Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-7-required-practical-reflection-and-refraction

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# Required Practical - Reflection and Refraction

Physics: AQA GCSE Higher, topic 6.2.7

## Reflection and Refraction of Light

This study explores how the angle of reflection compares with the angle of incidence when light hits different surfaces, and how light refracts when passing through different materials.

### Apparatus

![Apparatus](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2023-04/fc224593-aa37-444e-beda-2c32212d8220/sacylinder_3.png)

- Ray box with a slit and a focusing lens
- Ruler 
- A3 paper
- Protractor
- Rectangular acrylic block
- Rectangular glass block
- Pencil or fine pen

### Method

![Method](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2025-10/dbe675e9-8964-4305-98ec-224812cc27df/light.png)

- Get a ray box with a single slit and a lens to make a thin beam of light.
- Place an A3 sheet on the table and draw a straight line near the centre. 
- Use a protractor to draw a second line perpendicular to that line in the middle — label it as the normal (N).
- Place the acrylic block on the first line, with the 'N' line in the middle of one side. Trace around the block to mark its position.
- Point the ray box at where the 'N' line meets the block. This light is called the incident ray.

### Method (continuation)

![Method (continuation)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2025-10/dbe675e9-8964-4305-98ec-224812cc27df/light.png)

- Adjust the ray box until you see the light ray bouncing off (reflected) and another ray coming out the other side (transmitted).
- Mark the light paths:
 - Incoming (incident) ray with one 'X'.
 - Reflected ray with another 'X'.
 - Outgoing (transmitted) ray with two 'X's (inside and exiting the block).
- Remove the block and connect the 'X's to draw the light paths.
- Replace the acrylic block with a rectangular glass block and repeat the steps for comparison.

### Analysis

![Analysis](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2025-10/c8ced2ac-8803-4d49-994c-c9cec6ae8acb/lit.png)

- Measure the angle of incidence (i), angle of reflection (r), and angle of refraction for both materials.
- Law of Reflection: 
 - Compare the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection for each surface. 
 - They should be equal if the law is true.
- Refraction: 
 - Compare the angle of incidence with the angle of refraction for each material.
 - The glass should bend light more than the acrylic block due to its higher refractive index.

### Safety Precautions

![Safety Precautions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2022-11/c660f130-7391-4e70-816d-561c83d6ace4/light-bulbs-g6ef7f3252_1920.jpg)

- Hot ray box bulb may cause minor burns.
 - Avoid touching the bulb; allow time to cool after use.
- Sharp edges on glass block may cause small cuts.
 - Handle the blocks carefully and gently.

## Test yourself on Required Practical - Reflection and Refraction

- What happens to light when it travels from air into a denser material such as glass?
- Which of the following best describes the law of reflection?
- What is the purpose of using a ray box in this experiment?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/fe56ca00-05aa-11e8-9a61-01927559cfd5/section/e9408fd1-9f93-4f05-a15b-9973056160f3/session)

- Previous topic: [6.2.6 Internal Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-6-internal-reflection.md)
- Next topic: [6.3.1 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-1-sound-waves.md)

