Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-2-interference-2 [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IB Diploma](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma.md) › [Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics.md) › [Physics: IB Diploma Higher Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level.md) › Interference 2 # Interference 2 Physics: IB Diploma Higher Level, topic 3.8.2 ## Laser Safety Lasers are dangerous and need careful handling and use. ### Laser safety ![Laser safety](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/59e2466c-2be3-44b5-8a16-659f8231f3c2/laser-goggles-safety-.jpg) - To be safe with lasers you should: - Not point the laser in people's eyes. - Wear protective clothing and eyewear as necessary. - Make sure that internationally agreed signage is used outside and inside laboratories. - Stick to institutional safety requirements. ### Danger of lasers ![Danger of lasers](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/3784b1e7-a32e-4b09-b88d-cae55930f4e5/laser-eye-safety-.jpg) - We need to be safe with lasers because they are highly luminous over a very small area. - The major risk with lasers is eye injury. - With high powered lasers, the body's natural aversion reflex (the eye will automatically look away from a bright source) is too slow to prevent damage to the retina. ## Understanding EM Radiation Scientists have changed and updated their understanding of the nature of electromagnetic radiation over time. Newton, Huygens, Young and Einstein are prominent scientists in the theory of light. ### Newton's corpuscles ![Newton's corpuscles](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/a5713dd3-6649-44de-a6b4-85a0137271f6/light-photons-fibre-optic.jpg) - In the 1600s Isaac Newton theorised light as made up of "corpuscles", little packets of light. ### Huygens' waves ![Huygens' waves](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/1ca3e7c9-7a9b-4f79-ac65-937467643603/light-waves-front-.jpg) - Huygens stated his wavefront theory in the 1600s. ### Young's double slit experiment ![Young's double slit experiment](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/f8c18779-a1a4-444c-a1fd-43a616d8fa1c/white%20light%20interference.png) - Young, with his double-slit experiment, provided evidence of Huygens' wavefront principle. ### Einstein's photons ![Einstein's photons](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/5043ad12-73cc-473b-b9b2-ff652be639f4/photons-einstein-.jpg) - Einstein provided evidence, through the photoelectric effect, supporting Newton's corpuscular theory. - This was the beginnings of quantum theory. ### Compton's scattering experiment ![Compton's scattering experiment](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/a02e2db6-4b49-4a00-bf12-c174ddfbcd12/light-scatter-photons-.jpg) - Further on in the 20th century, Compton scattering (a photon scattering off an electron) provided more evidence for the quantisation of light. ## Interference of Sound Waves Interference can be observed in all types of waves, including sound waves. ### Experimental set up ![Experimental set up](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/aee1f98f-3797-485f-8f1d-3dc5725f73f0/sound-wave-interference.png) - To observe interference in sound waves, we can use the above set up. - The two sources need to be coherent, meaning that the same sound must be played at the same time in each speaker. ### Move microphone ![Move microphone](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/aee1f98f-3797-485f-8f1d-3dc5725f73f0/sound-wave-interference.png) - By moving the microphone from one side to the other, we can measure constructive and destructive interference by whether the noise is loud or quiet. ## Test yourself on Interference 2 - Which of these must you do when using lasers? - History of EM Radiation - What experiment did Einstein conclude meant that light was made up of photons? - When measuring the interference from two sound waves what do the quiet areas correspond to? - Why do the sound waves from both speakers have to be coherent? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/d1080336-c86a-41e9-bd82-37d8d6e9f104/section/25f74660-5919-4784-a6e8-63e31c7665df/session) - Previous topic: [3.8.1 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-1-interference.md) - Next topic: [3.8.3 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-3-diffraction-gratings.md) ## Physics: IB Diploma Higher Level contents ### 1 Space, Time & Motion - 1.1 Motion - [1.1.1 Motion Basics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-1-motion-basics.md) - [1.1.2 Graphs of Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-2-graphs-of-motion.md) - [1.1.3 Uniform Acceleration Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-3-uniform-acceleration-equations.md) - [1.1.4 Projectile Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-4-projectile-motion.md) - [1.1.5 Bouncing Ball Example](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-5-bouncing-ball-example.md) - 1.2 Forces - [1.2.1 Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-1-friction.md) - [1.2.2 Terminal Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-2-terminal-speed.md) - [1.2.3 Newton's Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-3-newtons-laws.md) - [1.2.4 Exam-Style Question - Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-4-exam-style-question-forces.md) - [1.2.5 End of Topic Test - Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-5-end-of-topic-test-newtons-third-law.md) - 1.3 Momentum & Impulse - [1.3.1 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-1-momentum.md) - [1.3.2 Momentum 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-2-momentum-2.md) - [1.3.3 End of Topic Test - Newton's Laws & Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-3-end-of-topic-test-newtons-laws-and-momentum.md) - 1.4 Work, Energy & Power - [1.4.1 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-1-work-and-energy.md) - [1.4.2 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-2-conservation-of-energy.md) - [1.4.3 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-3-power-and-efficiency.md) - [1.4.4 IB Multiple Choice- Work, Energy & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-4-ib-multiple-choice-work-energy-and-power.md) ### 2 The Particulate Nature of Matter - 2.1 Thermal Concepts - [2.1.1 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-1-molecular-kinetic-theory-model.md) - [2.1.2 