Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-3-increasing-rates

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IB Diploma](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry.md) › [Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level.md) › Increasing Rates

# Increasing Rates

Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level, topic 5.1.3

## Changing Reaction Rates

There are many chemical reactions that we would like to go faster (e.g. the Haber process), and many that we would like to slow down (e.g. explosions). The main methods for changing reaction rates are:

### Changing temperature

![Changing temperature](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/3c5e14e6-2310-4bc7-a436-e2a9b4b176da/heating%20maxwell.png)

- Earlier, we saw the effect of heating on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of energies.
 - It raises the average energy but lowers the peak of the graph.
- This gives more molecules energy greater than or equal to the activation energy.
 - This means more collisions will have the energy to react.
 - So the rate increases.
- Heating the mixture also increases the number of collisions.
 - So heating increases rate through two pathways.

### Changing concentration

![Changing concentration](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/6b796cf9-c8f3-4c49-95d9-6cbd62f7c4ca/2.2.1.1%20-%20The%20three%20states%20of%20matter%20depicted%20using%20the%20%E2%80%98simple%20sphere%E2%80%99%20model%20(1).png)

- In solution, the majority of collisions a solute particle experiences will be with water.
- We want more of these collisions to be with the other reactant, as then the rate will increase.
- By increasing the concentration of the solution, we increase the number of collisions that happen between reactants.
 - There will be more successful collisions.
 - The rate will increase.

### Changing pressure

![Changing pressure](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/6b796cf9-c8f3-4c49-95d9-6cbd62f7c4ca/2.2.1.1%20-%20The%20three%20states%20of%20matter%20depicted%20using%20the%20%E2%80%98simple%20sphere%E2%80%99%20model%20(1).png)

- In a gas, the molecules are far apart.
- Consider the ideal gas law: pV=nRT.
- Increasing pressure reduces the volume of the gas.
- This means the molecules are closer together.
- If the molecules are closer together, they will collide more often
 - Think of this as like being on a tube platform in rush hour; the closer everyone is, the more you bump into people.
- This means that there are more successful collisions
- The rate will increase.

### Catalysis

![Catalysis](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/d32c5e9b-0635-456f-a985-9885a4a455df/activation%20energies%20on%20maxwell%20catalytic.png)

- A catalyst helps to increase the reaction rate by offering an alternative reaction pathway.
 - The rate is higher because the new pathway has a lower activation energy.
- So a greater proportion of molecules will have energy greater than the activation energy. 
- So there will be more successful collisions.

## Diagrams to Explain Catalysis

Enthalpy profile diagrams and the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution can be used to explain how catalysts work.

### Enthalpy profile

![Enthalpy profile](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/5f5e818f-fd64-4335-a6e6-2c2227d6add6/Catalyst%20enthalpy%20profile.png)

- Here you can see both reaction pathways.
 - The catalytic pathway has a lower hump.
 - The hump represents the activation energy.
- So the catalytic pathway has a lower activation energy.

![](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/5f5e818f-fd64-4335-a6e6-2c2227d6add6/Catalyst%20enthalpy%20profile.png)

### Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

![Maxwell-Boltzmann graph](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/b3f0890d-4518-4c3d-af1b-965340bb0c15/activation%20energies%20on%20maxwell%20catalytic.jpg)

- Here you can see the different activation energies for each pathway.
 - Some molecules can use the old pathway.
 - Some molecules can use the new pathway but not the old pathway.
 - Some molecules can't use any.
- Overall, the catalytic pathway can be used by more molecules. 
 - More molecules have enough energy to react via the catalysed pathway.

### Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

![Maxwell-Boltzmann graph](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/b3f0890d-4518-4c3d-af1b-965340bb0c15/activation%20energies%20on%20maxwell%20catalytic.jpg)

## Test yourself on Increasing Rates

- In the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, where will the catalysed activation energy line lie relative to the uncatalysed activation energy line?
- Which is true for the catalysed reaction?
- Which of the following is NOT true for catalysed reactions?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/6c044999-c7c8-4b67-b944-b6da4b0bd02e/section/eab50408-f9e8-4993-af75-e86a5f631784/session)

- Previous topic: [5.1.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-2-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution.md)
- Next topic: [5.1.4 End of Topic Quiz - Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-4-end-of-topic-quiz-kinetics.md)

## Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level contents

### 1 Structure - Models of the Particulate of Matter
- 1.1 Introduction to the Particulate Model of Matter
  - [1.1.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-1-states-of-matter.md)
  - [1.1.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-2-kinetic-molecular-theory.md)
  - [1.1.3 Simple Sphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-3-simple-sphere.md)
  - [1.1.4 Changing State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-4-changing-state.md)
  - [1.1.5 Forces Between Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-5-forces-between-particles.md)
  - [1.1.6 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-6-changes-of-state.md)
  - [1.1.7 Predicting States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-7-predicting-states.md)
  - [1.1.8 Changing State HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-8-changing-state-hyperlearning.md)
  - [1.1.9 Ionization Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-9-ionization-energy.md)
- 1.2 The Nuclear Atom
  - [1.2.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-1-fundamental-particles.md)
  - [1.2.2 Isotopes & Mass Number](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-2-isotopes-and-mass-number.md)
  - [1.2.3 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-3-mass-spectrometry.md)
  - [1.2.4 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-4-mass-spectrometry.md)
  - [1.2.5 Mass Spectroscopy - Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-5-mass-spectroscopy-analysis.md)
  - [1.2.6 Extended Response - Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-6-extended-response-mass-spectrometry.md)
  - [1.2.7 Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-7-radioactivity.md)
- 1.3 Electron Configuration
  - [1.3.1 Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-1-electron-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals.md)
  - [1.3.2 Electron Configuration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-2-electron-configuration.md)
  - [1.3.3 Absorption & Emission Spectra](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-3-absorption-and-emission-spectra.md)
  - [1.3.4 IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-4-ib-multiple-choice-atomic-structure.md)
  - [1.3.5 Extended Response - The Atom & Electrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-5-extended-response-the-atom-and-electrons.md)
- 1.4 Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole
  - [1.4.1 Relative Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-1-relative-masses.md)
  - [1.4.2 The Mole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-2-the-mole.md)
  - [1.4.3 IB Multiple Choice -  Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-3-ib-multiple-choice-moles.md)
- 1.5 Ideal Gases
  - [1.5.1 Ideal Gas Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-1-ideal-gas-equation.md)
  - [1.5.2 Gas Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-2-gas-laws.md)
  - [1.5.3 IB Multiple Choice - Gases & Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-3-ib-multiple-choice-gases-and-kinetics.md)
- 1.6 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
  - [1.6.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-1-fundamental-particles.md)
  - [1.6.2 Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-2-pure-substances.md)
  - [1.6.3 Purity & The Law of Definite Proportion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-3-purity-and-the-law-of-definite-proportion.md)
  - [1.6.4 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-4-mixtures.md)
  - [1.6.5 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-5-separating-mixtures.md)
  - [1.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-pure-substances.md)
  - [1.6.7 Extended Response - Moles & Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-7-extended-response-moles-and-pure-substances.md)
- 1.7 States of Matter & Changes of State
  - [1.7.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-1-states-of-matter.md)
  - [1.7.2 Particle Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-2-particle-diagrams.md)
  - [1.7.3 IB Multiple Choice - Solids, Liquids, & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-3-ib-multiple-choice-solids-liquids-and-gases.md)
  - [1.7.4 Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-4-balancing-equations-and-ionic-equations.md)
  - [1.7.5 Empirical & Molecular Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-5-empirical-and-molecular-formulas.md)
- 1.8 Reacting Masses &. Volumes
  - [1.8.1 Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-8-1-balancing-equations-and-ionic-equations.md)
  - [1.8.2 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-8-2-percentage-yield.md)
- 1.9 Solutions
  - [1.9.1 Molarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-9-1-molarity.md)
  - [1.9.2 Particulate Model of Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-9-2-particulate-model-of-solutions.md)