## Physics: AQA GCSE Higher contents

### 1 Energy
- 1.1 Energy Changes
  - [1.1.1 Energy Stores](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-1-energy-stores.md)
  - [1.1.2 Energy Storing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-2-energy-storing.md)
  - [1.1.3 Internal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-3-internal-energy.md)
  - [1.1.4 Kinetic Energy Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-4-kinetic-energy-storage.md)
  - [1.1.5 Gravitational Potential Energy Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-5-gravitational-potential-energy-storage.md)
  - [1.1.6 Elastic Potential Energy Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-6-elastic-potential-energy-storage.md)
  - [1.1.7 Calculating Changes in Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-7-calculating-changes-in-energy.md)
  - [1.1.8 Changes in Kinetic Energy - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-8-changes-in-kinetic-energy-calculations.md)
  - [1.1.9 Changes in GPE - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-9-changes-in-gpe-calculations.md)
  - [1.1.10 Changes in EPE - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-10-changes-in-epe-calculations.md)
  - [1.1.11 Energy Transfers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-11-energy-transfers.md)
  - [1.1.12 Energy Transfer Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-12-energy-transfer-examples.md)
  - [1.1.13 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-13-conservation-of-energy.md)
  - [1.1.14 Mechanical Work - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-14-mechanical-work-calculations.md)
  - [1.1.15 Mechanical Work Done](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-15-mechanical-work-done.md)
  - [1.1.16 Mechanical Work Done Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-16-mechanical-work-done-equation.md)
  - [1.1.17 Electrical Work Done](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-17-electrical-work-done.md)
  - [1.1.18 Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-18-power.md)
  - [1.1.19 Electrical Work Done- Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-19-electrical-work-done-calculations.md)
  - [1.1.20 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Stationary Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-20-diagnostic-misconceptions-stationary-objects.md)
- 1.2 Energy Losses & Efficiency
  - [1.2.1 Energy Wastage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-1-energy-wastage.md)
  - [1.2.2 Energy Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-2-energy-efficiency.md)
  - [1.2.3 Reducing Energy Loss](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-3-reducing-energy-loss.md)
  - [1.2.4 Power & Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-4-power-and-energy-transfer.md)
  - [1.2.5 Required Practical - Investigating Insulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-5-required-practical-investigating-insulation.md)
  - [1.2.6 Efficiency - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-6-efficiency-calculations.md)
  - [1.2.7 Grade 9 - Energy & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-7-grade-9-energy-and-efficiency.md)
- 1.3 Energy Resources
  - [1.3.1 Energy Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-1-energy-resources.md)
  - [1.3.2 Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-2-fossil-fuels.md)
  - [1.3.3 Geothermal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-3-geothermal-energy.md)
  - [1.3.4 Wind Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-4-wind-energy.md)
  - [1.3.5 Water Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-5-water-energy.md)
  - [1.3.6 Tidal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-6-tidal-energy.md)
  - [1.3.7 Nuclear Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-7-nuclear-energy.md)
  - [1.3.8 Solar Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-8-solar-energy.md)
  - [1.3.9 Original Source of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-9-original-source-of-energy.md)
  - [1.3.10 Non-Renewable & Renewable Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-10-non-renewable-and-renewable-resources.md)
  - [1.3.11 Uses of Energy Sources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-11-uses-of-energy-sources.md)
  - [1.3.12 Changing Electricity Use](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-12-changing-electricity-use.md)
  - [1.3.13 Renewable Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-13-renewable-energy.md)
  - [1.3.14 Limits to Renewable Energy Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-14-limits-to-renewable-energy-resources.md)
  - [1.3.15 End of Topic Test - Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-15-end-of-topic-test-energy.md)
  - [1.3.16 Exam-Style Questions - Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-16-exam-style-questions-energy.md)