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-2-molecular-kinetic-theory-model-2.md) - [2.1.3 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-3-thermal-energy-transfer.md) - [2.1.4 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-4-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md) - [2.1.5 Thermal Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-5-thermal-equilibrium.md) - [2.1.6 Thermal Conductivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-6-thermal-conductivity.md) - [2.1.7 Heat Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-7-heat-energy-transfer.md) - 2.2 Modelling a Gas - [2.2.1 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-1-ideal-gases.md) - [2.2.2 Ideal Gases 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-2-ideal-gases-2.md) - [2.2.3 End of Topic Test - Thermal Energy & Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-3-end-of-topic-test-thermal-energy-and-ideal-gases.md) - [2.2.4 Exam-Style Question - Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-4-exam-style-question-ideal-gases.md) ### 3 Wave Behaviour - 3.1 Oscillations - [3.1.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-1-progressive-waves.md) - [3.1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-2-simple-harmonic-motion.md) - 3.2 Travelling Waves - [3.2.1 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-1-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md) - [3.2.2 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-2-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md) - [3.2.3 Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-3-electromagnetic-waves.md) - [3.2.4 Electromagnetic Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-4-electromagnetic-waves-2.md) - [3.2.5 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-5-sound-waves.md) - 3.3 Wave Characteristics - [3.3.1 Polarisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-3-1-polarisation.md) - 3.4 Wave Behaviour - [3.4.1 Reflection & Absorption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-1-reflection-and-absorption.md) - [3.4.2 Reflection of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-2-reflection-of-light.md) - [3.4.3 Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-3-refraction.md) - [3.4.4 Refractive index](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-4-refractive-index.md) - 3.5 Standing Waves - [3.5.1 Standing Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-1-standing-waves.md) - [3.5.2 Standing Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-2-standing-waves-2.md) - [3.5.3 End of Topic Test - Standing Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-3-end-of-topic-test-standing-waves.md) - [3.5.4 IB Multiple Choice - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-4-ib-multiple-choice-waves.md) - 3.6 Simple Harmonic Motion - [3.6.1 Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-1-simple-harmonic-motion.md) - [3.6.2 Simple Harmonic Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-2-simple-harmonic-systems.md) - [3.6.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-3-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion.md) - [3.6.4 End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-4-end-of-topic-test-simple-harmonic-motion.md) - [3.6.5 End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-5-end-of-topic-test-simple-harmonic-motion.md) - 3.7 Single Slit Diffraction - [3.7.1 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-1-diffraction.md) - 3.8 Interference - [3.8.1 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-1-interference.md) - [3.8.2 Interference 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-2-interference-2.md) - [3.8.3 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-3-diffraction-gratings.md) - [3.8.4 End of Topic Test - Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-4-end-of-topic-test-diffraction.md) - 3.9 Doppler Effect - [3.9.1 Doppler Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-1-doppler-effect.md) ### 4 Fields - 4.1 Circular Motion - [4.1.1 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-1-circular-motion.md) - [4.1.2 Centripetal Force](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-2-centripetal-force.md) - [4.1.3 IB Multiple Choice - Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-3-ib-multiple-choice-circular-motion.md) - 4.2 Newton's Law of Gravitation - [4.2.1 Newton's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-1-newtons-law.md) - [4.2.2 Orbits of Planets & Satellites](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-2-orbits-of-planets-and-satellites.md) - [4.2.3 Escape Velocity & Synchronous Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-3-escape-velocity-and-synchronous-orbits.md) - [4.2.4 End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-4-end-of-topic-test-gravitational-fields.md) - 4.3 Fields - [4.3.1 Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-1-fields.md) - [4.3.2 Gravitational Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-2-gravitational-field-strength.md) - [4.3.3 Gravitational Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-3-gravitational-potential.md) - [4.3.4 Electric Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-4-electric-field-strength.md) - [4.3.5 Electrostatic & Gravitational Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-5-electrostatic-and-gravitational-forces.md) - [4.3.6 Electric Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-6-electric-potential.md) - [4.3.7 IB Multiple Choice - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-7-ib-multiple-choice-gravitational-fields.md) - 4.4 Fields at Work - [4.4.1 Radial Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-1-radial-field-strength.md) - [4.4.2 Orbits of Planets & Satellites](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-2-orbits-of-planets-and-satellites.md) - [4.4.3 Escape Velocity & Synchronous Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-3-escape-velocity-and-synchronous-orbits.md) - [4.4.4 End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-4-end-of-topic-test-gravitational-fields.md) - [4.4.5 Uniform Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-5-uniform-electric-fields.md) - [4.4.6 IB Multiple Choice - Electric Field & Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-4-6-ib-multiple-choice-electric-field-and-potential.md) - 4.5 Electric Fields - [4.5.1 