### 2 Structure - Models of Bonding & Structure
- 2.1 The Ionic Model
  - [2.1.1 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-1-ionic-bonding.md)
- 2.2 The Covalent Model
  - [2.2.1 Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-1-covalent-bonds.md)
  - [2.2.2 Complex Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-2-complex-ions.md)
  - [2.2.3 Factors Affecting Covalent Bond Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-3-factors-affecting-covalent-bond-strength.md)
  - [2.2.4 Polarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-4-polarity.md)
- 2.3 Covalent Structures
  - [2.3.1 Ionic Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-1-ionic-lewis-structures.md)
  - [2.3.2 Covalent Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-2-covalent-lewis-structures.md)
  - [2.3.3 VSEPR Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-3-vsepr-theory.md)
  - [2.3.4 Resonance Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-4-resonance-structures.md)
  - [2.3.5 Allotropes of Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-5-allotropes-of-carbon.md)
  - [2.3.6 Formal Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-6-formal-charge.md)
  - [2.3.7 End of Topic Quiz - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-7-end-of-topic-quiz-bonding.md)
  - [2.3.8 IB Multiple Choice - Bonding & Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-8-ib-multiple-choice-bonding-and-lewis-structures.md)
  - [2.3.9 IB Multiple Choice - Resonance & Formal Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-9-ib-multiple-choice-resonance-and-formal-charge.md)
- 2.4 The Metallic Model
  - [2.4.1 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-4-1-metallic-bonding.md)
- 2.5 From Models to Materials
  - [2.5.1 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-1-alloys.md)
  - [2.5.2 Properties of Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-2-properties-of-polymers.md)
  - [2.5.3 Polymerisation Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-3-polymerisation-reactions.md)
  - [2.5.4 Introduction to Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-4-introduction-to-alkenes.md)
  - [2.5.5 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-5-reactions-of-alkenes.md)
  - [2.5.6 End of Topic Quiz - Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-6-end-of-topic-quiz-alkenes.md)
- 2.6 Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds
  - [2.6.1 Valence Electrons & Forming Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-1-valence-electrons-and-forming-ions.md)
  - [2.6.2 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-2-ionic-compounds.md)
  - [2.6.3 End of Topic Quiz - Atoms & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-3-end-of-topic-quiz-atoms-and-ions.md)
  - [2.6.4 IB Multiple Choice - Valence & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-4-ib-multiple-choice-valence-and-ions.md)
- 2.7 Molecular Shape
  - [2.7.1 VSEPR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-1-vsepr.md)
  - [2.7.2 Molecular Shapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-2-molecular-shapes.md)
  - [2.7.3 Bond Hybridization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-3-bond-hybridization.md)
  - [2.7.4 IB Multiple Choice - VSEPR & Bond Hybridization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-4-ib-multiple-choice-vsepr-and-bond-hybridization.md)
  - [2.7.5 Extended Response - Bonding & Molecular Shape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-5-extended-response-bonding-and-molecular-shape.md)
- 2.8 Intermolecular Forces
  - [2.8.1 Introduction to Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-1-introduction-to-intermolecular-forces.md)
  - [2.8.2 London Dispersion Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-2-london-dispersion-forces.md)
  - [2.8.3 Dipole-Dipole Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-3-dipole-dipole-interactions.md)
  - [2.8.4 Ion-Dipole Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-4-ion-dipole-interactions.md)
  - [2.8.5 Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-5-hydrogen-bonding.md)
  - [2.8.6 Large Biomolecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-6-large-biomolecules.md)
  - [2.8.7 IB Multiple Choice - Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-7-ib-multiple-choice-intermolecular-forces.md)
  - [2.8.8 Extended Response - Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-8-extended-response-hydrogen-bonding.md)