### 2 Electricity
- 2.1 Electric Charge
  - [2.1.1 Circuit Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-1-circuit-diagrams.md)
  - [2.1.2 Circuit Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-2-circuit-symbols.md)
  - [2.1.3 Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-3-current.md)
  - [2.1.4 Current Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-4-current-equation.md)
  - [2.1.5 Current - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-5-current-calculations.md)
  - [2.1.6 Conductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-6-conductors.md)
  - [2.1.7 Electrical Conductors - Electrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-7-electrical-conductors-electrons.md)
  - [2.1.8 Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-8-potential-difference.md)
  - [2.1.9 Voltage Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-9-voltage-equation.md)
  - [2.1.10 Measurements in Circuit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-10-measurements-in-circuit.md)
  - [2.1.11 Voltage - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-11-voltage-calculations.md)
  - [2.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Powering a Circuit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-powering-a-circuit.md)
- 2.2 Resistance & Electrical Work
  - [2.2.1 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-1-resistance.md)
  - [2.2.2 Measuring Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-2-measuring-resistance.md)
  - [2.2.3 Resistance Graph](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-3-resistance-graph.md)
  - [2.2.4 Diodes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-4-diodes.md)
  - [2.2.5 LDRs & Thermistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-5-ldrs-and-thermistors.md)
  - [2.2.6 Electrical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-6-electrical-work.md)
  - [2.2.7 Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-7-power.md)
  - [2.2.8 Ohm's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-8-ohms-law.md)
  - [2.2.9 Ohm's Law - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-9-ohms-law-equation.md)
  - [2.2.10 Resistance & Ohms Law - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-10-resistance-and-ohms-law-calculations.md)
  - [2.2.11 Electrical Work - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-11-electrical-work-calculations.md)
  - [2.2.12 Required Practical - Investigating Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-12-required-practical-investigating-resistance.md)
- 2.3 Electric Circuits
  - [2.3.1 Series Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-1-series-circuits.md)
  - [2.3.2 Resistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-2-resistors.md)
  - [2.3.3 Required Practical - I–V Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-3-required-practical-i-v-characteristics.md)
  - [2.3.4 Cells in Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-4-cells-in-series.md)
  - [2.3.5 Series Circuits - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-5-series-circuits-calculations.md)
  - [2.3.6 Parallel Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-6-parallel-circuits.md)
  - [2.3.7 Parallel Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-7-parallel-current.md)
  - [2.3.8 Parallel Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-8-parallel-resistance.md)
  - [2.3.9 Lights in Parallel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-9-lights-in-parallel.md)
  - [2.3.10 Parallel Circuits - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-10-parallel-circuits-calculations.md)
  - [2.3.11 Grade 9 - Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-11-grade-9-circuits.md)
  - [2.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-12-exam-style-questions-electricity.md)
- 2.4 Electricity in Homes
  - [2.4.1 AC/DC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-1-acdc.md)
  - [2.4.2 Mains Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-2-mains-electricity.md)
  - [2.4.3 Power Ratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-3-power-ratings.md)
  - [2.4.4 National Grid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-4-national-grid.md)
  - [2.4.5 Domestic Uses - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-5-domestic-uses-calculations.md)
  - [2.4.6 Fuses & Circuit Breakers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-6-fuses-and-circuit-breakers.md)
  - [2.4.7 Fuse Ratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-7-fuse-ratings.md)
  - [2.4.8 Earthing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-8-earthing.md)
  - [2.4.9 Dangers of the Live Wire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-9-dangers-of-the-live-wire.md)
  - [2.4.10 End of Topic Test - Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-10-end-of-topic-test-electricity.md)
- 2.5 Static Electricity
  - [2.5.1 Electrical Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-1-electrical-charge.md)
  - [2.5.2 Charging an Object](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-2-charging-an-object.md)
  - [2.5.3 Charged Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-3-charged-objects.md)
  - [2.5.4 Static Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-4-static-electricity.md)
  - [2.5.5 Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-5-electric-fields.md)
  - [2.5.6 Field Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-6-field-diagrams.md)

