of-topic-test-newtons-laws-and-momentum.md)
- 1.4 Work, Energy & Power
  - [1.4.1 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-1-work-and-energy.md)
  - [1.4.2 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-2-conservation-of-energy.md)
  - [1.4.3 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-3-power-and-efficiency.md)
  - [1.4.4 IB Multiple Choice- Work, Energy & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-4-ib-multiple-choice-work-energy-and-power.md)

### 2 The Particulate Nature of Matter
- 2.1 Thermal Concepts
  - [2.1.1 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-1-molecular-kinetic-theory-model.md)
  - [2.1.2 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-2-molecular-kinetic-theory-model-2.md)
  - [2.1.3 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-3-thermal-energy-transfer.md)
  - [2.1.4 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-4-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md)
  - [2.1.5 Thermal Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-5-thermal-equilibrium.md)
  - [2.1.6 Thermal Conductivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-6-thermal-conductivity.md)
  - [2.1.7 Heat Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-7-heat-energy-transfer.md)
- 2.2 Modelling a Gas
  - [2.2.1 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-1-ideal-gases.md)
  - [2.2.2 Ideal Gases 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-2-ideal-gases-2.md)
  - [2.2.3 End of Topic Test - Thermal Energy & Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-3-end-of-topic-test-thermal-energy-and-ideal-gases.md)
  - [2.2.4 Exam-Style Question - Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-4-exam-style-question-ideal-gases.md)

### 3 Wave Behaviour
- 3.1 Oscillations
  - [3.1.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-1-progressive-waves.md)
  - [3.1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-2-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
- 3.2 Travelling Waves
  - [3.2.1 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-1-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md)
  - [3.2.2 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-2-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md)
  - [3.2.3 Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-3-electromagnetic-waves.md)
  - [3.2.4 Electromagnetic Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-4-electromagnetic-waves-2.md)
  - [3.2.5 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-5-sound-waves.md)
- 3.3 Wave Characteristics
  - [3.3.1 Polarisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-3-1-polarisation.md)
- 3.4 Wave Behaviour
  - [3.4.1 Reflection & Absorption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-1-reflection-and-absorption.md)
  - [3.4.2 Reflection of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-2-reflection-of-light.md)
  - [3.4.3 Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-3-refraction.md)
  - [3.4.4 Refractive index](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-4-refractive-index.md)
- 3.5 Standing Waves
  - [3.5.1 Standing Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-1-standing-waves.md)
  - [3.5.2 Standing Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-2-standing-waves-2.md)
  - [3.5.3 End of Topic Test - Standing Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-3-end-of-topic-test-standing-waves.md)
  - [3.5.4 IB Multiple Choice - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-4-ib-multiple-choice-waves.md)
- 3.6 Simple Harmonic Motion
  - [3.6.1 Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-1-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [3.6.2 Simple Harmonic Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-2-simple-harmonic-systems.md)
  - [3.6.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-3-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [3.6.4 End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-4-end-of-topic-test-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [3.6.5 End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-5-end-of-topic-test-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
- 3.7 Single Slit Diffraction
  - [3.7.1 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-1-diffraction.md)
- 3.8 Interference
  - [3.8.1 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-1-interference.md)
  - [3.8.2 Interference 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-2-interference-2.md)
  - [3.8.3 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-3-diffraction-gratings.md)
  - [3.8.4 End of Topic Test - Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-4-end-of-topic-test-diffraction.md)
- 3.9 Doppler Effect
  - [3.9.1 Doppler Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-1-doppler-effect.md)