### 3 Structure - Classification of Matter
- 3.1 The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements
  - [3.1.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-1-the-periodic-table.md)
  - [3.1.2 Trends in the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-2-trends-in-the-periodic-table.md)
  - [3.1.3 End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity & Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-3-end-of-topic-quiz-periodicity-and-trends.md)
  - [3.1.4 Periodic Trends - Electronegativity & Affinity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-4-periodic-trends-electronegativity-and-affinity.md)
  - [3.1.5 End of Topic Quiz - Periodic Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-5-end-of-topic-quiz-periodic-trends.md)
  - [3.1.6 IB Multiple Choice - Periodic Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-6-ib-multiple-choice-periodic-trends.md)
  - [3.1.7 Extended Response - Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-7-extended-response-periodic-table.md)
- 3.2 Periodic Trends
  - [3.2.1 Atomic & Ionic Radii](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-1-atomic-and-ionic-radii.md)
  - [3.2.2 Ionisation & Electronegativity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-2-ionisation-and-electronegativity.md)
  - [3.2.3 Metallic Behaviour & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-3-metallic-behaviour-and-oxides.md)
  - [3.2.4 Period 3 Elements & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-4-period-3-elements-and-oxides.md)
  - [3.2.5 Period 3 Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-5-period-3-oxides.md)
  - [3.2.6 End of Topic Quiz - Period 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-6-end-of-topic-quiz-period-3.md)
  - [3.2.7 Periodic Trends: Blocks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-7-periodic-trends-blocks.md)
  - [3.2.8 Redox Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-8-redox-chemistry.md)
- 3.3 Group 1 Alkali Metals
  - [3.3.1 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-3-1-alkali-metals.md)
- 3.4 Halogens
  - [3.4.1 Introduction to Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-1-introduction-to-halogens.md)
  - [3.4.2 Reactions of Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-2-reactions-of-halogens.md)
  - [3.4.3 Chlorine & Chlorate(I)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-3-chlorine-and-chloratei.md)
  - [3.4.4 End of Topic Quiz - Group 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-4-end-of-topic-quiz-group-7.md)
  - [3.4.5 Exam-Style Question - Group 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-5-exam-style-question-group-7.md)
  - [3.4.6 End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity, Group 2 & 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-6-end-of-topic-quiz-periodicity-group-2-and-7.md)
- 3.5 Noble gases, group 18
  - [3.5.1 Noble Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-1-noble-gases.md)
- 3.6 Functional Groups: Classification of Organic
  - [3.6.1 Nomenclature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-1-nomenclature.md)
  - [3.6.2 Trends in Physical Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-2-trends-in-physical-properties.md)
  - [3.6.3 Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-3-saturated-and-unsaturated-hydrocarbons.md)
  - [3.6.4 Nomenclature contd.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-4-nomenclature-contd.md)
  - [3.6.5 Types of Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-5-types-of-formulas.md)
  - [3.6.6 Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-6-isomerism.md)
  - [3.6.7 Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-7-formulae.md)
  - [3.6.8 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-8-homologous-series.md)
  - [3.6.9 Structural Isomers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-9-structural-isomers.md)
- 3.7 Functional Group Chemistry
  - [3.7.1 Degrees of Substitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-1-degrees-of-substitution.md)
  - [3.7.2 Arenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-2-arenes.md)
- 3.8 Alkanes
  - [3.8.1 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-1-alkanes.md)
  - [3.8.2 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-2-fractional-distillation.md)
  - [3.8.3 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-3-cracking.md)
  - [3.8.4 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-4-combustion.md)
  - [3.8.5 Chlorination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-5-chlorination.md)
  - [3.8.6 End of Topic Quiz - Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-6-end-of-topic-quiz-alkanes.md)
- 3.9 Alcohols
  - [3.9.1 Production of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-1-production-of-alcohols.md)
  - [3.9.2 Oxidation of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-2-oxidation-of-alcohols.md)
  - [3.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols - 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-3-oxidation-of-alcohols-2.md)
  - [3.9.4 Elimination Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-4-elimination-reactions.md)
  - [3.9.5 End of Topic Quiz - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-5-end-of-topic-quiz-alcohols.md)
  - [3.9.6 Exam-Style Question - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-6-exam-style-question-alcohols.md)
- 3.10 Halogenoalkanes
  - [3.10.1 Substitution Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-1-substitution-reactions.md)
  - [3.10.2 Elimination Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-2-elimination-reactions.md)
  - [3.10.3 Ozone Depletion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-3-ozone-depletion.md)
  - [3.10.4 End of Topic Quiz - Halogenoalkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-4-end-of-topic-quiz-halogenoalkanes.md)