### 3 Particle Model of Matter
- 3.1 States of Matter
  - [3.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-1-atomic-model.md)
  - [3.1.2 Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-2-atomic-structure.md)
  - [3.1.3 Sub-Atomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-3-sub-atomic-particles.md)
  - [3.1.4 Models of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-4-models-of-the-atom.md)
  - [3.1.5 Alpha Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-5-alpha-particles.md)
  - [3.1.6 Electron Arrangements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-6-electron-arrangements.md)
  - [3.1.7 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-7-density.md)
  - [3.1.8 Density Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-8-density-equation.md)
  - [3.1.9 Density & the Particle Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-9-density-and-the-particle-model.md)
  - [3.1.10 Density - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-10-density-calculations.md)
  - [3.1.11 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-11-changes-of-state.md)
  - [3.1.12 Melting & Boiling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-12-melting-and-boiling.md)
  - [3.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-13-exam-style-questions-density.md)
  - [3.1.14 Required Practical - Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-14-required-practical-density.md)
  - [3.1.15 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Floating](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-15-diagnostic-misconceptions-floating.md)
  - [3.1.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Volume](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-16-diagnostic-misconceptions-volume.md)
- 3.2 Heat
  - [3.2.1 Internal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-1-internal-energy.md)
  - [3.2.2 Change in Thermal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-2-change-in-thermal-energy.md)
  - [3.2.3 Required Practical - Specific Heat Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-3-required-practical-specific-heat-capacity.md)
  - [3.2.4 Equation for Heat Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-4-equation-for-heat-capacity.md)
  - [3.2.5 Leslie's Cube](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-5-leslies-cube.md)
  - [3.2.6 Internal Energy - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-6-internal-energy-calculations.md)
  - [3.2.7 Melting & Boiling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-7-melting-and-boiling.md)
  - [3.2.8 Latent Heat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-8-latent-heat.md)
  - [3.2.9 Energy Change for Change of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-9-energy-change-for-change-of-state.md)
  - [3.2.10 Latent Heat - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-10-latent-heat-calculations.md)
  - [3.2.11 Specific Latent Heat of Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-11-specific-latent-heat-of-fusion.md)
  - [3.2.12 Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-12-specific-latent-heat-of-vaporisation.md)
- 3.3 Particle Motion in Gases
  - [3.3.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-1-states-of-matter.md)
  - [3.3.2 Properties of Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-2-properties-of-gases.md)
  - [3.3.3 Temperature Increase in a Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-3-temperature-increase-in-a-gas.md)
  - [3.3.4 Work Done on a Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-4-work-done-on-a-gas.md)
  - [3.3.5 End of Topic Test - Particle Model of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-5-end-of-topic-test-particle-model-of-matter.md)
  - [3.3.6 Grade 9 - Particle Model of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-6-grade-9-particle-model-of-matter.md)
  - [3.3.7 Exam-Style Questions - Specific Heat Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-7-exam-style-questions-specific-heat-capacity.md)

### 4 Atoms & Radiation
- 4.1 Atoms
  - [4.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-1-atomic-model.md)
  - [4.1.2 Structure of an Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-2-structure-of-an-atom.md)