### 4 Fields
- 4.1 Circular Motion
  - [4.1.1 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-1-circular-motion.md)
  - [4.1.2 Centripetal Force](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-2-centripetal-force.md)
  - [4.1.3 IB Multiple Choice - Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-3-ib-multiple-choice-circular-motion.md)
- 4.2 Newton's Law of Gravitation
  - [4.2.1 Newton's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-1-newtons-law.md)
  - [4.2.2 Orbits of Planets & Satellites](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-2-orbits-of-planets-and-satellites.md)
  - [4.2.3 Escape Velocity & Synchronous Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-3-escape-velocity-and-synchronous-orbits.md)
  - [4.2.4 End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-4-end-of-topic-test-gravitational-fields.md)
- 4.3 Fields
  - [4.3.1 Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-1-fields.md)
  - [4.3.2 Gravitational Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-2-gravitational-field-strength.md)
  - [4.3.3 Gravitational Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-3-gravitational-potential.md)
  - [4.3.4 Electric Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-4-electric-field-strength.md)
  - [4.3.5 Electrostatic & Gravitational Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-5-electrostatic-and-gravitational-forces.md)
  - [4.3.6 Electric Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-6-electric-potential.md)
  - [4.3.7 IB Multiple Choice - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-7-ib-multiple-choice-gravitational-fields.md)
- 4.4 Fields at Work
  - [4.4.1 Radial Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-1-radial-field-strength.md)
  - [4.4.2 Orbits of Planets & Satellites](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-2-orbits-of-planets-and-satellites.md)
  - [4.4.3 Escape Velocity & Synchronous Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-3-escape-velocity-and-synchronous-orbits.md)
  - [4.4.4 End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-4-end-of-topic-test-gravitational-fields.md)
  - [4.4.5 Uniform Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-5-uniform-electric-fields.md)
  - [4.4.6 IB Multiple Choice - Electric Field & Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-6-ib-multiple-choice-electric-field-and-potential.md)
- 4.5 Electric Fields
  - [4.5.1 Electric Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-1-electric-charge.md)
  - [4.5.2 Conservation of Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-2-conservation-of-charge.md)
  - [4.5.3 Coulomb's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-3-coulombs-law.md)
  - [4.5.4 Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-4-current.md)
  - [4.5.5 Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-5-potential-difference.md)
  - [4.5.6 IB Multiple Choice - Electric Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-6-ib-multiple-choice-electric-charge.md)
- 4.6 Magnetic Effect of Electric Currents
  - [4.6.1 Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-1-magnetism.md)
  - [4.6.2 Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-2-magnetic-field.md)
  - [4.6.3 Magnetic Force](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-3-magnetic-force.md)
  - [4.6.4 Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-4-moving-charges-in-a-magnetic-field.md)
  - [4.6.5 IB Multiple Choice - Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-5-ib-multiple-choice-magnetism.md)
- 4.7 Heating Effect of Currents
  - [4.7.1 Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-7-1-circuits.md)
  - [4.7.2 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-7-2-resistance.md)
  - [4.7.3 Power and Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-7-3-power-and-conservation.md)
  - [4.7.4 IB Multiple Choice - DC Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-7-4-ib-multiple-choice-dc-circuits.md)
- 4.8 Electromagnetic Induction
  - [4.8.1 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-1-electromagnetic-induction.md)
  - [4.8.2 Electromagnetic Induction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-2-electromagnetic-induction-2.md)
  - [4.8.3 Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-3-magnetic-flux-and-flux-linkage.md)
  - [4.8.4 End of Topic Test - Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-4-end-of-topic-test-electromagnetic-induction.md)
- 4.9 Power Generation & Transmission
  - [4.9.1 Alternating Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-9-1-alternating-currents.md)
  - [4.9.2 Operation of a Transformer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-9-2-operation-of-a-transformer.md)
- 4.10 Capacitance
  - [4.10.1 Capacitance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-1-capacitance.md)
  - [4.10.2 Parallel Plate Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-2-parallel-plate-capacitor.md)
  - [4.10.3 Energy Stored by a Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-3-energy-stored-by-a-capacitor.md)
  - [4.10.4 Capacitor Discharge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-4-capacitor-discharge.md)
  - [4.10.5 Capacitor Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-5-capacitor-charge.md)
  - [4.10.6 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-6-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [4.10.7 End of Topic Test - Capacitance & Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-7-end-of-topic-test-capacitance-and-flux-density.md)

### 5 Nuclear & Quantum Physics
- 5.1 Discrete Energy & Radioactivity
  - [5.1.1 Atomic Spectra](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-1-atomic-spectra.md)
  - [5.1.2 Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-2-atomic-structure.md)
  - [5.1.3 Photons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-3-photons.md)
  - [5.1.4 Discrete Energy Levels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-4-discrete-energy-levels.md)
  - [5.1.5 Alpha, Beta & Gamma Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-5-alpha-beta-and-gamma-radiation.md)
  - [5.1.6 Scientific Practices - Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-6-scientific-practices-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [5.1.7 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-7-radioactive-decay.md)
  - [5.1.8 IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-8-ib-multiple-choice-atomic-physics.md)
- 5.2 Nuclear Reactions
  - [5.2.1 Mass & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-1-mass-and-energy.md)
  - [5.2.2 Nuclear Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-2-nuclear-fission.md)
- 5.3 The Interaction of Matter with Radiation
  - [5.3.1 Particles, Antiparticles & Photons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-1-particles-antiparticles-and-photons.md)
  - [5.3.2 Particle Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-2-particle-interactions.md)
  - [5.3.3 Classification of Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-3-classification-of-particles.md)
  - [5.3.4 Wave-Particle Duality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-4-wave-particle-duality.md)
  - [5.3.5 Wave Functions & Probability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-5-wave-functions-and-probability.md)
  - [5.3.6 IB Multiple Choice - Quantum Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-6-ib-multiple-choice-quantum-physics.md)
- 5.4 Nuclear Physics
  - [5.4.1 Nuclear Instability & Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-1-nuclear-instability-and-radioactive-decay.md)
  - [5.4.2 Nuclear Radius](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-2-nuclear-radius.md)
  - [5.4.3 IB Multiple Choice - Nuclear Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-3-ib-multiple-choice-nuclear-physics.md)

### 6 Measurements
- 6.1 Measurements & Errors
  - [6.1.1 Fundamental Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-1-fundamental-units.md)
  - [6.1.2 SI Prefixes, Standard Form & Converting Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-2-si-prefixes-standard-form-and-converting-units.md)
  - [6.1.3 End of Topic Test - Units & Prefixes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-3-end-of-topic-test-units-and-prefixes.md)
- 6.2 Uncertainties & Errors
  - [6.2.1 Limitation of Physical Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-1-limitation-of-physical-measurements.md)
  - [6.2.2 Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-2-uncertainty.md)
  - [6.2.3 Estimation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-3-estimation.md)
  - [6.2.4 End of Topic Test - Measurements & Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-4-end-of-topic-test-measurements-and-errors.md)
- 6.3 Vectors & Scalars
  - [6.3.1 Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-1-scalars-and-vectors.md)
  - [6.3.2 Vector Problems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-2-vector-problems.md)