Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-2-rate-equations-2 [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IB Diploma](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry.md) › [Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level.md) › Rate Equations 2 # Rate Equations 2 Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level, topic 5.2.2 ## The Rate Determining Step (RDS) Reactions don’t always happen in one step. They may need many different collisions. Fortunately, most reactions have one step much slower than the rest, and so rate equations only depend on this one step. ### RDS ![RDS](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/2.2.1%20Thermal%20expansion/slow-tortoise-min.jpg) - The rate determining step (RDS) is the slowest step in a reaction. - It is the slowest because it has the highest activation energy for a successful collision. ### An analogy for the RDS ![An analogy for the RDS](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/b31da3d9-60a7-422d-b155-9249cda806be/tube%20-%20station-%20barrier.png) - You can think of it like the ticket barriers at a crowded tube station. - People on the other side of the barriers can move very quickly, and people before the barriers can also move very quickly. - But it takes ages to get on a tube in rush hour because you can’t get through the barriers very fast. - Getting through the barriers is the rate determining step in your tube journey. ## Mechanistic Information The rate equation for a reaction can give us some important details about the mechanism for the reaction. ### RDS and the reaction mechanism ![RDS and the reaction mechanism](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/995805af-6f23-4162-8636-68ed914acb39/brownian-motion-molecules-.jpg) - Any reactant appearing in the rate equation is involved in the rate determining step (RDS). - If two reactants appear in the rate equation, we know they’re both involved in the RDS. - This means the mechanism must involve them colliding at some point. ### Reactant orders ![Reactant orders](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/995805af-6f23-4162-8636-68ed914acb39/brownian-motion-molecules-.jpg) - If a reactant appears in a rate equation, it will have an order. - If the order is one, then one molecule of the reactant is involved in the rate determining step. - If the order is two, then two molecules are involved. - This gives us more information about which molecules, and how many of them, are colliding at some point in the mechanism. ### Reaction - nucleophile and halogenoalkane ![Reaction - nucleophile and halogenoalkane](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/995805af-6f23-4162-8636-68ed914acb39/brownian-motion-molecules-.jpg) - There are two possible mechanisms for the reaction between a nucleophile (say, OH-) and a halogenoalkane (say, 2-bromo-2-methylbutane). - You can have a one-step process where the nucleophile collides with the halogenoalkane and ejects the bromide ion. - You could also have a two-step process where the bromide leaves first and then the nucleophile adds. - For this reaction, it’s found that the rate equation is: - Rate = k[CH3CH2CH(CH3)BrCH3] - This implies that the nucleophile is not involved in the RDS, and so the mechanism does not involve the collision of the nucleophile with the halogenoalkane. ## Test yourself on Rate Equations 2 - What is a good analogy for the rate determining step (RDS)? - What does RDS stand for? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/6c044999-c7c8-4b67-b944-b6da4b0bd02e/section/3eed6a8e-c2c2-4097-aab0-49b0146262df/session) - Previous topic: [5.2.1 Rate Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-1-rate-equations.md) - Next topic: [5.2.3 The Effect of a Catalyst](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-3-the-effect-of-a-catalyst.md) ## Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level contents ### 1 Structure - Models of the Particulate of Matter - 1.1 Introduction to the Particulate Model of Matter - [1.1.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-1-states-of-matter.md) - [1.1.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-2-kinetic-molecular-theory.md) - [1.1.3 Simple Sphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-3-simple-sphere.md) - [1.1.4 Changing State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-4-changing-state.md) - [1.1.5 Forces Between Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-5-forces-between-particles.md) - [1.1.6 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-6-changes-of-state.md) - [1.1.7 Predicting States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-7-predicting-states.md) - [1.1.8 Changing State HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-8-changing-state-hyperlearning.md) - [1.1.9 Ionization Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-9-ionization-energy.md) - 1.2 The Nuclear Atom - [1.2.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-1-fundamental-particles.md) - [1.2.2 Isotopes & Mass Number](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-2-isotopes-and-mass-number.md) - [1.2.3 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-3-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.4 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-4-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.5 Mass Spectroscopy - Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-5-mass-spectroscopy-analysis.md) - [1.2.6 Extended Response - Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-6-extended-response-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.7 Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-7-radioactivity.md) - 1.3 Electron Configuration - [1.3.1 Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-1-electron-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals.md) - [1.3.2 Electron Configuration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-2-electron-configuration.md) - [1.3.3 Absorption & Emission Spectra](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-3-absorption-and-emission-spectra.md) - [1.3.4 IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-4-ib-multiple-choice-atomic-structure.md) - [1.3.5 Extended Response - The Atom & Electrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-5-extended-response-the-atom-and-electrons.md) - 1.4 Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole - [1.4.1 Relative Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-1-relative-masses.md) - [1.4.2 The Mole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-2-the-mole.md) - [1.4.3 IB Multiple Choice - Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-3-ib-multiple-choice-moles.md) - 1.5 Ideal Gases - [1.5.1 Ideal Gas Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-1-ideal-gas-equation.md) - [1.5.2 Gas Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-2-gas-laws.md) - [1.5.3 IB Multiple Choice - Gases & Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-3-ib-multiple-choice-gases-and-kinetics.md) - 1.6 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures - [1.6.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-1-fundamental-particles.md) - [1.6.2 Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-2-pure-substances.md) - [1.6.3 Purity & The Law of Definite Proportion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-3-purity-and-the-law-of-definite-proportion.md) - [1.6.4 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-4-mixtures.md) - [1.6.5 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-5-separating-mixtures.md) - [1.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-pure-substances.md) - [1.6.7 Extended Response - Moles & Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-7-extended-response-moles-and-pure-substances.md) - 1.7 States of Matter & Changes of State - [1.7.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-1-states-of-matter.md) - [1.7.2 Particle Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-2-particle-diagrams.md) - [1.7.3 IB Multiple Choice - Solids, Liquids, & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-3-ib-multiple-choice-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) - [1.7.4 Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-4-balancing-equations-and-ionic-equations.md) - [1.7.5 Empirical & Molecular Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-5-empirical-and-molecular-formulas.md) - 1.8 Reacting Masses &. Volumes - [1.8.1 Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-8-1-balancing-equations-and-ionic-equations.md) - [1.8.2 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-8-2-percentage-yield.md) - 1.9 Solutions - [1.9.1 Molarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-9-1-molarity.md) - [1.9.2 Particulate Model of Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-9-2-particulate-model-of-solutions.md) ### 2 Structure - Models of Bonding & Structure - 2.1 The Ionic Model - [2.1.1 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-1-ionic-bonding.md) - 2.2 The Covalent Model - [2.2.1 Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-1-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.2.2 Complex Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-2-complex-ions.md) - [2.2.3 Factors Affecting Covalent Bond Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-3-factors-affecting-covalent-bond-strength.md) - [2.2.4 Polarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-4-polarity.md) - 2.3 Covalent Structures - [2.3.1 Ionic Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-1-ionic-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.2 Covalent Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-2-covalent-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.3 VSEPR Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-3-vsepr-theory.md) - [2.3.4 Resonance Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-4-resonance-structures.md) - [2.3.5 Allotropes of Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-5-allotropes-of-carbon.md) - [2.3.6 Formal Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-6-formal-charge.md) - [2.3.7 End of Topic Quiz - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-7-end-of-topic-quiz-bonding.md) - [2.3.8 IB Multiple Choice - Bonding & Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-8-ib-multiple-choice-bonding-and-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.9 IB Multiple Choice - Resonance & Formal Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-9-ib-multiple-choice-resonance-and-formal-charge.md) - 2.4 The Metallic Model - [2.4.1 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-4-1-metallic-bonding.md) - 2.5 From Models to Materials - [2.5.1 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-1-alloys.md) - [2.5.2 Properties of Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-2-properties-of-polymers.md) - [2.5.3 Polymerisation Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-3-polymerisation-reactions.md) - [2.5.4 Introduction to Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-4-introduction-to-alkenes.md) - [2.5.5 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-5-reactions-of-alkenes.md) - [2.5.6 End of Topic Quiz - Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-6-end-of-topic-quiz-alkenes.md) - 2.6 Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds - [2.6.1 Valence Electrons & Forming Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-1-valence-electrons-and-forming-ions.md) - [2.6.2 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-2-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.6.3 End of Topic Quiz - Atoms & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-3-end-of-topic-quiz-atoms-and-ions.md) - [2.6.4 IB Multiple Choice - Valence & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-4-ib-multiple-choice-valence-and-ions.md) - 2.7 Molecular Shape - [2.7.1 VSEPR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-1-vsepr.md) - [2.7.2 Molecular Shapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-2-molecular-shapes.md) - [2.7.3 Bond Hybridization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-3-bond-hybridization.md) - [2.7.4 IB Multiple Choice - VSEPR & Bond