  - [4.1.3 Sub-Atomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-3-sub-atomic-particles.md)
  - [4.1.4 Alpha Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-4-alpha-particles.md)
  - [4.1.5 The Model of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-5-the-model-of-the-atom.md)
  - [4.1.6 Electron Arrangements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-6-electron-arrangements.md)
  - [4.1.7 Proton & Nucleon Numbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-7-proton-and-nucleon-numbers.md)
  - [4.1.8 Atoms & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-8-atoms-and-ions.md)
  - [4.1.9 Isotopes 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-9-isotopes-1.md)
  - [4.1.10 Isotopes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-10-isotopes-2.md)
  - [4.1.11 Carbon Nuclides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-11-carbon-nuclides.md)
  - [4.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-12-exam-style-questions-atomic-structure.md)
  - [4.1.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-13-diagnostic-misconceptions-types-of-radiation.md)
- 4.2 Radiation
  - [4.2.1 Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-1-radioactivity.md)
  - [4.2.2 Types of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-2-types-of-radiation.md)
  - [4.2.3 Detection of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-3-detection-of-radiation.md)
  - [4.2.4 Background Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-4-background-radiation.md)
  - [4.2.5 Types of Radioactive Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-5-types-of-radioactive-emission.md)
  - [4.2.6 Ionising vs Penetration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-6-ionising-vs-penetration.md)
  - [4.2.7 Practical Applications of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-7-practical-applications-of-radiation.md)
  - [4.2.8 Nuclear Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-8-nuclear-fission.md)
  - [4.2.9 Nuclear Fission 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-9-nuclear-fission-2.md)
  - [4.2.10 Nuclear Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-10-nuclear-fusion.md)
  - [4.2.11 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-11-radioactive-decay.md)
  - [4.2.12 Radioactive Decay Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-12-radioactive-decay-equations.md)
  - [4.2.13 Radioactive Decay Equations - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-13-radioactive-decay-equations-calculations.md)
  - [4.2.14 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-14-radioactive-decay.md)
  - [4.2.15 Fission & Fusion Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-15-fission-and-fusion-equations.md)
  - [4.2.16 Half Lives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-16-half-lives.md)
  - [4.2.17 Measuring Half Lives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-17-measuring-half-lives.md)
  - [4.2.18 Ionising Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-18-ionising-radiation.md)
  - [4.2.19 Half Life - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-19-half-life-calculations.md)
  - [4.2.20 Safety Precautions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-20-safety-precautions.md)
  - [4.2.21 Uses for Isotopes With Different Half-lives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-21-uses-for-isotopes-with-different-half-lives.md)
  - [4.2.22 Radioactive Contamination & Irradiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-22-radioactive-contamination-and-irradiation.md)
  - [4.2.23 Types of Contamination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-23-types-of-contamination.md)
  - [4.2.24 Required Practical - Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-24-required-practical-radiation.md)
  - [4.2.25 Peer Review](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-25-peer-review.md)
  - [4.2.26 End of Topic Test - Atoms & Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-26-end-of-topic-test-atoms-and-radiation.md)
  - [4.2.27 Grade 9 - Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-27-grade-9-radiation.md)
  - [4.2.28 Exam-Style Questions - Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-28-exam-style-questions-radioactive-decay.md)

