Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-1-4-cell-membrane-structure-and-permeability [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [IB Diploma](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma.md) › [Biology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology.md) › [Biology: IB Diploma](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma.md) › Cell Membrane Structure & Permeability # Cell Membrane Structure & Permeability Biology: IB Diploma Higher Level, topic 6.1.4 ## Structure and Function of Cell Membranes The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. This gives the membrane a fluid character. ### Function of the plasma membrane ![Function of the plasma membrane](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/04d00e71-ef0b-4309-96fd-56bc8390024f/Cell%20Membrane.jpg) - The plasma membrane defines the borders of cells and most organelles. This creates compartments within cells. - The plasma membrane is partially permeable. This means that the membrane allows some materials to freely enter or leave the cell/organelle, while other materials cannot move freely. - The plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer, which is 5 - 10 nm thick. ### Structure of phospholipids ![Structure of phospholipids](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/05686280-2920-4150-997f-1149f28c3ee7/Cholesterol-phospholipids-cell-membrane-plasma-bilayer-.png) - A phospholipid is a molecule consisting of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-linked head group. - The hydrophilic phospholipid head faces outwards towards the aqueous external or internal environments. - The hydrophilic regions of the phospholipids tend to form hydrogen bonds with water and other polar molecules on both the exterior and interior of the cell. - The hydrophobic fatty acids face each other within the inside of the membrance. ### Structure of cholesterol ![Structure of cholesterol](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/a5224a33-693c-4b2f-b9bb-9ff7104c3b9d/Cholesterol-phospholipids-cell-membrane-plasma-bilayer-.png) - Cholesterol is a lipid that sits with phospholipids in the core of the membrane. - Cholesterol is not found in bacterial cell membranes. - Cholesterol molecules make the membrane more rigid. - This explains why cholesterol helps to maintain the shape of animal cells. ### The Fluid Mosaic Model ![The Fluid Mosaic Model](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/b90aada5-5250-4779-aaec-d549a4c28cec/Fluid-Mosaic-Model-cell-surface-plasma-membrane-.png) - The phospholipid bilayer forms the ‘fluid’ part of the ‘fluid mosaic’ model. - The ‘mosaic’ part is made up of the various proteins, carbohydrate and lipid molecules that punctuate membranes. ## Structure and Function of Cell Membranes - Proteins Membrane proteins are part of the "mosaic" in the fluid mosaic model. Membrane proteins have a variety of functions. ### Function of membrane bound proteins ![Function of membrane bound proteins](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/aea9d040-6818-4a1e-b307-fda8e8376eee/atp-synthase.jpg) - Membrane-bound proteins are large molecules embedded in the bilayer, they can form open pores that allow the diffusion of large molecules across the bilayer or they can be transport proteins that bind to specific molecules and carry them across the membrane. - ATP-synthase is an example of a membrane-bound protein and catalyzes the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation on the inner mitochondrial membrane. ### Integral vs peripheral proteins ![Integral vs peripheral proteins](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-11/17b44ec1-acc8-4cd6-acfd-1bffdccb7928/Membrane%20proteins.png) - Integral proteins are integrated completely into the membrane structure, and their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer. - Peripheral proteins are found on the exterior and interior surfaces of membranes, attached either to integral proteins or to phospholipids. - Peripheral proteins & integral proteins may serve as enzymes, as structural attachments for the fibers of the cytoskeleton, or as part of the cell’s recognition sites. ### Membrane proteins ![Membrane proteins](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-11/14d8382c-1a37-4a8d-81ee-877b95bdf17c/Membrane%20proteins%20(1).png) - Integral membranes proteins may have one or more alpha-helices that span the membrane (1 & 2), or they may have beta-sheets that span the membrane (3). ### Function of glycoproteins and glycolipids ![Function of glycoproteins and glycolipids](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/b90aada5-5250-4779-aaec-d549a4c28cec/Fluid-Mosaic-Model-cell-surface-plasma-membrane-.png) - Some proteins and lipids in cell membranes have carbohydrate chains attached to them. - These chains are vital in interacting with the cell’s immediate environment. - Some glycolipids and glycoproteins are able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules surrounding the cell, helping to stabilize the membrane. ### Cell receptors ![Cell receptors](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/24caea82-6f01-4610-a75b-2a57e87af7f6/Active-Transport-exchange-energy-membrane-atp-.png) - Other glycolipids and glycoproteins act as cell signaling receptors and have active binding sites for communication molecules such as hormones and drugs. - When these receptors bind a target molecule, the glycomolecule undergoes a conformational change and initiates a chain of reactions known as a cascade that can lead to a cell-level response to the binding of certain signaling molecules. ## Test yourself on Cell Membrane Structure & Permeability - Which of the following statements about cell membranes are true? - What is the normal thickness of the phospholipid bilayer? - What type of protein secondary structure element is represented by 3? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/549189f7-f13a-4c5c-b80c-ea1bd3036d78/section/466bafdb-49a9-4933-9326-2efcdd984f18/session) - Previous topic: [6.1.3 Endocytosis & Exocystosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-1-3-endocytosis-and-exocystosis.md) - Next topic: [6.2.1 Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-2-1-eukaryotic-cells-and-organelles.md) ## Biology: IB Diploma Higher Level contents ### 1 Unity & Diversity - Molecules - 1.1 Water - [1.1.1 The Importance of Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-1-1-the-importance-of-water.md) - [1.1.2 The Structure of Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-1-2-the-structure-of-water.md) - [1.1.3 The Properties of Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-1-3-the-properties-of-water.md) - [1.1.4 IB Multiple Choice - Water & Hydrogen Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-1-4-ib-multiple-choice-water-and-hydrogen-bonding.md) - [1.1.5 Extended Response - Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-1-5-extended-response-water.md) - 1.2 DNA Structure & Replication - [1.2.1 DNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-2-1-dna.md) - [1.2.2 RNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-2-2-rna.md) - [1.2.3 Semi-Conservative DNA Replication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-2-3-semi-conservative-dna-replication.md) - [1.2.4 DNA Replication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-2-4-dna-replication.md) - [1.2.5 DNA Replication - Summary](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-2-5-dna-replication-summary.md) - [1.2.6 IB Multiple Choice - DNA Replication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-2-6-ib-multiple-choice-dna-replication.md) - 1.3 Transcription & Gene Expression - [1.3.1 Introduction to Transcription & Protein Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-3-1-introduction-to-transcription-and-protein-synthesis.md) - [1.3.2 Types of RNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-3-2-types-of-rna.md) - [1.3.3 Transcription](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-3-3-transcription.md) - [1.3.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-3-4-rna-processing-in-eukaryotes.md) - [1.3.5 IB Multiple Choice - Transcription](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-3-5-ib-multiple-choice-transcription.md) - 1.4 Translation - [1.4.1 Translation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-4-1-translation.md) - [1.4.2 Retroviruses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-4-2-retroviruses.md) - [1.4.3 Scientific Practices: Coronavirus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-4-3-scientific-practices-coronavirus.md) - [1.4.4 IB Multiple Choice - Translation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/1-4-4-ib-multiple-choice-translation.md) ### 2 Unity & Diversity - Cells - 2.1 The Origin of Cells - [2.1.1 Origins - Endosymbiosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-1-1-origins-endosymbiosis.md) - 2.2 Introduction to Cells - [2.2.1 Introduction to Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-2-1-introduction-to-cells.md) - [2.2.2 Cell Size & Surface Area](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-2-2-cell-size-and-surface-area.md) - [2.2.3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-2-3-surface-area-to-volume-ratio.md) - [2.2.4 Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-2-4-eukaryotic-vs-prokaryotic-cells.md) - [2.2.5 Stem Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-2-5-stem-cells.md) - [2.2.6 Stem Cells in Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-2-6-stem-cells-in-disease.md) - 2.3 Ultrastructure of Cells - [2.3.1 Golgi, Lysosomes & Ribosomes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-3-1-golgi-lysosomes-and-ribosomes.md) - [2.3.2 Cell Walls & Vacuole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-3-2-cell-walls-and-vacuole.md) - [2.3.3 Prokaryotes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-3-3-prokaryotes.md) - [2.3.4 Binary Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-3-4-binary-fission.md) - 2.4 Cell Division - [2.4.1 The Cell Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-4-1-the-cell-cycle.md) - [2.4.2 Mitosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-4-2-mitosis.md) - [2.4.3 Regulation of the Cell Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-4-3-regulation-of-the-cell-cycle.md) - [2.4.4 End of Topic Quiz - The Cell Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-4-4-end-of-topic-quiz-the-cell-cycle.md) - [2.4.5 IB Multiple Choice - The