Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-1-atomic-and-ionic-radii [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IB Diploma](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry.md) › [Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level.md) › Atomic & Ionic Radii # Atomic & Ionic Radii Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level, topic 3.2.1 ## Trends in Atomic Radii Trends are seen in atomic radii across periods and down groups as the strength of the attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons changes. ### Measuring atomic radii ![Measuring atomic radii](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/9ca02019-0d45-4c0e-a108-12bf60bdb37d/atomic%20radius-1.png) - An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that gives a probability of locating an electron within a defined volume known as an atomic orbital. - Due to the uncertainty principle, the limits of an atom are difficult to define and measurements of atomic radii are not straightforward. - To overcome this, chemists measure half the distance between two bonded atoms. ### Measuring atomic radii ![Measuring atomic radii](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/9ca02019-0d45-4c0e-a108-12bf60bdb37d/atomic%20radius-1.png) ### Periodic trend ![Periodic trend](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/dcfec12b-74be-4569-87a7-b1c4b388231b/atomic%20radius%20period%20no%20values.png) - On going across a period, the effective nuclear charge increases as protons are added to the nucleus whilst electrons are added to the same principal energy level (constant shielding). - Therefore the outer electrons experience a greater attraction by the nucleus, leading to a decrease in atomic radius. - Example: Sodium is at the start of period 3 with 11 protons and an atomic radius of 1.86 x 10-10 m. Chlorine at the end of period 3 has 17 protons and a smaller atomic radius of 9.90 x 10-11 m. ### Group trend ![Group trend](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/a94554c2-8d46-4675-8c9b-0191f968841e/atomic%20radius%20group%20rezise.png) - On going down a group an extra principal energy level is added to the atomic structure and therefore the atomic radius increases. - The effective nuclear charge is constant for elements in the same group (although the nuclear charge increases so does the number of shielding electrons) so this does not influence the change in atomic radius on descending a group. - Example: In group 1, lithium has two principal energy levels and an atomic radius of 1.57 x 10-10 m, whereas potassium has four principal energy levels and a larger atomic radius of 2.35 x 10-10 m. ### Group trend ![Group trend](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/a94554c2-8d46-4675-8c9b-0191f968841e/atomic%20radius%20group%20rezise.png) ### Overall trend ![Overall trend](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/cbbc906a-4cdb-4fe6-863d-7225fc54c22d/aromic%20radius%20trend%20chart%20point%202.png) - The overall trend in atomic radius is shown above. ## Trends in Ionic Radii Trends are seen in ionic radii across periods and down groups as the strength of the attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons changes. ### Ionic radius ![Ionic radius](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/247f2c72-163a-46b1-ba14-184736ffb6b0/ionic%20radius%20group%20resized.png) - Ionic radius increases on descending a group as the ions have the same charge, but more principal energy levels. - The trend in ionic radii going across a period is a little more complicated as there are positive and negative ions to consider: ### Ionic radius of positive ions ![Ionic radius of positive ions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/ddd13a2e-756c-4a50-b79e-040879f46dea/ionic%20radius%20positive-1%20no%20values.png) - Positive ions are smaller than their parent atom as the highest principal energy level is removed when forming the cation. - From group 1 to group 14, in period 3, all ions have the same electron configuration (1s22s22p6). - As nuclear charge increases there is greater attraction to the outer electrons and therefore ionic radius decreases from group 1 to 14. ### Ionic radius of negative ions ![Ionic radius of negative ions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/3e76d06a-4068-4773-bcec-2a95c94cd252/ionic%20radius%20negative-2.png) - Negative ions are larger than their parent atom as electrons are added to the highest principal energy level, but the nuclear charge is unchanged. The increased repulsion between electrons in the negative ion causes electrons to move further apart and increases the radius. - From group 15 to group 17, in period 3, all ions have the same electron configuration (1s22s22p63s23p6). - As nuclear charge increases there is a greater attraction to the electrons and therefore ionic radius decreases from group 15 to group 17. ### Overall periodic trend ![Overall periodic trend](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2021-04/a44ce149-f257-45bb-ac59-2430978dfcb8/ionic%20radius%20chart%20points.png) - The overall trend in ionic radius across a period is summarised above, using period 3 as an example. ## Test yourself on Atomic & Ionic Radii - What is the trend in atomic radius on going across a period? - What is the correct reason for why atomic radius increases on going down a group? - What is the trend in ionic radius for positive ions on going across a period? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/6c044999-c7c8-4b67-b944-b6da4b0bd02e/section/1710ed43-d892-4f32-9695-23e55f2405c8/session) - Previous topic: [3.1.7 Extended Response - Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-7-extended-response-periodic-table.md) - Next topic: [3.2.2 Ionisation & Electronegativity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-2-ionisation-and-electronegativity.md) ## Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level contents ### 1 Structure - Models of the Particulate of Matter - 1.1 Introduction to the Particulate Model of Matter - [1.1.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-1-states-of-matter.md) - [1.1.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-2-kinetic-molecular-theory.md) - [1.1.3 Simple Sphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-3-simple-sphere.md) - [1.1.4 Changing State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-4-changing-state.md) - [1.1.5 Forces Between Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-5-forces-between-particles.md) - [1.1.6 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-6-changes-of-state.md) - [1.1.7 Predicting States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-7-predicting-states.md) - [1.1.8 Changing State HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-8-changing-state-hyperlearning.md) - [1.1.9 Ionization Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-9-ionization-energy.md) - 1.2 The Nuclear Atom - [1.2.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-1-fundamental-particles.md) - [1.2.2 Isotopes & Mass Number](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-2-isotopes-and-mass-number.md) - [1.2.3 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-3-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.4 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-4-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.5 Mass Spectroscopy - Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-5-mass-spectroscopy-analysis.md) - [1.2.6 Extended Response - Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-6-extended-response-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.7 Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-7-radioactivity.md) - 1.3 Electron Configuration - [1.3.1 Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-1-electron-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals.md) - [1.3.2 Electron Configuration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-2-electron-configuration.md) - [1.3.3 Absorption & Emission Spectra](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-3-absorption-and-emission-spectra.md) - [1.3.4 IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-4-ib-multiple-choice-atomic-structure.md) - [1.3.5 Extended Response - The Atom & Electrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-5-extended-response-the-atom-and-electrons.md) - 1.4 Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole - [1.4.1 Relative Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-1-relative-masses.md) - [1.4.2 The Mole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-2-the-mole.md) - [1.4.3 IB Multiple Choice - Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-3-ib-multiple-choice-moles.md) - 1.5 Ideal Gases - [1.5.1 Ideal Gas Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-1-ideal-gas-equation.md) - [1.5.2 Gas Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-2-gas-laws.md) - [1.5.3 IB Multiple Choice - Gases & Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-3-ib-multiple-choice-gases-and-kinetics.md) - 1.6 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures - [1.6.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-1-fundamental-particles.md) - [1.6.2 Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-2-pure-substances.md) - [1.6.3 Purity & The Law of Definite Proportion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-3-purity-and-the-law-of-definite-proportion.md) - [1.6.4 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-4-mixtures.md) - [1.6.5 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-5-separating-mixtures.md) - [1.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-pure-substances.md) - [1.6.7 Extended Response - Moles & Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-7-extended-response-moles-and-pure-substances.md) - 1.7 States of Matter & Changes of State - [1.7.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-1-states-of-matter.md) - [1.7.2 Particle Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-2-particle-diagrams.md) - [1.7.3 IB Multiple Choice - Solids, Liquids, & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-3-ib-multiple-choice-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) - [1.7.4 Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-4-balancing-equations-and-ionic-equations.md) - [1.7.5 Empirical & Molecular Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-5-empirical-and-molecular-formulas.md) - 1.8 Reacting Masses &. Volumes - [1.8.1 Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-8-1-balancing-equations-and-ionic-equations.md) - [1.8.2 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-8-2-percentage-yield.md) - 1.9 Solutions - [1.9.1 Molarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-9-1-molarity.md) - [1.9.2 Particulate Model of Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-9-2-particulate-model-of-solutions.md) ### 