### 5 Forces
- 5.1 Basics of Motion
  - [5.1.1 Velocity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-1-velocity.md)
  - [5.1.2 Average Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-2-average-speed.md)
  - [5.1.3 Adding Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-3-adding-vectors.md)
  - [5.1.4 Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-4-acceleration.md)
  - [5.1.5 Distance vs Displacement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-5-distance-vs-displacement.md)
  - [5.1.6 Contact & Non-Contact Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-6-contact-and-non-contact-forces.md)
  - [5.1.7 Contact Forces - Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-7-contact-forces-examples.md)
  - [5.1.8 Distance-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-8-distance-time-graphs.md)
  - [5.1.9 Speed-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-9-speed-time-graphs.md)
  - [5.1.10 Velocity - Time Graph](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-10-velocity-time-graph.md)
  - [5.1.11 Average Speed - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-11-average-speed-calculations.md)
  - [5.1.12 Acceleration - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-12-acceleration-calculations.md)
  - [5.1.13 Uniform Acceleration - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-13-uniform-acceleration-calculations.md)
  - [5.1.14 Grade 9 - Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-14-grade-9-motion.md)
  - [5.1.15 Exam-Style Questions - Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-15-exam-style-questions-motion.md)
  - [5.1.16 Diagnostic Misconception - Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-16-diagnostic-misconception-motion.md)
  - [5.1.17 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-17-diagnostic-misconceptions-acceleration.md)
- 5.2 Forces
  - [5.2.1 Mass & Inertia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-1-mass-and-inertia.md)
  - [5.2.2 Weight](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-2-weight.md)
  - [5.2.3 Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-3-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [5.2.4 Gravity - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-4-gravity-calculations.md)
  - [5.2.5 Resultant Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-5-resultant-forces.md)
  - [5.2.6 Newton's First Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-6-newtons-first-law.md)
  - [5.2.7 Newton Second Law - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-7-newton-second-law-calculations.md)
  - [5.2.8 Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-8-newtons-third-law.md)
  - [5.2.9 Free Body Force Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-9-free-body-force-diagrams.md)
  - [5.2.10 Free Body Diagram - Uses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-10-free-body-diagram-uses.md)
  - [5.2.11 Components of Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-11-components-of-forces.md)
  - [5.2.12 Free Body Diagrams - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-12-free-body-diagrams-calculations.md)
  - [5.2.13 Stretching a Spring](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-13-stretching-a-spring.md)
  - [5.2.14 Elastic vs Inelastic Deformation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-14-elastic-vs-inelastic-deformation.md)
  - [5.2.15 Hooke's Law & Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-15-hookes-law-and-equation.md)
  - [5.2.16 Hooke's Law - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-16-hookes-law-equation.md)
  - [5.2.17 Hooke's Law - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-17-hookes-law-calculations.md)
  - [5.2.18 Required Practical - Spring](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-18-required-practical-spring.md)
  - [5.2.19 Elastic Potential Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-19-elastic-potential-energy.md)
  - [5.2.20 Elastic Potential Energy - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-20-elastic-potential-energy-equation.md)
  - [5.2.21 Elastic Potential - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-21-elastic-potential-calculations.md)
  - [5.2.22 Exam-Style Questions - Elastic Potential Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-22-exam-style-questions-elastic-potential-energy.md)
  - [5.2.23 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Weight & Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-23-diagnostic-misconceptions-weight-and-mass.md)
- 5.3 Effects of Forces
  - [5.3.1 Free Fall](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-1-free-fall.md)
  - [5.3.2 Free Fall - Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-2-free-fall-graphs.md)
  - [5.3.3 Air Resistance & Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-3-air-resistance-and-friction.md)
  - [5.3.4 Graphing Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-4-graphing-acceleration.md)
  - [5.3.5 Required Practical - Effects on Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-5-required-practical-effects-on-acceleration.md)
  - [5.3.6 Motion with Air Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-6-motion-with-air-resistance.md)
  - [5.3.7 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-7-momentum.md)
  - [5.3.8 Momentum: Law of Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-8-momentum-law-of-conservation.md)
  - [5.3.9 Force & Momentum Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-9-force-and-momentum-change.md)
  - [5.3.10 Momentum - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-10-momentum-equation.md)
  - [5.3.11 Change in Momentum - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-11-change-in-momentum-calculations.md)
  - [5.3.12 Momentum - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-12-momentum-calculations.md)
  - [5.3.13 Turning Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-13-turning-effect.md)
  - [5.3.14 Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-14-moments.md)
  - [5.3.15 Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-15-equilibrium.md)
  - [5.3.16 Moments - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-16-moments-calculations.md)
  - [5.3.17 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-17-circular-motion.md)
  - [5.3.18 Levers & Gears](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-18-levers-and-gears.md)
  - [5.3.19 Gears](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-19-gears.md)
  - [5.3.20 Stopping Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-20-stopping-distance.md)
  - [5.3.21 Factors Affecting Stopping Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-21-factors-affecting-stopping-distance.md)
  - [5.3.22 Factors Affecting Braking Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-22-factors-affecting-braking-distance.md)
  - [5.3.23 Decelerations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-23-decelerations.md)
  - [5.3.24 Dangers of Large Decelerations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-24-dangers-of-large-decelerations.md)
  - [5.3.25 Stopping Distance - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-25-stopping-distance-calculations.md)
  - [5.3.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Upward Moving Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-26-diagnostic-misconceptions-upward-moving-objects.md)
- 5.4 Pressure
  - [5.4.1 Pressure & Force on Container](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-1-pressure-and-force-on-container.md)
  - [5.4.2 Atmospheric Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-2-atmospheric-pressure.md)
  - [5.4.3 Liquid Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-3-liquid-pressure.md)
  - [5.4.4 Pressure - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-4-pressure-calculations.md)
  - [5.4.5 Liquid Pressure - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-5-liquid-pressure-calculations.md)
  - [5.4.6 Upthrust](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-6-upthrust.md)
  - [5.4.7 Depth Control of Submarine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-7-depth-control-of-submarine.md)
  - [5.4.8 Pressure Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-8-pressure-difference.md)
  - [5.4.9 End of Topic Test - Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-9-end-of-topic-test-forces.md)
  - [5.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-10-exam-style-questions-pressure.md)

