Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-1-states-of-matter [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IB Diploma](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry.md) › [Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level.md) › States of Matter # States of Matter Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level, topic 1.7.1 ## States of Matter Matter is all around us. Anything which has mass and takes up space can be called matter. This includes solids, liquids, and even gases. Matter can move between these different states and each has its own properties. ### Solids ![Solids](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/dba3319b-fa22-4fd1-ba50-4854a3b0171e/brick-solid-.jpg) - Solids tend to form at lower temperatures. - Solids have a defined shape and do not mold to the shape of their container. - The movement of particles in a solid is very limited. - The way particles pack together in a solid, influences the shape and properties of the solid. ### Liquids ![Liquids](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1.1%20-%20Types%20of%20cells/water-glass-theme-water-16490-min.jpg) - Liquids are fluid and take the shape of their container. - The surface of a liquid will naturally be flat. - Liquid particles are closely associated but can move more freely than in solids. - The properties of the liquid depend on the intermolecular interactions (e.g. hydrogen bonds, polar interactions, etc.) or on the environment (e.g temperature). ### Gases ![Gases](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/100fe2ff-d495-4953-a9f1-d98411508c98/balloons-1786430_1280.jpg) - Gases do not have a defined shape or volume. - The spacing between particles is far larger than in solids or liquids. - The particles in a gas are constantly in motion and form relatively infrequent and weak interactions with each other. - The volume of a gas is dependent on external factors such as temperature and pressure. ### Molar volume ![Molar volume](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.3.1%20-%20Mass,weight%20and%20density/measuring-cylinder.jpg) - Molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of substance at a certain temperature and pressure. - Solids and liquids have similar molar volumes because their particles are held close together and the distance between particles cannot vary by large amounts. - Gas particles can move very independently of each other and are not closely associated. - The molar volume of a gas is determined, to a large extent, by temperature and pressure. - At STP, the molar volume of a gas is 24 L. ## Solids The structure of a solid depends on its composition and the freezing process. ### Crystalline solids ![Crystalline solids](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/5.1.1-Exothermic%20and%20endothermic%20reactions/ice-cubes-1224804_640-min.jpg) - Crystalline solids have particles that are arranged in an ordered, repeating formation. - Small particles tend to form ordered, crystalline solids. - Examples of crystalline solids include ionic and metallic latices. ### Amorphous solids ![Amorphous solids](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/2182f8af-e5a3-473b-b10f-318b147c2bf7/advent-candles-.jpg) - Amorphous solids have tightly associated particles which are not well-ordered. - Amorphous solids tend to form when: - freezing occurs rapidly and particles do not have time to order. - there are large particles or impurities which disrupt the regular arrangement of particles. - There are many examples of these from large hydrocarbon solids, such as wax, to molecular solids such as silicon dioxide (under certain conditions). ## Test yourself on States of Matter - Which of the following statements about molar volume is NOT true? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/6c044999-c7c8-4b67-b944-b6da4b0bd02e/section/e6b23d85-a479-48a8-ba9c-b20c634c6666/session) - Previous topic: [1.6.7 Extended Response - Moles & Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-7-extended-response-moles-and-pure-substances.md) - Next topic: [1.7.2 Particle Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-2-particle-diagrams.md) ## Chemistry: IB Diploma Higher Level contents ### 1 Structure - Models of the Particulate of Matter - 1.1 Introduction to the Particulate Model of Matter - [1.1.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-1-states-of-matter.md) - [1.1.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-2-kinetic-molecular-theory.md) - [1.1.3 Simple Sphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-3-simple-sphere.md) - [1.1.4 Changing State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-4-changing-state.md) - [1.1.5 Forces Between Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-5-forces-between-particles.md) - [1.1.6 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-6-changes-of-state.md) - [1.1.7 Predicting States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-7-predicting-states.md) - [1.1.8 Changing State HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-8-changing-state-hyperlearning.md) - [1.1.9 Ionization Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-1-9-ionization-energy.md) - 1.2 The Nuclear Atom - [1.2.