2 Structure - Models of Bonding & Structure - 2.1 The Ionic Model - [2.1.1 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-1-ionic-bonding.md) - 2.2 The Covalent Model - [2.2.1 Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-1-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.2.2 Complex Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-2-complex-ions.md) - [2.2.3 Factors Affecting Covalent Bond Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-3-factors-affecting-covalent-bond-strength.md) - [2.2.4 Polarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-4-polarity.md) - 2.3 Covalent Structures - [2.3.1 Ionic Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-1-ionic-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.2 Covalent Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-2-covalent-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.3 VSEPR Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-3-vsepr-theory.md) - [2.3.4 Resonance Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-4-resonance-structures.md) - [2.3.5 Allotropes of Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-5-allotropes-of-carbon.md) - [2.3.6 Formal Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-6-formal-charge.md) - [2.3.7 End of Topic Quiz - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-7-end-of-topic-quiz-bonding.md) - [2.3.8 IB Multiple Choice - Bonding & Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-8-ib-multiple-choice-bonding-and-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.9 IB Multiple Choice - Resonance & Formal Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-9-ib-multiple-choice-resonance-and-formal-charge.md) - 2.4 The Metallic Model - [2.4.1 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-4-1-metallic-bonding.md) - 2.5 From Models to Materials - [2.5.1 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-1-alloys.md) - [2.5.2 Properties of Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-2-properties-of-polymers.md) - [2.5.3 Polymerisation Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-3-polymerisation-reactions.md) - [2.5.4 Introduction to Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-4-introduction-to-alkenes.md) - [2.5.5 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-5-reactions-of-alkenes.md) - [2.5.6 End of Topic Quiz - Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-6-end-of-topic-quiz-alkenes.md) - 2.6 Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds - [2.6.1 Valence Electrons & Forming Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-1-valence-electrons-and-forming-ions.md) - [2.6.2 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-2-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.6.3 End of Topic Quiz - Atoms & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-3-end-of-topic-quiz-atoms-and-ions.md) - [2.6.4 IB Multiple Choice - Valence & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-4-ib-multiple-choice-valence-and-ions.md) - 2.7 Molecular Shape - [2.7.1 VSEPR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-1-vsepr.md) - [2.7.2 Molecular Shapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-2-molecular-shapes.md) - [2.7.3 Bond Hybridization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-3-bond-hybridization.md) - [2.7.4 IB Multiple Choice - VSEPR & Bond Hybridization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-4-ib-multiple-choice-vsepr-and-bond-hybridization.md) - [2.7.5 Extended Response - Bonding & Molecular Shape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-5-extended-response-bonding-and-molecular-shape.md) - 2.8 Intermolecular Forces - [2.8.1 Introduction to Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-1-introduction-to-intermolecular-forces.md) - [2.8.2 London Dispersion Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-2-london-dispersion-forces.md) - [2.8.3 Dipole-Dipole Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-3-dipole-dipole-interactions.md) - [2.8.4 Ion-Dipole Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-4-ion-dipole-interactions.md) - [2.8.5 Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-5-hydrogen-bonding.md) - [2.8.6 Large Biomolecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-6-large-biomolecules.md) - [2.8.7 IB Multiple Choice - Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-7-ib-multiple-choice-intermolecular-forces.md) - [2.8.8 Extended Response - Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-8-extended-response-hydrogen-bonding.md) ### 3 Structure - Classification of Matter - 3.1 The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements - [3.1.