### 6 Waves
- 6.1 Wave Basics
  - [6.1.1 Wave Basics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-1-wave-basics.md)
  - [6.1.2 Wave Speed Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-2-wave-speed-formula.md)
  - [6.1.3 Wave Speed Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-3-wave-speed-equation.md)
  - [6.1.4 Wave Speed - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-4-wave-speed-calculations.md)
  - [6.1.5 Wave Frequency Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-5-wave-frequency-formula.md)
  - [6.1.6 Wavelength & Amplitude](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-6-wavelength-and-amplitude.md)
  - [6.1.7 Wave Frequency - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-7-wave-frequency-calculations.md)
  - [6.1.8 Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-8-transverse-waves.md)
  - [6.1.9 Longitudinal Wave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-9-longitudinal-wave.md)
  - [6.1.10 Required Practical - Ripple Tank](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-10-required-practical-ripple-tank.md)
  - [6.1.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Wavelength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-wavelength.md)
- 6.2 Waves at a Boundary
  - [6.2.1 Waves at a Boundary](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-1-waves-at-a-boundary.md)
  - [6.2.2 Waves at a Boundary 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-2-waves-at-a-boundary-2.md)
  - [6.2.3 Reflection of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-3-reflection-of-light.md)
  - [6.2.4 Refraction of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-4-refraction-of-light.md)
  - [6.2.5 Refraction of Light 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-5-refraction-of-light-2.md)
  - [6.2.6 Internal Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-6-internal-reflection.md)
  - [6.2.7 Required Practical - Reflection and Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-7-required-practical-reflection-and-refraction.md)
- 6.3 Sound Waves
  - [6.3.1 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-1-sound-waves.md)
  - [6.3.2 Sound Waves & our Ears](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-2-sound-waves-and-our-ears.md)
  - [6.3.3 Speed of Sound 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-3-speed-of-sound-1.md)
  - [6.3.4 Speed of Sound 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-4-speed-of-sound-2.md)
  - [6.3.5 Sound as a Wave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-5-sound-as-a-wave.md)
  - [6.3.6 Uses of Sound Waves: Ultrasound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-6-uses-of-sound-waves-ultrasound-waves.md)
  - [6.3.7 Uses of Sound Waves: Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-7-uses-of-sound-waves-earthquakes.md)
  - [6.3.8 Sound Waves - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-8-sound-waves-calculations.md)
  - [6.3.9 End of Topic Test - Introduction to Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-9-end-of-topic-test-introduction-to-waves.md)
  - [6.3.10 Exam-Style Questions - Wave Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-10-exam-style-questions-wave-speed.md)
- 6.4 Electromagnetic Waves
  - [6.4.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-1-properties-of-electromagnetic-waves.md)
  - [6.4.2 Gamma Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-2-gamma-rays.md)
  - [6.4.3 X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-3-x-rays.md)
  - [6.4.4 UV Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-4-uv-light.md)
  - [6.4.5 Infrared Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-5-infrared-radiation.md)
  - [6.4.6 Microwaves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-6-microwaves.md)
  - [6.4.7 Radio Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-7-radio-waves.md)
  - [6.4.8 Properties 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-8-properties-2.md)
  - [6.4.9 Visible Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-9-visible-light.md)
  - [6.4.10 Visible Light 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-10-visible-light-2.md)
  - [6.4.11 Specular & Diffuse Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-11-specular-and-diffuse-reflection.md)
  - [6.4.12 Colours](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-12-colours.md)
  - [6.4.13 Grade 9 - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-13-grade-9-waves.md)
- 6.5 Lenses
  - [6.5.1 Lenses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-1-lenses.md)
  - [6.5.2 Convex Lens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-2-convex-lens.md)
  - [6.5.3 Concave Lens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-3-concave-lens.md)
  - [6.5.4 Lenses - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-4-lenses-calculations.md)
  - [6.5.5 Images](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-5-images.md)
  - [6.5.6 Ray Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-6-ray-diagrams.md)
  - [6.5.7 Ray Diagrams 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-7-ray-diagrams-2.md)
- 6.6 Heat & Radiation
  - [6.6.1 Infrared Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-1-infrared-radiation.md)
  - [6.6.2 Radiation & Surface Colour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-2-radiation-and-surface-colour.md)
  - [6.6.3 Surface Area & Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-3-surface-area-and-temperature.md)
  - [6.6.4 Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-4-temperature.md)
  - [6.6.5 Absorption & Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-5-absorption-and-emission.md)
  - [6.6.6 Greenhouse Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-6-greenhouse-effect.md)
  - [6.6.7 Energy Balance of the Earth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-7-energy-balance-of-the-earth.md)
  - [6.6.8 End of Topic Test - EM Waves, Lenses & Heat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-8-end-of-topic-test-em-waves-lenses-and-heat.md)
  - [6.6.9 Exam-Style Questions - EM Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-9-exam-style-questions-em-radiation.md)