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-1-fundamental-particles.md) - [1.2.2 Isotopes & Mass Number](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-2-isotopes-and-mass-number.md) - [1.2.3 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-3-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.4 Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-4-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.5 Mass Spectroscopy - Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-5-mass-spectroscopy-analysis.md) - [1.2.6 Extended Response - Mass Spectrometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-6-extended-response-mass-spectrometry.md) - [1.2.7 Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-2-7-radioactivity.md) - 1.3 Electron Configuration - [1.3.1 Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-1-electron-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals.md) - [1.3.2 Electron Configuration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-2-electron-configuration.md) - [1.3.3 Absorption & Emission Spectra](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-3-absorption-and-emission-spectra.md) - [1.3.4 IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-4-ib-multiple-choice-atomic-structure.md) - [1.3.5 Extended Response - The Atom & Electrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-3-5-extended-response-the-atom-and-electrons.md) - 1.4 Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole - [1.4.1 Relative Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-1-relative-masses.md) - [1.4.2 The Mole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-2-the-mole.md) - [1.4.3 IB Multiple Choice - Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-4-3-ib-multiple-choice-moles.md) - 1.5 Ideal Gases - [1.5.1 Ideal Gas Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-1-ideal-gas-equation.md) - [1.5.2 Gas Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-2-gas-laws.md) - [1.5.3 IB Multiple Choice - Gases & Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-5-3-ib-multiple-choice-gases-and-kinetics.md) - 1.6 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures - [1.6.1 Fundamental Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-1-fundamental-particles.md) - [1.6.2 Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-2-pure-substances.md) - [1.6.3 Purity & The Law of Definite Proportion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-3-purity-and-the-law-of-definite-proportion.md) - [1.6.4 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-4-mixtures.md) - [1.6.5 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-5-separating-mixtures.md) - [1.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-pure-substances.md) - [1.6.7 Extended Response - Moles & Pure Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-6-7-extended-response-moles-and-pure-substances.md) - 1.7 States of Matter & Changes of State - [1.7.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-1-states-of-matter.md) - [1.7.2 Particle Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-2-particle-diagrams.md) - [1.7.3 IB Multiple Choice - Solids, Liquids, & Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-3-ib-multiple-choice-solids-liquids-and-gases.md) - [1.7.4 Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-4-balancing-equations-and-ionic-equations.md) - [1.7.5 Empirical & Molecular Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-7-5-empirical-and-molecular-formulas.md) - 1.8 Reacting Masses &. Volumes - [1.8.1 Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-8-1-balancing-equations-and-ionic-equations.md) - [1.8.2 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-8-2-percentage-yield.md) - 1.9 Solutions - [1.9.1 Molarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-9-1-molarity.md) - [1.9.2 Particulate Model of Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/1-9-2-particulate-model-of-solutions.md) ### 2 Structure - Models of Bonding & Structure - 2.1 The Ionic Model - [2.1.1 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-1-1-ionic-bonding.md) - 2.2 The Covalent Model - [2.2.1 Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-1-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.2.2 Complex Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-2-complex-ions.md) - [2.2.3 Factors Affecting Covalent Bond Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-3-factors-affecting-covalent-bond-strength.md) - [2.2.4 Polarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-2-4-polarity.md) - 2.3 Covalent Structures - [2.3.1 Ionic Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-1-ionic-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.2 Covalent Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-2-covalent-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.3 VSEPR Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-3-vsepr-theory.md) - [2.3.4 Resonance Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-4-resonance-structures.md) - [2.3.5 Allotropes of Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-5-allotropes-of-carbon.md) - [2.3.6 