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-1-the-periodic-table.md) - [3.1.2 Trends in the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-2-trends-in-the-periodic-table.md) - [3.1.3 End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity & Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-3-end-of-topic-quiz-periodicity-and-trends.md) - [3.1.4 Periodic Trends - Electronegativity & Affinity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-4-periodic-trends-electronegativity-and-affinity.md) - [3.1.5 End of Topic Quiz - Periodic Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-5-end-of-topic-quiz-periodic-trends.md) - [3.1.6 IB Multiple Choice - Periodic Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-6-ib-multiple-choice-periodic-trends.md) - [3.1.7 Extended Response - Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-7-extended-response-periodic-table.md) - 3.2 Periodic Trends - [3.2.1 Atomic & Ionic Radii](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-1-atomic-and-ionic-radii.md) - [3.2.2 Ionisation & Electronegativity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-2-ionisation-and-electronegativity.md) - [3.2.3 Metallic Behaviour & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-3-metallic-behaviour-and-oxides.md) - [3.2.4 Period 3 Elements & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-4-period-3-elements-and-oxides.md) - [3.2.5 Period 3 Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-5-period-3-oxides.md) - [3.2.6 End of Topic Quiz - Period 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-6-end-of-topic-quiz-period-3.md) - [3.2.7 Periodic Trends: Blocks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-7-periodic-trends-blocks.md) - [3.2.8 Redox Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-8-redox-chemistry.md) - 3.3 Group 1 Alkali Metals - [3.3.1 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-3-1-alkali-metals.md) - 3.4 Halogens - [3.4.1 Introduction to Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-1-introduction-to-halogens.md) - [3.4.2 Reactions of Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-2-reactions-of-halogens.md) - [3.4.3 Chlorine & Chlorate(I)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-3-chlorine-and-chloratei.md) - [3.4.4 End of Topic Quiz - Group 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-4-end-of-topic-quiz-group-7.md) - [3.4.5 Exam-Style Question - Group 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-5-exam-style-question-group-7.md) - [3.4.6 End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity, Group 2 & 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-6-end-of-topic-quiz-periodicity-group-2-and-7.md) - 3.5 Noble gases, group 18 - [3.5.1 Noble Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-1-noble-gases.md) - 3.6 Functional Groups: Classification of Organic - [3.6.1 Nomenclature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-1-nomenclature.md) - [3.6.2 Trends in Physical Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-2-trends-in-physical-properties.md) - [3.6.3 Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-3-saturated-and-unsaturated-hydrocarbons.md) - [3.6.4 Nomenclature contd.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-4-nomenclature-contd.md) - [3.6.5 Types of Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-5-types-of-formulas.md) - [3.6.6 Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-6-isomerism.md) - [3.6.7 Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-7-formulae.md) - [3.6.8 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-8-homologous-series.md) - [3.6.9 Structural Isomers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-9-structural-isomers.md) - 3.7 Functional Group Chemistry - [3.7.1 Degrees of Substitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-1-degrees-of-substitution.md) - [3.7.2 Arenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-2-arenes.md) - 3.8 Alkanes - [3.8.1 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-1-alkanes.md) - [3.8.2 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-2-fractional-distillation.md) - [3.8.3 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-3-cracking.md) - [3.8.4 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-4-combustion.md) - [3.8.5 Chlorination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-5-chlorination.md) - [3.8.6 End of Topic Quiz - Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-6-end-of-topic-quiz-alkanes.md) - 3.9 Alcohols - [3.9.1 Production of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-1-production-of-alcohols.md) - [3.9.2 Oxidation of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-2-oxidation-of-alcohols.md) - [3.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols - 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-3-oxidation-of-alcohols-2.md) - [3.9.4 Elimination Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-4-elimination-reactions.md) - [3.9.5 End of Topic Quiz - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-5-end-of-topic-quiz-alcohols.md) - [3.9.6 Exam-Style Question - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-6-exam-style-question-alcohols.md) - 3.10 Halogenoalkanes - [3.10.1 Substitution Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-1-substitution-reactions.md) - [3.10.2 Elimination Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-2-elimination-reactions.md) - [3.10.3 Ozone Depletion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-3-ozone-depletion.md) - [3.10.4 End of Topic Quiz - Halogenoalkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-4-end-of-topic-quiz-halogenoalkanes.md) ### 4 Reactivity - What Drives Chemical Reaction? - 4.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions - [4.1.