### 7 Magnetism
- 7.1 Magnetism Basics
  - [7.1.1 Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-1-magnetism.md)
  - [7.1.2 Magnetic Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-2-magnetic-materials.md)
  - [7.1.3 Induced Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-3-induced-magnetism.md)
  - [7.1.4 Magnetic Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-4-magnetic-fields.md)
  - [7.1.5 Magnetic Field Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-5-magnetic-field-patterns.md)
- 7.2 Electromagnetism
  - [7.2.1 The Magnetic Effect of a Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-1-the-magnetic-effect-of-a-current.md)
  - [7.2.2 Solenoid Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-2-solenoid-field.md)
  - [7.2.3 Magnetic Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-3-magnetic-field-strength.md)
  - [7.2.4 Uses of Electromagnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-4-uses-of-electromagnets.md)
  - [7.2.5 Motor Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-5-motor-effect.md)
  - [7.2.6 Direction of Motor Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-6-direction-of-motor-effect.md)
  - [7.2.7 Magnetic Flux Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-7-magnetic-flux-equation.md)
  - [7.2.8 Magnetic Flux - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-8-magnetic-flux-calculations.md)
  - [7.2.9 Electric Motors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-9-electric-motors.md)
  - [7.2.10 Loudspeakers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-10-loudspeakers.md)
  - [7.2.11 Force Acting on a Coil in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-11-force-acting-on-a-coil-in-a-magnetic-field.md)
  - [7.2.12 Induced Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-12-induced-potential-difference.md)
  - [7.2.13 Increasing the Induced Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-13-increasing-the-induced-potential-difference.md)
  - [7.2.14 Magnetic Field Direction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-14-magnetic-field-direction.md)
  - [7.2.15 Forces Between Electricity & Magnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-15-forces-between-electricity-and-magnets.md)
  - [7.2.16 AC/DC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-16-acdc.md)
  - [7.2.17 AC Generators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-17-ac-generators.md)
  - [7.2.18 Generator Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-18-generator-effect.md)
  - [7.2.19 Microphones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-19-microphones.md)
- 7.3 Transformers
  - [7.3.1 Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-1-transformers.md)
  - [7.3.2 Transformer Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-2-transformer-equation.md)
  - [7.3.3 Step-Up & Step-Down Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-3-step-up-and-step-down-transformers.md)
  - [7.3.4 Principles of Transformer Operation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-4-principles-of-transformer-operation.md)
  - [7.3.5 High-Voltage Transmission & Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-5-high-voltage-transmission-and-transformers.md)
  - [7.3.6 Energy in Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-6-energy-in-transformers.md)
  - [7.3.7 Power Losses in Cables](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-7-power-losses-in-cables.md)
  - [7.3.8 Transformers - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-8-transformers-calculations.md)
  - [7.3.9 Transformers 2 - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-9-transformers-2-calculations.md)
  - [7.3.10 End of Topic Test - Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-10-end-of-topic-test-magnetism.md)
  - [7.3.11 Grade 9 - Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-11-grade-9-transformers.md)
  - [7.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Magnetic Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-12-exam-style-questions-magnetic-fields.md)

### 8 Astrophysics
- 8.1 Astrophysics
  - [8.1.1 The Solar System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-1-the-solar-system.md)
  - [8.1.2 The Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-2-the-sun.md)
  - [8.1.3 The Solar System - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-3-the-solar-system-calculations.md)
  - [8.1.4 Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-4-orbits.md)
  - [8.1.5 Stable Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-5-stable-orbits.md)
  - [8.1.6 Orbits HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-6-orbits-hyperlearning.md)
  - [8.1.7 Life Cycle of a Star like the Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-7-life-cycle-of-a-star-like-the-sun.md)
  - [8.1.8 Life Cycle of a Star Much Bigger than the Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-8-life-cycle-of-a-star-much-bigger-than-the-sun.md)
  - [8.1.9 Creation of Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-9-creation-of-elements.md)
  - [8.1.10 Red-shift](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-10-red-shift.md)
  - [8.1.11 The Big Bang Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-11-the-big-bang-theory.md)
  - [8.1.12 Gaps in Knowledge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-12-gaps-in-knowledge.md)
  - [8.1.13 End of Topic Test - Astrophysics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-13-end-of-topic-test-astrophysics.md)
  - [8.1.14 Exam-Style Questions - Astrophysics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-14-exam-style-questions-astrophysics.md)