### 4 Reactivity - What Drives Chemical Reaction?
- 4.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions
  - [4.1.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-1-endothermic-and-exothermic-reactions.md)
  - [4.1.2 Energy Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-2-energy-diagrams.md)
  - [4.1.3 Heat Transfer & Thermal Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-3-heat-transfer-and-thermal-equilibrium.md)
  - [4.1.4 IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-4-ib-multiple-choice-enthalpy-and-energy.md)
- 4.2 Enthalpy of Reaction, Formation, & Hess' Law
  - [4.2.1 Enthalpy of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-1-enthalpy-of-reaction.md)
  - [4.2.2 Bond Enthalpies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-2-bond-enthalpies.md)
  - [4.2.3 Enthalpy of Formation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-3-enthalpy-of-formation.md)
  - [4.2.4 Hess’ Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-4-hess-law.md)
  - [4.2.5 Thermodynamics & Kinetic Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-5-thermodynamics-and-kinetic-control.md)
  - [4.2.6 End of Topic Quiz - Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-6-end-of-topic-quiz-thermodynamics.md)
  - [4.2.7 IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-7-ib-multiple-choice-enthalpy.md)
  - [4.2.8 Extended Response - Enthalpy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-8-extended-response-enthalpy-change.md)
- 4.3 Entropy
  - [4.3.1 Introduction to Entropy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-1-introduction-to-entropy.md)
  - [4.3.2 Absolute Entropy  & Entropy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-2-absolute-entropy-and-entropy-change.md)
  - [4.3.3 Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-3-free-energy.md)
  - [4.3.4 Thermodynamically Favorable Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-4-thermodynamically-favorable-reactions.md)
  - [4.3.5 IB Multiple Choice - Entropy & Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-5-ib-multiple-choice-entropy-and-free-energy.md)
  - [4.3.6 Extended Response - Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-6-extended-response-free-energy.md)

### 5 Reactivity - How Much, How Fast & How Far?
- 5.1 Kinetics
  - [5.1.1 Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-1-collision-theory-and-rates-of-reaction.md)
  - [5.1.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-2-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution.md)
  - [5.1.3 Increasing Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-3-increasing-rates.md)
  - [5.1.4 End of Topic Quiz - Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-4-end-of-topic-quiz-kinetics.md)
- 5.2 Rates of Reaction
  - [5.2.1 Rate Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-1-rate-equations.md)
  - [5.2.2 Rate Equations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-2-rate-equations-2.md)
  - [5.2.3 The Effect of a Catalyst](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-3-the-effect-of-a-catalyst.md)
- 5.3 Stoichometry
  - [5.3.1 Stoichiometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-1-stoichiometry.md)
- 5.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle
  - [5.4.1 Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-1-introduction-to-le-chateliers-principle.md)
  - [5.4.2 Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-2-reaction-quotient-and-le-chateliers-principle.md)
  - [5.4.3 Temperature & Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-3-temperature-and-le-chateliers-principle.md)
  - [5.4.4 IB Multiple Choice -Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-4-ib-multiple-choice-le-chateliers-principle.md)
  - [5.4.5 Extended Response - Le Châtelier](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-5-extended-response-le-chatelier.md)
- 5.5 Introduction to Equilibrium
  - [5.5.1 Equilibrium & Equilibrium Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-1-equilibrium-and-equilibrium-graphs.md)
  - [5.5.2 Dynamic Equilibria](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-2-dynamic-equilibria.md)
  - [5.5.3 Reversible Reactions & Directions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-3-reversible-reactions-and-directions.md)
- 5.6 Equilibrium Constant
  - [5.6.1 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-1-calculating-the-equilibrium-constant.md)
  - [5.6.2 Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-2-magnitude-of-the-equilibrium-constant.md)
  - [5.6.3 Properties of the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-3-properties-of-the-equilibrium-constant.md)
  - [5.6.4 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-4-calculating-equilibrium-concentrations.md)
  - [5.6.5 Representations of Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-5-representations-of-equilibrium.md)
  - [5.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Equilibrium Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-equilibrium-constants.md)
  - [5.6.7 Extended Response - Calculating Kc](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-7-extended-response-calculating-kc.md)
- 5.7 Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant
  - [5.7.1 Reaction Quotient](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-1-reaction-quotient.md)
  - [5.7.2 Equilibrium Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-2-equilibrium-constants.md)
  - [5.7.3 Partial Pressures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-3-partial-pressures.md)
  - [5.7.4 Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-4-kp.md)
  - [5.7.5 IB Multiple Choice - Reaction Quotient & Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-5-ib-multiple-choice-reaction-quotient-and-kp.md)
  - [5.7.6 Extended Response - Kp & Bond Enthalpy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-6-extended-response-kp-and-bond-enthalpy.md)