Cell Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-4-5-ib-multiple-choice-the-cell-cycle.md) - [2.4.6 Extended Response - Mitosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-4-6-extended-response-mitosis.md) - 2.5 Structure of DNA & RNA - [2.5.1 DNA & RNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-5-1-dna-and-rna.md) - 2.6 DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation - [2.6.1 Protein Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-6-1-protein-synthesis.md) - [2.6.2 Transcription & Translation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-6-2-transcription-and-translation.md) - [2.6.3 End of Topic Test - DNA, Genes & Protein Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-6-3-end-of-topic-test-dna-genes-and-protein-synthesis.md) - [2.6.4 Exam-Style Question - Protein Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-6-4-exam-style-question-protein-synthesis.md) - [2.6.5 End of Topic Test - Coronavirus Translation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-6-5-end-of-topic-test-coronavirus-translation.md) - [2.6.6 IB Multiple Choice - Transcription](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-6-6-ib-multiple-choice-transcription.md) - [2.6.7 IB Multiple Choice - Translation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-6-7-ib-multiple-choice-translation.md) - 2.7 Cell Respiration - [2.7.1 Overview of Respiration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-7-1-overview-of-respiration.md) - [2.7.2 Anaerobic Respiration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-7-2-anaerobic-respiration.md) - [2.7.3 End of Topic Test - Anaerobic Respiration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-7-3-end-of-topic-test-anaerobic-respiration.md) - [2.7.4 Respiration Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-7-4-respiration-experiments.md) - [2.7.5 End of Topic Test - Respiration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-7-5-end-of-topic-test-respiration.md) - [2.7.6 IB Multiple Choice - Respiration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-7-6-ib-multiple-choice-respiration.md) - 2.8 Photosynthesis - [2.8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-8-1-overview-of-photosynthesis.md) - 2.9 Viruses - [2.9.1 Viruses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/2-9-1-viruses.md) ### 3 Unity & Diversity - Organisms - 3.1 Diversity of Organisms - [3.1.1 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-1-1-chromosomal-theory-of-inheritance.md) - [3.1.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-1-2-chromosomal-basis-of-inherited-disorders.md) - [3.1.3 IB Multiple Choice - Chromosomal Inheritance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-1-3-ib-multiple-choice-chromosomal-inheritance.md) - 3.2 Evidence for Evolution - [3.2.1 Evidence for Evolution - Fossils & DNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-2-1-evidence-for-evolution-fossils-and-dna.md) - [3.2.2 Evidence for Evolution - Anatomy & Geography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-2-2-evidence-for-evolution-anatomy-and-geography.md) - [3.2.3 IB Multiple Choice - Evidence for Evolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-2-3-ib-multiple-choice-evidence-for-evolution.md) - [3.2.4 Extended Response - DNA & Evolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-2-4-extended-response-dna-and-evolution.md) - 3.3 Natural Selection - [3.3.1 Introduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-3-1-introduction.md) - [3.3.2 Evolutionary Fitness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-3-2-evolutionary-fitness.md) - [3.3.3 Natural Selection & Variation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-3-3-natural-selection-and-variation.md) - [3.3.4 End of Topic Quiz - Natural Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-3-4-end-of-topic-quiz-natural-selection.md) - [3.3.5 IB Multiple Choice - Natural Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-3-5-ib-multiple-choice-natural-selection.md) - [3.3.6 Speciation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/3-3-6-speciation.md) ### 4 Unity & Diversity - Ecosystems - 4.1 Classification - [4.1.1 Introduction to Biodiversity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-1-1-introduction-to-biodiversity.md) - [4.1.2 Keystone Species](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-1-2-keystone-species.md) - [4.1.3 Courtship & Ancestry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-1-3-courtship-and-ancestry.md) - [4.1.4 Classification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-1-4-classification.md) - 4.2 Cladistics - [4.2.1 Evolutionary Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-2-1-evolutionary-relationships.md) - [4.2.2 IB Multiple Choice - Species & Taxonomy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-2-2-ib-multiple-choice-species-and-taxonomy.md) - 4.3 Evolution & Speciation - [4.3.1 Evidence for Evolution - Fossils & DNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-1-evidence-for-evolution-fossils-and-dna.md) - [4.3.2 Evidence for Evolution - Anatomy & Geography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-2-evidence-for-evolution-anatomy-and-geography.md) - [4.3.3 IB Multiple Choice - Evidence for Evolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-3-ib-multiple-choice-evidence-for-evolution.md) - [4.3.4 Extended Response - DNA & Evolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-4-extended-response-dna-and-evolution.md) - [4.3.5 Populations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-5-populations.md) - [4.3.6 Mutations, Genetic Drift, & Gene Flow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-6-mutations-genetic-drift-and-gene-flow.md) - [4.3.7 Speciation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-7-speciation.md) - [4.3.8 Rate of Speciation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-8-rate-of-speciation.md) - [4.3.9 Allopatric & Sympatric Speciation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-3-9-allopatric-and-sympatric-speciation.md) - 4.4 Conservation of Biodiversity - [4.4.1 Coming Soon!](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/4-4-1-coming-soon.md) ### 5 Form & Function - Molecules - 5.1 Carbohydrates & Lipids - [5.1.1 Monosaccharides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/5-1-1-monosaccharides.md) - [5.1.2 Disaccharides & Polysaccharides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/5-1-2-disaccharides-and-polysaccharides.md) - [5.1.3 Triglycerides & Phospholipids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/5-1-3-triglycerides-and-phospholipids.md) - [5.1.4 Cellulose](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/5-1-4-cellulose.md) - [5.1.5 Starch & Glycogen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/5-1-5-starch-and-glycogen.md) - 5.2 Proteins - [5.2.1 Structure & Functions of Proteins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/5-2-1-structure-and-functions-of-proteins.md) ### 6 Form & Function - Cells - 6.1 Membranes & Membrane Transport - [6.1.1 Passive Movement Across Membranes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-1-1-passive-movement-across-membranes.md) - [6.1.2 Active Movement Across Membranes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-1-2-active-movement-across-membranes.md) - [6.1.3 Endocytosis & Exocystosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-1-3-endocytosis-and-exocystosis.md) - [6.1.4 Cell Membrane Structure & Permeability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-1-4-cell-membrane-structure-and-permeability.md) - 6.2 Organelles & Compartmentalization - [6.2.1 Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-2-1-eukaryotic-cells-and-organelles.md) - [6.2.2 Subcellular Components & Organelles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-2-2-subcellular-components-and-organelles.md) - 6.3 Cell Specialization - [6.3.1 Cell Specialization](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/6-3-1-cell-specialization.md) ### 7 Form & Function - Organisms - 7.1 Gas Exchange - [7.1.1 Lung Structure & Alveoli](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-1-1-lung-structure-and-alveoli.md) - [7.1.2 Ventilation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-1-2-ventilation.md) - [7.1.3 Lung Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-1-3-lung-disease.md) - [7.1.4 Lung Disease Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-1-4-lung-disease-data.md) - 7.2 Transport - [7.2.1 The Circulatory System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-1-the-circulatory-system.md) - [7.2.2 The Heart](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-2-the-heart.md) - [7.2.3 Blood Vessels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-3-blood-vessels.md) - [7.2.4 Cardiovascular Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-4-cardiovascular-disease.md) - [7.2.5 Xylem Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-5-xylem-structure.md) - [7.2.6 Cohesion-Tension Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-6-cohesion-tension-theory.md) - [7.2.7 Investigating Transpiration Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-7-investigating-transpiration-rate.md) - [7.2.8 Phloem Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-8-phloem-structure.md) - [7.2.9 Translocation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-2-9-translocation.md) - 7.3 Muscle & Motility - [7.3.1 Skeletal Muscle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-3-1-skeletal-muscle.md) - [7.3.2 Sliding Filament Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-3-2-sliding-filament-theory.md) - [7.3.3 Contraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/7-3-3-contraction.md) ### 8 Form & Function - Ecosystems - 8.1 Species, Communities & Ecosytems - [8.1.1 Population Dynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-1-1-population-dynamics.md) - [8.1.2 Communities & Measuring Diversity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-1-2-communities-and-measuring-diversity.md) - [8.1.3 Relationships Between Populations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-1-3-relationships-between-populations.md) - [8.1.4 Overview of Ecosystems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-1-4-overview-of-ecosystems.md) - [8.1.5 Nutrient Cycles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-1-5-nutrient-cycles.md) - [8.1.6 Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-1-6-fertilisers.md) - [8.1.7 Eutrophication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-1-7-eutrophication.md) - [8.1.8 