Hybridization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-4-ib-multiple-choice-vsepr-and-bond-hybridization.md) - [2.7.5 Extended Response - Bonding & Molecular Shape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-5-extended-response-bonding-and-molecular-shape.md) - 2.8 Intermolecular Forces - [2.8.1 Introduction to Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-1-introduction-to-intermolecular-forces.md) - [2.8.2 London Dispersion Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-2-london-dispersion-forces.md) - [2.8.3 Dipole-Dipole Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-3-dipole-dipole-interactions.md) - [2.8.4 Ion-Dipole Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-4-ion-dipole-interactions.md) - [2.8.5 Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-5-hydrogen-bonding.md) - [2.8.6 Large Biomolecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-6-large-biomolecules.md) - [2.8.7 IB Multiple Choice - Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-7-ib-multiple-choice-intermolecular-forces.md) - [2.8.8 Extended Response - Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-8-extended-response-hydrogen-bonding.md) ### 3 Structure - Classification of Matter - 3.1 The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements - [3.1.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-1-the-periodic-table.md) - [3.1.2 Trends in the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-2-trends-in-the-periodic-table.md) - [3.1.3 End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity & Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-3-end-of-topic-quiz-periodicity-and-trends.md) - [3.1.4 Periodic Trends - Electronegativity & Affinity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-4-periodic-trends-electronegativity-and-affinity.md) - [3.1.5 End of Topic Quiz - Periodic Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-5-end-of-topic-quiz-periodic-trends.md) - [3.1.6 IB Multiple Choice - Periodic Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-6-ib-multiple-choice-periodic-trends.md) - [3.1.7 Extended Response - Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-7-extended-response-periodic-table.md) - 3.2 Periodic Trends - [3.2.1 Atomic & Ionic Radii](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-1-atomic-and-ionic-radii.md) - [3.2.2 Ionisation & Electronegativity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-2-ionisation-and-electronegativity.md) - [3.2.3 Metallic Behaviour & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-3-metallic-behaviour-and-oxides.md) - [3.2.4 Period 3 Elements & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-4-period-3-elements-and-oxides.md) - [3.2.5 Period 3 Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-5-period-3-oxides.md) - [3.2.6 End of Topic Quiz - Period 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-6-end-of-topic-quiz-period-3.md) - [3.2.7 Periodic Trends: Blocks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-7-periodic-trends-blocks.md) - [3.2.8 Redox Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-8-redox-chemistry.md) - 3.3 Group 1 Alkali Metals - [3.3.1 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-3-1-alkali-metals.md) - 3.4 Halogens - [3.4.1 Introduction to Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-1-introduction-to-halogens.md) - [3.4.2 Reactions of Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-2-reactions-of-halogens.md) - [3.4.3 Chlorine & Chlorate(I)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-3-chlorine-and-chloratei.md) - [3.4.4 End of Topic Quiz - Group 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-4-end-of-topic-quiz-group-7.md) - [3.4.5 Exam-Style Question - Group 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-5-exam-style-question-group-7.md) - [3.4.6 End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity, Group 2 & 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-6-end-of-topic-quiz-periodicity-group-2-and-7.md) - 3.5 Noble gases, group 18 - [3.5.1 Noble Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-1-noble-gases.md) - 3.6 Functional Groups: Classification of Organic - [3.6.1 Nomenclature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-1-nomenclature.md) - [3.6.2 Trends in Physical Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-2-trends-in-physical-properties.md) - [3.6.3 Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-3-saturated-and-unsaturated-hydrocarbons.md) - [3.6.4 Nomenclature contd.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-4-nomenclature-contd.md) - [3.6.5 Types of Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-5-types-of-formulas.md) - [3.6.6 Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-6-isomerism.md) - [3.6.7 Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-7-formulae.md) - [3.6.8 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-8-homologous-series.md) - [3.6.9 Structural Isomers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-9-structural-isomers.md) - 3.7 Functional Group Chemistry - [3.7.1 Degrees of Substitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-1-degrees-of-substitution.md) - [3.7.2 Arenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-2-arenes.md) - 3.8 Alkanes - [3.8.1 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-1-alkanes.md) - [3.8.2 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-2-fractional-distillation.md) - [3.8.3 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-3-cracking.md) - [3.8.4 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-4-combustion.md) - [3.8.5 Chlorination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-5-chlorination.md) - [3.8.6 End of Topic Quiz - Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-6-end-of-topic-quiz-alkanes.md) - 3.9 Alcohols - [3.9.1 Production of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-1-production-of-alcohols.md) - [3.9.2 Oxidation of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-2-oxidation-of-alcohols.md) - [3.