Formal Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-6-formal-charge.md) - [2.3.7 End of Topic Quiz - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-7-end-of-topic-quiz-bonding.md) - [2.3.8 IB Multiple Choice - Bonding & Lewis Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-8-ib-multiple-choice-bonding-and-lewis-structures.md) - [2.3.9 IB Multiple Choice - Resonance & Formal Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-3-9-ib-multiple-choice-resonance-and-formal-charge.md) - 2.4 The Metallic Model - [2.4.1 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-4-1-metallic-bonding.md) - 2.5 From Models to Materials - [2.5.1 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-1-alloys.md) - [2.5.2 Properties of Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-2-properties-of-polymers.md) - [2.5.3 Polymerisation Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-3-polymerisation-reactions.md) - [2.5.4 Introduction to Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-4-introduction-to-alkenes.md) - [2.5.5 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-5-reactions-of-alkenes.md) - [2.5.6 End of Topic Quiz - Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-5-6-end-of-topic-quiz-alkenes.md) - 2.6 Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds - [2.6.1 Valence Electrons & Forming Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-1-valence-electrons-and-forming-ions.md) - [2.6.2 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-2-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.6.3 End of Topic Quiz - Atoms & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-3-end-of-topic-quiz-atoms-and-ions.md) - [2.6.4 IB Multiple Choice - Valence & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-6-4-ib-multiple-choice-valence-and-ions.md) - 2.7 Molecular Shape - [2.7.1 VSEPR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-1-vsepr.md) - [2.7.2 Molecular Shapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-2-molecular-shapes.md) - [2.7.3 Bond Hybridization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-3-bond-hybridization.md) - [2.7.4 IB Multiple Choice - VSEPR & Bond Hybridization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-4-ib-multiple-choice-vsepr-and-bond-hybridization.md) - [2.7.5 Extended Response - Bonding & Molecular Shape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-7-5-extended-response-bonding-and-molecular-shape.md) - 2.8 Intermolecular Forces - [2.8.1 Introduction to Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-1-introduction-to-intermolecular-forces.md) - [2.8.2 London Dispersion Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-2-london-dispersion-forces.md) - [2.8.3 Dipole-Dipole Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-3-dipole-dipole-interactions.md) - [2.8.4 Ion-Dipole Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-4-ion-dipole-interactions.md) - [2.8.5 Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-5-hydrogen-bonding.md) - [2.8.6 Large Biomolecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-6-large-biomolecules.md) - [2.8.7 IB Multiple Choice - Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-7-ib-multiple-choice-intermolecular-forces.md) - [2.8.8 Extended Response - Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/2-8-8-extended-response-hydrogen-bonding.md) ### 3 Structure - Classification of Matter - 3.1 The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements - [3.1.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-1-the-periodic-table.md) - [3.1.2 Trends in the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-2-trends-in-the-periodic-table.md) - [3.1.3 End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity & Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-3-end-of-topic-quiz-periodicity-and-trends.md) - [3.1.4 Periodic Trends - Electronegativity & Affinity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-4-periodic-trends-electronegativity-and-affinity.md) - [3.1.5 End of Topic Quiz - Periodic Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-5-end-of-topic-quiz-periodic-trends.md) - [3.1.6 IB Multiple Choice - Periodic Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-6-ib-multiple-choice-periodic-trends.md) - [3.1.7 Extended Response - Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-1-7-extended-response-periodic-table.md) - 3.2 Periodic Trends - [3.2.1 Atomic & Ionic Radii](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-1-atomic-and-ionic-radii.md) - [3.2.2 Ionisation & Electronegativity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-2-ionisation-and-electronegativity.md) - [3.2.3 Metallic Behaviour & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-3-metallic-behaviour-and-oxides.md) - [3.2.4 Period 3 Elements & Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-4-period-3-elements-and-oxides.md) - [3.2.5 Period 3 Oxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-5-period-3-oxides.md) - [3.2.6 End of Topic Quiz - Period 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-6-end-of-topic-quiz-period-3.md) - [3.2.7 Periodic Trends: Blocks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-7-periodic-trends-blocks.md) - [3.2.8 Redox Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-2-8-redox-chemistry.md) - 3.3 Group 1 Alkali Metals - [3.3.1 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-3-1-alkali-metals.md) - 3.4 Halogens - [3.4.1 Introduction to Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-1-introduction-to-halogens.md) - [3.4.2 Reactions of Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-2-reactions-of-halogens.md) - [3.4.3 Chlorine & Chlorate(I)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-3-chlorine-and-chloratei.md) - [3.4.4 End of Topic Quiz - Group 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-4-end-of-topic-quiz-group-7.md) - [3.4.5 Exam-Style Question - Group 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-5-exam-style-question-group-7.md) - [3.4.6 End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity, Group 2 & 7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-4-6-end-of-topic-quiz-periodicity-group-2-and-7.md) - 3.5 Noble gases, group 18 - [3.5.1 Noble Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-5-1-noble-gases.md) - 3.6 Functional Groups: Classification of Organic - [3.6.1 Nomenclature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-1-nomenclature.md) - [3.6.2 Trends in Physical Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-2-trends-in-physical-properties.md) - [3.6.3 Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-3-saturated-and-unsaturated-hydrocarbons.md) - [3.6.4 Nomenclature contd.](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-4-nomenclature-contd.md) - [3.6.5 Types of Formulas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-5-types-of-formulas.md) - [3.6.6 Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-6-isomerism.md) - [3.6.7 Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-7-formulae.md) - [3.6.8 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-8-homologous-series.md) - [3.6.9 Structural Isomers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-6-9-structural-isomers.md) - 3.7 Functional Group Chemistry - [3.7.1 Degrees of Substitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-1-degrees-of-substitution.md) - [3.7.2 Arenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-7-2-arenes.md) - 3.8 Alkanes - [3.8.1 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-1-alkanes.md) - [3.8.2 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-2-fractional-distillation.md) - [3.8.3 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-3-cracking.md) - [3.8.4 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-4-combustion.md) - [3.8.5 Chlorination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-5-chlorination.md) - [3.8.6 End of Topic Quiz - Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-8-6-end-of-topic-quiz-alkanes.md) - 3.9 Alcohols - [3.9.1 Production of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-1-production-of-alcohols.md) - [3.9.2 Oxidation of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-2-oxidation-of-alcohols.md) - [3.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols - 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-3-oxidation-of-alcohols-2.md) - [3.9.4 Elimination Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-4-elimination-reactions.md) - [3.9.5 End of Topic Quiz - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-5-end-of-topic-quiz-alcohols.md) - [3.9.6 Exam-Style Question - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-9-6-exam-style-question-alcohols.md) - 3.10 Halogenoalkanes - [3.10.1 Substitution Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-1-substitution-reactions.md) - [3.10.2 Elimination Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-2-elimination-reactions.md) - [3.10.3 Ozone Depletion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-3-ozone-depletion.md) - [3.10.4 End of Topic Quiz - Halogenoalkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/3-10-4-end-of-topic-quiz-halogenoalkanes.md) ### 4 Reactivity - What Drives Chemical Reaction? - 4.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions - [4.1.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-1-endothermic-and-exothermic-reactions.md) - [4.1.2 Energy Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-2-energy-diagrams.md) - [4.1.3 Heat Transfer & Thermal Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-3-heat-transfer-and-thermal-equilibrium.md) - [4.1.4 IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-1-4-ib-multiple-choice-enthalpy-and-energy.md) - 4.2 Enthalpy of Reaction, Formation, & Hess' Law - [4.2.1 Enthalpy of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-1-enthalpy-of-reaction.md) - [4.2.2 Bond Enthalpies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-2-bond-enthalpies.md) - [4.2.3 Enthalpy of Formation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-3-enthalpy-of-formation.md) - [4.2.4 Hess’ Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-4-hess-law.md) - [4.2.5 Thermodynamics & Kinetic Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-5-thermodynamics-and-kinetic-control.md) - [4.2.6 End of Topic Quiz - Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-6-end-of-topic-quiz-thermodynamics.md) - [4.2.7 IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-7-ib-multiple-choice-enthalpy.md) - [4.2.8 Extended Response - Enthalpy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-2-8-extended-response-enthalpy-change.md) - 4.3 Entropy - [4.3.1 Introduction to Entropy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-1-introduction-to-entropy.md) - [4.3.2 Absolute Entropy & Entropy Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-2-absolute-entropy-and-entropy-change.md) - [4.3.3 Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-3-free-energy.md) - [4.3.4 Thermodynamically Favorable Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-4-thermodynamically-favorable-reactions.md) - [4.3.5 IB Multiple Choice - Entropy & Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-5-ib-multiple-choice-entropy-and-free-energy.md) - [4.3.6 Extended Response - Free Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/4-3-6-extended-response-free-energy.md) ### 5 Reactivity - How Much, How Fast & How Far? - 5.1 Kinetics - [5.1.1 Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-1-collision-theory-and-rates-of-reaction.md) - [5.1.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-2-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution.md) - [5.1.3 Increasing Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-3-increasing-rates.md) - [5.1.4 End of Topic Quiz - Kinetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-1-4-end-of-topic-quiz-kinetics.md) - 5.2 Rates of Reaction - [5.2.1 Rate Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-1-rate-equations.md) - [5.2.2 Rate Equations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-2-rate-equations-2.md) - [5.2.3 The Effect of a Catalyst](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-2-3-the-effect-of-a-catalyst.md) - 5.3 Stoichometry - [5.3.1 Stoichiometry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-3-1-stoichiometry.md) - 5.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle - [5.4.1 Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-1-introduction-to-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.2 Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-2-reaction-quotient-and-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.3 Temperature & Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-3-temperature-and-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.4 IB Multiple Choice -Le Châtelier’s Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-4-ib-multiple-choice-le-chateliers-principle.md) - [5.4.5 Extended Response - Le Châtelier](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-4-5-extended-response-le-chatelier.md) - 5.5 Introduction to Equilibrium - [5.5.1 Equilibrium & Equilibrium Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-1-equilibrium-and-equilibrium-graphs.md) - [5.5.2 Dynamic Equilibria](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-2-dynamic-equilibria.md) - [5.5.3 Reversible Reactions & Directions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-5-3-reversible-reactions-and-directions.md) - 5.6 Equilibrium Constant - [5.6.1 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-1-calculating-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.2 Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-2-magnitude-of-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.3 Properties of the Equilibrium Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-3-properties-of-the-equilibrium-constant.md) - [5.6.4 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-4-calculating-equilibrium-concentrations.md) - [5.6.5 Representations of Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-5-representations-of-equilibrium.md) - [5.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Equilibrium Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-equilibrium-constants.md) - [5.6.7 Extended Response - Calculating Kc](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-6-7-extended-response-calculating-kc.md) - 5.7 Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant - [5.7.1 Reaction Quotient](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-1-reaction-quotient.md) - [5.7.2 Equilibrium Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-2-equilibrium-constants.md) - [5.7.3 Partial Pressures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-3-partial-pressures.md) - [5.7.4 Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-4-kp.md) - [5.7.5 IB Multiple Choice - Reaction Quotient & Kp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-5-ib-multiple-choice-reaction-quotient-and-kp.md) - [5.7.6 Extended Response - Kp & Bond Enthalpy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/5-7-6-extended-response-kp-and-bond-enthalpy.md) ### 6 Reactivity - The Mechanisms of Chemical Change - 6.1 Proton Transfer Reactions - [6.1.1 Brønsted-Lowry Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-1-1-bronsted-lowry-theory.md) - 6.2 The pH Scale - [6.2.1 pH & pOH](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-1-ph-and-poh.md) - [6.2.2 Ionic Product of Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-2-ionic-product-of-water.md) - [6.2.3 Using Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-3-using-kw.md) - [6.2.4 IB Multiple Choice - pH & Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-4-ib-multiple-choice-ph-and-kw.md) - [6.2.5 Extended Response - Kw](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-2-5-extended-response-kw.md) - 6.3 Strong & Weak Acids and Bases - [6.3.1 Strong Acids & Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-1-strong-acids-and-bases.md) - [6.3.2 Weak Acids & Ka](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-2-weak-acids-and-ka.md) - [6.3.3 Weak Bases & Kb](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-3-weak-bases-and-kb.md) - [6.3.4 Weak Acids & Bases Calculation Walkthrough](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-3-4-weak-acids-and-bases-calculation-walkthrough.md) - 6.4 Acid Deposition - [6.4.1 Acid Deposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-4-1-acid-deposition.md) - 6.5 Types of Organic Reactions - [6.5.1 Electrophilic Substitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-5-1-electrophilic-substitution.md) - 6.6 Oxidation & Reduction - [6.6.1 Oxidation Number Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-1-oxidation-number-method.md) - [6.6.2 Winkler Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-2-winkler-method.md) - [6.6.3 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-3-redox-reactions.md) - [6.6.4 Oxidation States & Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-4-oxidation-states-and-equations.md) - [6.6.5 End of Topic Quiz - Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-5-end-of-topic-quiz-redox.md) - [6.6.6 Extended Response - Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-6-6-extended-response-redox-reactions.md) - 6.7 Electrochemical Cells - [6.7.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-1-introduction-to-electrochemical-cells.md) - [6.7.2 Galvanic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-2-galvanic-cells.md) - [6.7.3 Cell Notation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-3-cell-notation.md) - [6.7.4 Electrolytic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-4-electrolytic-cells.md) - [6.7.5 Extended Response - Voltaic Cells & Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-7-5-extended-response-voltaic-cells-and-redox.md) - 6.8 Titration - [6.8.1 Redox Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-1-redox-titrations.md) - [6.8.2 Titration Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-2-titration-calculations.md) - [6.8.3 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-8-3-atom-economy.md) - 6.9 Acid-Base Titrations - [6.9.1 Titration Calculation Weak Acid & Strong Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-1-titration-calculation-weak-acid-and-strong-base.md) - [6.9.2 Titration Experimental Detail](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-2-titration-experimental-detail.md) - [6.9.3 Extended Response - Titration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-3-extended-response-titration.md) - [6.9.4 Titration Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-4-titration-calculations.md) - [6.9.5 Titration Curves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-5-titration-curves.md) - [6.9.6 Titration Calculation Strong Acid & Weak Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-6-titration-calculation-strong-acid-and-weak-base.md) - [6.9.7 IB Multiple Choice - Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-7-ib-multiple-choice-titrations.md) - [6.9.8 Polyprotic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-8-polyprotic-acids.md) - [6.9.9 Titration Calculations Strong Acid & Strong Base](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-9-titration-calculations-strong-acid-and-strong-base.md) - [6.9.10 Titrations Curves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/6-9-10-titrations-curves-2.md) ### 7 Measurement, Data Processing & Analysis - 7.1 Uncertainties & Errors in Measurements & Results - [7.1.1 Qualitative & Quantitative data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-1-1-qualitative-and-quantitative-data.md) - 7.2 Graphical Techniques - [7.2.1 Drawing & Interpreting Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-2-1-drawing-and-interpreting-graphs.md) - [7.2.2 Linear Interpolation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-2-2-linear-interpolation.md) - 7.3 Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds - [7.3.1 Understanding NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-1-understanding-nmr.md) - [7.3.2 Carbon-13 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-2-carbon-13-nmr.md) - [7.3.3 Hydrogen-1 NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-3-hydrogen-1-nmr.md) - [7.3.4 Hydrogen-1 NMR 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-4-hydrogen-1-nmr-2.md) - [7.3.5 End of Topic Quiz - NMR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-3-5-end-of-topic-quiz-nmr.md) - 7.4 Infrared Spectroscpy - [7.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/chemistry/chemistry-ib-diploma-higher-level/7-4-1-infrared-spectroscopy.md)