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-1-endothermic-and-exothermic-reactions.md) - [4.1.2 Energy Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-2-energy-diagrams.md) - [4.1.3 Heat Transfer & Thermal Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-3-heat-transfer-and-thermal-equilibrium.md) - [4.1.4 IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-4-ib-multiple-choice-enthalpy-and-energy.md) - 4.2 Enthalpy of Reaction, Formation, & Hess' Law - [4.2.1 Enthalpy of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-1-enthalpy-of-reaction.md) - [4.2.2 Bond Enthalpies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-2-bond-enthalpies.md) - [4.2.3 Enthalpy of Formation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-3-enthalpy-of-formation.md) - [4.2.4 Hess’ Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-4-hess-law.md) - [4.2.5 Thermodynamics & Kinetic Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-5-thermodynamics-and-kinetic-control.md) - [4.2.6 End of Topic Quiz - Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-6-end-of-topic-quiz-thermodynamics.md) - [4.2.7 IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-7-ib-multiple-choice-enthalpy.md) - [4.2.8 Extended Response - Enthalpy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-8-extended-response-enthalpy-change.md) - 4.3 Entropy - [4.3.1 Introduction to Entropy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-1-introduction-to-entropy.md) - [4.3.2 Absolute Entropy & Entropy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-2-absolute-entropy-and-entropy-change.md) - [4.3.3 Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-3-free-energy.md) - [4.3.4 Thermodynamically Favorable Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-4-thermodynamically-favorable-reactions.md) - [4.3.5 IB Multiple Choice - Entropy & Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-5-ib-multiple-choice-entropy-and-free-energy.md) - [4.3.6 Extended Response - Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-6-extended-response-free-energy.md) ### 5 Reactivity - How Much, How Fast & How Far? - 5.1 Kinetics - [5.1.1 Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-1-collision-theory-and-rates-of-reaction.md) - [5.1.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-2-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution.md) - [5.1.3 Increasing Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-3-increasing-rates.md) - [5.1.4 End of Topic Quiz - Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-4-end-of-topic-quiz-kinetics.md) - 5.2 Rates of Reaction - [5.2.1 Rate Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-1-rate-equations.md) - [5.2.2 Rate Equations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-2-rate-equations-2.md) - [5.2.3 The Effect of a Catalyst](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-3-the-effect-of-a-catalyst.md) - 5.3 Stoichometry - [5.3.1 Stoichiometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-1-stoichiometry.md) - 5.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle - [5.4.1 Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-1-introduction-to-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.2 Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-2-reaction-quotient-and-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.3 Temperature & Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-3-temperature-and-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.4 IB Multiple Choice -Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-4-ib-multiple-choice-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.5 Extended Response - Le Châtelier](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-5-extended-response-le-chatelier.md) - 5.5 Introduction to Equilibrium - [5.5.1 Equilibrium & Equilibrium Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-1-equilibrium-and-equilibrium-graphs.md) - [5.5.2 Dynamic Equilibria](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-2-dynamic-equilibria.md) - [5.5.3 Reversible Reactions & Directions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-3-reversible-reactions-and-directions.md) - 5.6 Equilibrium Constant - [5.6.1 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-1-calculating-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.2 Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-2-magnitude-of-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.3 Properties of the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-3-properties-of-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.4 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-4-calculating-equilibrium-concentrations.md) - [5.6.5 Representations of Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-5-representations-of-equilibrium.md) - [5.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Equilibrium Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-equilibrium-constants.md) - [5.6.7 Extended Response - Calculating Kc](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-7-extended-response-calculating-kc.md) - 5.7 Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant - [5.7.1 Reaction Quotient](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-1-reaction-quotient.md) - [5.7.2 Equilibrium Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-2-equilibrium-constants.md) - [5.7.3 Partial Pressures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-3-partial-pressures.md) - [5.7.4 Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-4-kp.md) - [5.7.5 IB Multiple Choice - Reaction Quotient & Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-5-ib-multiple-choice-reaction-quotient-and-kp.md) - [5.7.6 Extended Response - Kp & Bond Enthalpy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-6-extended-response-kp-and-bond-enthalpy.md) ### 6 