Chi-Squared Test](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-1-8-chi-squared-test.md) - 8.2 Energy Flow - [8.2.1 Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-2-1-energy.md) - [8.2.2 Energy Flow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-2-2-energy-flow.md) - [8.2.3 Biomass & Food Chains](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-2-3-biomass-and-food-chains.md) - [8.2.4 Heterotrophs & Autotrophs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-2-4-heterotrophs-and-autotrophs.md) - 8.3 Carbon Cycle - [8.3.1 Carbon Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-3-1-carbon-cycle.md) - 8.4 Climate Change - [8.4.1 Carbon Dioxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-4-1-carbon-dioxide.md) - [8.4.2 The Greenhouse Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-4-2-the-greenhouse-effect.md) - [8.4.3 Global Warming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-4-3-global-warming.md) - [8.4.4 Maintaining Biodiversity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/8-4-4-maintaining-biodiversity.md) ### 9 Interaction & Interdependence - Molecules - 9.1 Enzymes - [9.1.1 Enzymes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-1-1-enzymes.md) - [9.1.2 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-1-2-factors-affecting-enzyme-activity.md) - [9.1.3 Enzyme-Controlled Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-1-3-enzyme-controlled-reactions.md) - [9.1.4 End of Topic Test - Enzymes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-1-4-end-of-topic-test-enzymes.md) - 9.2 Metabolism - [9.2.1 Molecules to Metabolism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-2-1-molecules-to-metabolism.md) - 9.3 Cell Respiration - [9.3.1 Glycolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-3-1-glycolysis.md) - [9.3.2 Aerobic Respiration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-3-2-aerobic-respiration.md) - 9.4 Photosynthesis - [9.4.1 Light-Dependent Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-4-1-light-dependent-reaction.md) - [9.4.2 Light-Independent Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-4-2-light-independent-reaction.md) - [9.4.3 End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-4-3-end-of-topic-test-photosynthesis-reactions.md) - [9.4.4 Limiting Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-4-4-limiting-factors.md) - [9.4.5 Photosynthesis Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-4-5-photosynthesis-experiments.md) - [9.4.6 End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-4-6-end-of-topic-test-photosynthesis.md) - [9.4.7 End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/9-4-7-end-of-topic-test-photosynthesis.md) ### 10 Interaction & Interdependence - Cells - 10.1 Chemical Signalling - [10.1.1 Coming Soon!](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-1-1-coming-soon.md) - 10.2 Neural Signalling - [10.2.1 Medical Application](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-1-medical-application.md) - [10.2.2 Speed of Transmission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-2-speed-of-transmission.md) - [10.2.3 Synapses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-3-synapses.md) - [10.2.4 End of Topic Test - Nervous Comm&Coord](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-4-end-of-topic-test-nervous-commandcoord.md) - [10.2.5 Neuron Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-5-neuron-structure.md) - [10.2.6 Types of Synapse](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-6-types-of-synapse.md) - [10.2.7 End of Topic Test - Neurones & Action Potentials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-7-end-of-topic-test-neurones-and-action-potentials.md) - [10.2.8 Transmission of an Impulse](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-8-transmission-of-an-impulse.md) - [10.2.9 End of Topic Test - Synapses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-2-9-end-of-topic-test-synapses.md) - 10.3 Adaptation to Environment - [10.3.1 Coming Soon!](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-3-1-coming-soon.md) - 10.4 Ecological Niches - [10.4.1 Coming Soon!](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/10-4-1-coming-soon.md) ### 11 Interaction & Interdependence - Organisms - 11.1 Integration of Body Systems - [11.1.1 Plant Tropisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/11-1-1-plant-tropisms.md) - 11.2 Defence Against Disease - [11.2.1 Immune System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/11-2-1-immune-system.md) - [11.2.2 The Immune Response](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/11-2-2-the-immune-response.md) - [11.2.3 Antibodies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/11-2-3-antibodies.md) - [11.2.4 Primary & Secondary Response](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/11-2-4-primary-and-secondary-response.md) - [11.2.5 Vaccines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/11-2-5-vaccines.md) - [11.2.6 HIV](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/11-2-6-hiv.md) - [11.2.7 End of Topic Test - Immune System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/11-2-7-end-of-topic-test-immune-system.md) ### 12 Interaction & Interdependence - Ecosystems - 