Electric Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-1-electric-charge.md) - [4.5.2 Conservation of Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-2-conservation-of-charge.md) - [4.5.3 Coulomb's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-3-coulombs-law.md) - [4.5.4 Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-4-current.md) - [4.5.5 Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-5-potential-difference.md) - [4.5.6 IB Multiple Choice - Electric Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-5-6-ib-multiple-choice-electric-charge.md) - 4.6 Magnetic Effect of Electric Currents - [4.6.1 Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-1-magnetism.md) - [4.6.2 Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-2-magnetic-field.md) - [4.6.3 Magnetic Force](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-3-magnetic-force.md) - [4.6.4 Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-4-moving-charges-in-a-magnetic-field.md) - [4.6.5 IB Multiple Choice - Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-6-5-ib-multiple-choice-magnetism.md) - 4.7 Heating Effect of Currents - [4.7.1 Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-7-1-circuits.md) - [4.7.2 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-7-2-resistance.md) - [4.7.3 Power and Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-7-3-power-and-conservation.md) - [4.7.4 IB Multiple Choice - DC Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-7-4-ib-multiple-choice-dc-circuits.md) - 4.8 Electromagnetic Induction - [4.8.1 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-1-electromagnetic-induction.md) - [4.8.2 Electromagnetic Induction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-2-electromagnetic-induction-2.md) - [4.8.3 Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-3-magnetic-flux-and-flux-linkage.md) - [4.8.4 End of Topic Test - Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-8-4-end-of-topic-test-electromagnetic-induction.md) - 4.9 Power Generation & Transmission - [4.9.1 Alternating Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-9-1-alternating-currents.md) - [4.9.2 Operation of a Transformer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-9-2-operation-of-a-transformer.md) - 4.10 Capacitance - [4.10.1 Capacitance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-1-capacitance.md) - [4.10.2 Parallel Plate Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-2-parallel-plate-capacitor.md) - [4.10.3 Energy Stored by a Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-3-energy-stored-by-a-capacitor.md) - [4.10.4 Capacitor Discharge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-4-capacitor-discharge.md) - [4.10.5 Capacitor Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-5-capacitor-charge.md) - [4.10.6 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-6-magnetic-flux-density.md) - [4.10.7 End of Topic Test - Capacitance & Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-10-7-end-of-topic-test-capacitance-and-flux-density.md) ### 5 Nuclear & Quantum Physics - 5.1 Discrete Energy & Radioactivity - [5.1.1 Atomic Spectra](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-1-atomic-spectra.md) - [5.1.2 Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-2-atomic-structure.md) - [5.1.3 Photons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-3-photons.md) - [5.1.4 Discrete Energy Levels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-4-discrete-energy-levels.md) - [5.1.5 Alpha, Beta & Gamma Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-5-alpha-beta-and-gamma-radiation.md) - [5.1.6 Scientific Practices - Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-6-scientific-practices-unstable-nuclei.md) - [5.1.7 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-7-radioactive-decay.md) - [5.1.8 IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-8-ib-multiple-choice-atomic-physics.md) - 5.2 Nuclear Reactions - [5.2.1 Mass & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-1-mass-and-energy.md) - [5.2.2 Nuclear Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-2-nuclear-fission.md) - 5.3 The Interaction of Matter with Radiation - [5.3.1 Particles, Antiparticles & Photons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-1-particles-antiparticles-and-photons.md) - [5.3.2 Particle Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-2-particle-interactions.md) - [5.3.3 Classification of Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-3-classification-of-particles.md) - [5.3.4 Wave-Particle Duality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-4-wave-particle-duality.md) - [5.3.5 Wave Functions & Probability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-5-wave-functions-and-probability.md) - [5.3.6 IB Multiple Choice - Quantum Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-6-ib-multiple-choice-quantum-physics.md) - 5.4 Nuclear Physics - [5.4.1 Nuclear Instability & Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-1-nuclear-instability-and-radioactive-decay.md) - [5.4.2 Nuclear Radius](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-2-nuclear-radius.md) - [5.4.3 IB Multiple Choice - Nuclear Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-3-ib-multiple-choice-nuclear-physics.md) ### 6 Measurements - 6.1 Measurements & Errors - [6.1.1 Fundamental Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-1-fundamental-units.md) - [6.1.2 SI Prefixes, Standard Form & Converting Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-2-si-prefixes-standard-form-and-converting-units.md) - [6.1.3 End of Topic Test - Units & Prefixes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-3-end-of-topic-test-units-and-prefixes.md) - 6.2 Uncertainties & Errors - [6.2.1 Limitation of Physical Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-1-limitation-of-physical-measurements.md) - [6.2.2 Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-2-uncertainty.md) - [6.2.3 Estimation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-3-estimation.md) - [6.2.4 End of Topic Test - Measurements & Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-4-end-of-topic-test-measurements-and-errors.md) - 6.3 Vectors & Scalars - [6.3.1 Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-1-scalars-and-vectors.md) - [6.3.2 Vector Problems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/physics/physics-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-2-vector-problems.md)