### 6 Reactivity - The Mechanisms of Chemical Change
- 6.1 Proton Transfer Reactions
  - [6.1.1 Brønsted-Lowry Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-1-bronsted-lowry-theory.md)
- 6.2 The pH Scale
  - [6.2.1 pH & pOH](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-1-ph-and-poh.md)
  - [6.2.2 Ionic Product of Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-2-ionic-product-of-water.md)
  - [6.2.3 Using Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-3-using-kw.md)
  - [6.2.4 IB Multiple Choice - pH & Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-4-ib-multiple-choice-ph-and-kw.md)
  - [6.2.5 Extended Response - Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-5-extended-response-kw.md)
- 6.3 Strong & Weak Acids and Bases
  - [6.3.1 Strong Acids & Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-1-strong-acids-and-bases.md)
  - [6.3.2 Weak Acids & Ka](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-2-weak-acids-and-ka.md)
  - [6.3.3 Weak Bases & Kb](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-3-weak-bases-and-kb.md)
  - [6.3.4 Weak Acids & Bases Calculation Walkthrough](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-4-weak-acids-and-bases-calculation-walkthrough.md)
- 6.4 Acid Deposition
  - [6.4.1 Acid Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-4-1-acid-deposition.md)
- 6.5 Types of Organic Reactions
  - [6.5.1 Electrophilic Substitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-5-1-electrophilic-substitution.md)
- 6.6 Oxidation & Reduction
  - [6.6.1 Oxidation Number Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-1-oxidation-number-method.md)
  - [6.6.2 Winkler Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-2-winkler-method.md)
  - [6.6.3 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-3-redox-reactions.md)
  - [6.6.4 Oxidation States & Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-4-oxidation-states-and-equations.md)
  - [6.6.5 End of Topic Quiz - Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-5-end-of-topic-quiz-redox.md)
  - [6.6.6 Extended Response - Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-6-extended-response-redox-reactions.md)
- 6.7 Electrochemical Cells
  - [6.7.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-1-introduction-to-electrochemical-cells.md)
  - [6.7.2 Galvanic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-2-galvanic-cells.md)
  - [6.7.3 Cell Notation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-3-cell-notation.md)
  - [6.7.4 Electrolytic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-4-electrolytic-cells.md)
  - [6.7.5 Extended Response - Voltaic Cells & Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-5-extended-response-voltaic-cells-and-redox.md)
- 6.8 Titration
  - [6.8.1 Redox Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-1-redox-titrations.md)
  - [6.8.2 Titration Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-2-titration-calculations.md)
  - [6.8.3 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-3-atom-economy.md)
- 6.9 Acid-Base Titrations
  - [6.9.1 Titration Calculation Weak Acid & Strong Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-1-titration-calculation-weak-acid-and-strong-base.md)
  - [6.9.2 Titration Experimental Detail](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-2-titration-experimental-detail.md)
  - [6.9.3 Extended Response - Titration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-3-extended-response-titration.md)
  - [6.9.4 Titration Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-4-titration-calculations.md)
  - [6.9.5 Titration Curves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-5-titration-curves.md)
  - [6.9.6 Titration Calculation Strong Acid & Weak Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-6-titration-calculation-strong-acid-and-weak-base.md)
  - [6.9.7 IB Multiple Choice - Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-7-ib-multiple-choice-titrations.md)
  - [6.9.8 Polyprotic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-8-polyprotic-acids.md)
  - [6.9.9 Titration Calculations Strong Acid & Strong Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-9-titration-calculations-strong-acid-and-strong-base.md)
  - [6.9.10 Titrations Curves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-10-titrations-curves-2.md)

### 7 Measurement, Data Processing & Analysis
- 7.1 Uncertainties & Errors in Measurements & Results
  - [7.1.1 Qualitative & Quantitative data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-1-1-qualitative-and-quantitative-data.md)
- 7.2 Graphical Techniques
  - [7.2.1 Drawing & Interpreting Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-2-1-drawing-and-interpreting-graphs.md)
  - [7.2.2 Linear Interpolation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-2-2-linear-interpolation.md)
- 7.3 Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds
  - [7.3.1 Understanding NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-1-understanding-nmr.md)
  - [7.3.2 Carbon-13 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-2-carbon-13-nmr.md)
  - [7.3.3 Hydrogen-1 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-3-hydrogen-1-nmr.md)
  - [7.3.4 Hydrogen-1 NMR 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-4-hydrogen-1-nmr-2.md)
  - [7.3.5 End of Topic Quiz - NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-5-end-of-topic-quiz-nmr.md)
- 7.4 Infrared Spectroscpy
  - [7.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-4-1-infrared-spectroscopy.md)