12.1 Populations & Communities - [12.1.1 Coming Soon!](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/12-1-1-coming-soon.md) - 12.2 Transfers of Energy & Matter - [12.2.1 Coming Soon!](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/12-2-1-coming-soon.md) ### 13 Continuity & Change - Molecules - 13.1 DNA Replication - [13.1.1 DNA Replication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-1-1-dna-replication.md) - 13.2 Protein Synthesis - [13.2.1 Protein Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-2-1-protein-synthesis.md) - [13.2.2 Transcription & Translation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-2-2-transcription-and-translation.md) - [13.2.3 End of Topic Test - DNA, Genes & Protein Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-2-3-end-of-topic-test-dna-genes-and-protein-synthesis.md) - 13.3 Mutation & Gene Editing - [13.3.1 Genes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-3-1-genes.md) - [13.3.2 Mutations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-3-2-mutations.md) - [13.3.3 DNA Technology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-3-3-dna-technology.md) - [13.3.4 PCR & Gel Electrophoresis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-3-4-pcr-and-gel-electrophoresis.md) - [13.3.5 Genetic Modification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-3-5-genetic-modification.md) - [13.3.6 Cloning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/13-3-6-cloning.md) ### 14 Continuity & Change - Cells - 14.1 Gene Expression - [14.1.1 Introduction to Transcription & Protein Synthesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/14-1-1-introduction-to-transcription-and-protein-synthesis.md) - [14.1.2 Types of RNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/14-1-2-types-of-rna.md) - [14.1.3 Transcription](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/14-1-3-transcription.md) - [14.1.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/14-1-4-rna-processing-in-eukaryotes.md) - [14.1.5 IB Multiple Choice - Transcription](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/14-1-5-ib-multiple-choice-transcription.md) - 14.2 Water Potential - [14.2.1 Controlling Blood Water Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/14-2-1-controlling-blood-water-potential.md) ### 15 Continuity & Change - Organisms - 15.1 Inheritance - [15.1.1 Non-Nuclear Inheritance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-1-non-nuclear-inheritance.md) - [15.1.2 Linked Genes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-2-linked-genes.md) - [15.1.3 IB Multiple Choice - Non-Mendelian Genetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-3-ib-multiple-choice-non-mendelian-genetics.md) - [15.1.4 Extended Response - Inheritance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-4-extended-response-inheritance.md) - [15.1.5 Introduction to Non-Mendelian Inheritance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-5-introduction-to-non-mendelian-inheritance.md) - [15.1.6 Chi-Squared Test](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-6-chi-squared-test.md) - [15.1.7 End of Topic Quiz - Inheritance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-7-end-of-topic-quiz-inheritance.md) - [15.1.8 Sex-Linked Genes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-8-sex-linked-genes.md) - [15.1.9 Grade 4-5 (Scientific Practices) - Inheritance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-1-9-grade-4-5-scientific-practices-inheritance.md) - 15.2 Homeostasis - [15.2.1 Overview of Homeostasis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-2-1-overview-of-homeostasis.md) - [15.2.2 Blood Glucose Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-2-2-blood-glucose-concentration.md) - [15.2.3 Controlling Blood Glucose Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-2-3-controlling-blood-glucose-concentration.md) - [15.2.4 End of Topic Test - Blood Glucose](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-2-4-end-of-topic-test-blood-glucose.md) - [15.2.5 Type I & Type II Diabetes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-2-5-type-i-and-type-ii-diabetes.md) - [15.2.6 Human Reproductive Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-2-6-human-reproductive-systems.md) - [15.2.7 Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-2-7-hormonal-control-of-the-menstrual-cycle.md) - [15.2.8 Kidneys & Osmoregulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/15-2-8-kidneys-and-osmoregulation.md) ### 16 Continuity & Change - Ecosystems - 16.1 Natural Selection - [16.1.1 Natural Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/16-1-1-natural-selection.md) - 16.2 Stability & Change - [16.2.1 Coming Soon!](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/16-2-1-coming-soon.md) - 16.3 Climate Change - [16.3.1 Carbon Dioxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/16-3-1-carbon-dioxide.md) - [16.3.2 The Greenhouse Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/16-3-2-the-greenhouse-effect.md) - [16.3.3 Global Warming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/16-3-3-global-warming.md) - [16.3.4 Maintaining Biodiversity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ib-diploma/biology/biology-ib-diploma/16-3-4-maintaining-biodiversity.md)