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols - 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-3-oxidation-of-alcohols-2.md) - [3.9.4 Elimination Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-4-elimination-reactions.md) - [3.9.5 End of Topic Quiz - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-5-end-of-topic-quiz-alcohols.md) - [3.9.6 Exam-Style Question - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-6-exam-style-question-alcohols.md) - 3.10 Halogenoalkanes - [3.10.1 Substitution Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-1-substitution-reactions.md) - [3.10.2 Elimination Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-2-elimination-reactions.md) - [3.10.3 Ozone Depletion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-3-ozone-depletion.md) - [3.10.4 End of Topic Quiz - Halogenoalkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-4-end-of-topic-quiz-halogenoalkanes.md) ### 4 Reactivity - What Drives Chemical Reaction? - 4.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions - [4.1.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-1-endothermic-and-exothermic-reactions.md) - [4.1.2 Energy Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-2-energy-diagrams.md) - [4.1.3 Heat Transfer & Thermal Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-3-heat-transfer-and-thermal-equilibrium.md) - [4.1.4 IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-4-ib-multiple-choice-enthalpy-and-energy.md) - 4.2 Enthalpy of Reaction, Formation, & Hess' Law - [4.2.1 Enthalpy of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-1-enthalpy-of-reaction.md) - [4.2.2 Bond Enthalpies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-2-bond-enthalpies.md) - [4.2.3 Enthalpy of Formation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-3-enthalpy-of-formation.md) - [4.2.4 Hess’ Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-4-hess-law.md) - [4.2.5 Thermodynamics & Kinetic Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-5-thermodynamics-and-kinetic-control.md) - [4.2.6 End of Topic Quiz - Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-6-end-of-topic-quiz-thermodynamics.md) - [4.2.7 IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-7-ib-multiple-choice-enthalpy.md) - [4.2.8 Extended Response - Enthalpy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-8-extended-response-enthalpy-change.md) - 4.3 Entropy - [4.3.1 Introduction to Entropy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-1-introduction-to-entropy.md) - [4.3.2 Absolute Entropy & Entropy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-2-absolute-entropy-and-entropy-change.md) - [4.3.3 Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-3-free-energy.md) - [4.3.4 Thermodynamically Favorable Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-4-thermodynamically-favorable-reactions.md) - [4.3.5 IB Multiple Choice - Entropy & Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-5-ib-multiple-choice-entropy-and-free-energy.md) - [4.3.6 Extended Response - Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-6-extended-response-free-energy.md) ### 5 Reactivity - How Much, How Fast & How Far? - 5.1 Kinetics - [5.1.1 Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-1-collision-theory-and-rates-of-reaction.md) - [5.1.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-2-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution.md) - [5.1.3 Increasing Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-3-increasing-rates.md) - [5.1.4 End of Topic Quiz - Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-4-end-of-topic-quiz-kinetics.md) - 5.2 Rates of Reaction - [5.2.1 Rate Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-1-rate-equations.md) - [5.2.2 Rate Equations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-2-rate-equations-2.md) - [5.2.3 The Effect of a Catalyst](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-3-the-effect-of-a-catalyst.md) - 5.3 Stoichometry - [5.3.1 Stoichiometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-1-stoichiometry.md) - 5.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle - [5.4.1 Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-1-introduction-to-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.2 Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-2-reaction-quotient-and-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.3 Temperature & Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-3-temperature-and-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.4 IB Multiple Choice -Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-4-ib-multiple-choice-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.5 Extended Response - Le Châtelier](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-5-extended-response-le-chatelier.md) - 5.5 Introduction to Equilibrium - [5.5.1 Equilibrium & Equilibrium Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-1-equilibrium-and-equilibrium-graphs.md) - [5.5.2 Dynamic Equilibria](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-2-dynamic-equilibria.md) - [5.5.3 Reversible Reactions & Directions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-3-reversible-reactions-and-directions.md) - 5.6 Equilibrium Constant - [5.6.1 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-1-calculating-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.2 Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-2-magnitude-of-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.3 Properties of the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-3-properties-of-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.4 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-4-calculating-equilibrium-concentrations.md) - [5.6.5 Representations of Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-5-representations-of-equilibrium.md) - [5.