Reactivity - The Mechanisms of Chemical Change - 6.1 Proton Transfer Reactions - [6.1.1 Brønsted-Lowry Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-1-bronsted-lowry-theory.md) - 6.2 The pH Scale - [6.2.1 pH & pOH](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-1-ph-and-poh.md) - [6.2.2 Ionic Product of Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-2-ionic-product-of-water.md) - [6.2.3 Using Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-3-using-kw.md) - [6.2.4 IB Multiple Choice - pH & Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-4-ib-multiple-choice-ph-and-kw.md) - [6.2.5 Extended Response - Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-5-extended-response-kw.md) - 6.3 Strong & Weak Acids and Bases - [6.3.1 Strong Acids & Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-1-strong-acids-and-bases.md) - [6.3.2 Weak Acids & Ka](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-2-weak-acids-and-ka.md) - [6.3.3 Weak Bases & Kb](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-3-weak-bases-and-kb.md) - [6.3.4 Weak Acids & Bases Calculation Walkthrough](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-4-weak-acids-and-bases-calculation-walkthrough.md) - 6.4 Acid Deposition - [6.4.1 Acid Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-4-1-acid-deposition.md) - 6.5 Types of Organic Reactions - [6.5.1 Electrophilic Substitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-5-1-electrophilic-substitution.md) - 6.6 Oxidation & Reduction - [6.6.1 Oxidation Number Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-1-oxidation-number-method.md) - [6.6.2 Winkler Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-2-winkler-method.md) - [6.6.3 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-3-redox-reactions.md) - [6.6.4 Oxidation States & Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-4-oxidation-states-and-equations.md) - [6.6.5 End of Topic Quiz - Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-5-end-of-topic-quiz-redox.md) - [6.6.6 Extended Response - Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-6-extended-response-redox-reactions.md) - 6.7 Electrochemical Cells - [6.7.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-1-introduction-to-electrochemical-cells.md) - [6.7.2 Galvanic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-2-galvanic-cells.md) - [6.7.3 Cell Notation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-3-cell-notation.md) - [6.7.4 Electrolytic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-4-electrolytic-cells.md) - [6.7.5 Extended Response - Voltaic Cells & Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-5-extended-response-voltaic-cells-and-redox.md) - 6.8 Titration - [6.8.1 Redox Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-1-redox-titrations.md) - [6.8.2 Titration Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-2-titration-calculations.md) - [6.8.3 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-3-atom-economy.md) - 6.9 Acid-Base Titrations - [6.9.1 Titration Calculation Weak Acid & Strong Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-1-titration-calculation-weak-acid-and-strong-base.md) - [6.9.2 Titration Experimental Detail](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-2-titration-experimental-detail.md) - [6.9.3 Extended Response - Titration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-3-extended-response-titration.md) - [6.9.4 Titration Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-4-titration-calculations.md) - [6.9.5 Titration Curves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-5-titration-curves.md) - [6.9.6 Titration Calculation Strong Acid & Weak Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-6-titration-calculation-strong-acid-and-weak-base.md) - [6.9.7 IB Multiple Choice - Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-7-ib-multiple-choice-titrations.md) - [6.9.8 Polyprotic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-8-polyprotic-acids.md) - [6.9.9 Titration Calculations Strong Acid & Strong Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-9-titration-calculations-strong-acid-and-strong-base.md) - [6.9.10 Titrations Curves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-10-titrations-curves-2.md) ### 7 Measurement, Data Processing & Analysis - 7.1 Uncertainties & Errors in Measurements & Results - [7.1.1 Qualitative & Quantitative data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-1-1-qualitative-and-quantitative-data.md) - 7.2 Graphical Techniques - [7.2.1 Drawing & Interpreting Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-2-1-drawing-and-interpreting-graphs.md) - [7.2.2 Linear Interpolation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-2-2-linear-interpolation.md) - 7.3 Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds - [7.3.1 Understanding NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-1-understanding-nmr.md) - [7.3.2 Carbon-13 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-2-carbon-13-nmr.md) - [7.3.3 Hydrogen-1 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-3-hydrogen-1-nmr.md) - [7.3.4 Hydrogen-1 NMR 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-4-hydrogen-1-nmr-2.md) - [7.3.5 End of Topic Quiz - NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-5-end-of-topic-quiz-nmr.md) - 7.4 Infrared Spectroscpy - [7.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-4-1-infrared-spectroscopy.md)