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Equilibrium Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-equilibrium-constants.md) - [5.6.7 Extended Response - Calculating Kc](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-7-extended-response-calculating-kc.md) - 5.7 Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant - [5.7.1 Reaction Quotient](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-1-reaction-quotient.md) - [5.7.2 Equilibrium Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-2-equilibrium-constants.md) - [5.7.3 Partial Pressures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-3-partial-pressures.md) - [5.7.4 Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-4-kp.md) - [5.7.5 IB Multiple Choice - Reaction Quotient & Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-5-ib-multiple-choice-reaction-quotient-and-kp.md) - [5.7.6 Extended Response - Kp & Bond Enthalpy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-6-extended-response-kp-and-bond-enthalpy.md) ### 6 Reactivity - The Mechanisms of Chemical Change - 6.1 Proton Transfer Reactions - [6.1.1 Brønsted-Lowry Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-1-bronsted-lowry-theory.md) - 6.2 The pH Scale - [6.2.1 pH & pOH](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-1-ph-and-poh.md) - [6.2.2 Ionic Product of Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-2-ionic-product-of-water.md) - [6.2.3 Using Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-3-using-kw.md) - [6.2.4 IB Multiple Choice - pH & Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-4-ib-multiple-choice-ph-and-kw.md) - [6.2.5 Extended Response - Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-5-extended-response-kw.md) - 6.3 Strong & Weak Acids and Bases - [6.3.1 Strong Acids & Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-1-strong-acids-and-bases.md) - [6.3.2 Weak Acids & Ka](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-2-weak-acids-and-ka.md) - [6.3.3 Weak Bases & Kb](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-3-weak-bases-and-kb.md) - [6.3.4 Weak Acids & Bases Calculation Walkthrough](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-4-weak-acids-and-bases-calculation-walkthrough.md) - 6.4 Acid Deposition - [6.4.1 Acid Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-4-1-acid-deposition.md) - 6.5 Types of Organic Reactions - [6.5.1 Electrophilic Substitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-5-1-electrophilic-substitution.md) - 6.6 Oxidation & Reduction - [6.6.1 Oxidation Number Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-1-oxidation-number-method.md) - [6.6.2 Winkler Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-2-winkler-method.md) - [6.6.3 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-3-redox-reactions.md) - [6.6.4 Oxidation States & Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-4-oxidation-states-and-equations.md) - [6.6.5 End of Topic Quiz - Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-5-end-of-topic-quiz-redox.md) - [6.6.6 Extended Response - Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-6-extended-response-redox-reactions.md) - 6.7 Electrochemical Cells - [6.7.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-1-introduction-to-electrochemical-cells.md) - [6.7.2 Galvanic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-2-galvanic-cells.md) - [6.7.3 Cell Notation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-3-cell-notation.md) - [6.7.4 Electrolytic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-4-electrolytic-cells.md) - [6.7.5 Extended Response - Voltaic Cells & Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-5-extended-response-voltaic-cells-and-redox.md) - 6.8 Titration - [6.8.1 Redox Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-1-redox-titrations.md) - [6.8.2 Titration Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-2-titration-calculations.md) - [6.8.3 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-3-atom-economy.md) - 6.9 Acid-Base Titrations - [6.9.1 Titration Calculation Weak Acid & Strong Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-1-titration-calculation-weak-acid-and-strong-base.md) - [6.9.2 Titration Experimental Detail](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-2-titration-experimental-detail.md) - [6.9.3 Extended Response - Titration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-3-extended-response-titration.md) - [6.9.4 Titration Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-4-titration-calculations.md) - [6.9.5 Titration Curves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-5-titration-curves.md) - [6.9.6 Titration Calculation Strong Acid & Weak Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-6-titration-calculation-strong-acid-and-weak-base.md) - [6.9.7 IB Multiple Choice - Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-7-ib-multiple-choice-titrations.md) - [6.9.8 Polyprotic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-8-polyprotic-acids.md) - [6.9.9 Titration Calculations Strong Acid & Strong Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-9-titration-calculations-strong-acid-and-strong-base.md) - [6.9.10 Titrations Curves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-10-titrations-curves-2.md) ### 7 Measurement, Data Processing & Analysis - 7.1 Uncertainties & Errors in Measurements & Results - [7.1.1 Qualitative & Quantitative data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-1-1-qualitative-and-quantitative-data.md) - 7.2 Graphical Techniques - [7.2.1 Drawing & Interpreting Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-2-1-drawing-and-interpreting-graphs.md) - [7.2.2 Linear Interpolation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-2-2-linear-interpolation.md) - 7.3 Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds - [7.3.1 Understanding NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-1-understanding-nmr.md) - [7.3.2 Carbon-13 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-2-carbon-13-nmr.md) - [7.3.3 Hydrogen-1 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-3-hydrogen-1-nmr.md) - [7.3.4 Hydrogen-1 NMR 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-4-hydrogen-1-nmr-2.md) - [7.3.5 End of Topic Quiz - NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-5-end-of-topic-quiz-nmr.md) - 7.4 Infrared Spectroscpy - [7.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-4-1-infrared-spectroscopy.md)