Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-9-isotopes-1 [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [GCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse.md) › [Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa.md) › [Higher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher.md) › Isotopes 1 # Isotopes 1 Physics: AQA GCSE Higher, topic 4.1.9 ## Isotopes Atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons (or have the same atomic number). However, atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. We call these different isotopes. Hydrogen has 3 different isotopes: ### Protium ![Protium](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/1.1.2%20-%20Model%20of%20the%20atom/Protium%20symbol%20(1)-min.jpg) - Protium is a hydrogen atom with 1 proton and 0 neutrons. - 99.98% of hydrogen atoms are protium. - It is used in hydrogen fuel cells and the production of plastics. ### Deuterium ![Deuterium](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/1.1.2%20-%20Model%20of%20the%20atom/Deuterium%20symbol%20(1)-min.jpg) - Deuterium is a hydrogen atom with 1 proton and 1 neutron. - Around 0.02% of hydrogen atoms are deuterium. - It is used in nuclear fusion. ### Tritium ![Tritium](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/1.1.2%20-%20Model%20of%20the%20atom/Tritium%20symbol-min.jpg) - Tritium is a hydrogen atom with 1 proton and 2 neutrons. - It is very rare. - It is used in thermonuclear fusion weapons. ## Test yourself on Isotopes 1 - Isotopes of hydrogen - Protium contains 0 neutrons and tritium contains 2 neutrons. How many more neutrons does tritium have than protium? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/fe56ca00-05aa-11e8-9a61-01927559cfd5/section/5b3f24b0-1b18-11e8-b81e-f731a7fc085c/session) - Previous topic: [4.1.8 Atoms & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-8-atoms-and-ions.md) - Next topic: [4.1.10 Isotopes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-10-isotopes-2.md) ## Physics: AQA GCSE Higher contents ### 1 Energy - 1.1 Energy Changes - [1.1.1 Energy Stores](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-1-energy-stores.md) - [1.1.2 Energy Storing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-2-energy-storing.md) - [1.1.3 Internal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-3-internal-energy.md) - [1.1.4 Kinetic Energy Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-4-kinetic-energy-storage.md) - [1.1.5 Gravitational Potential Energy Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-5-gravitational-potential-energy-storage.md) - [1.1.6 Elastic Potential Energy Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-6-elastic-potential-energy-storage.md) - [1.1.7 Calculating Changes in Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-7-calculating-changes-in-energy.md) - [1.1.8 Changes in Kinetic Energy - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-8-changes-in-kinetic-energy-calculations.md) - [1.1.9 Changes in GPE - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-9-changes-in-gpe-calculations.md) - [1.1.10 Changes in EPE - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-10-changes-in-epe-calculations.md) - [1.1.11 Energy Transfers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-11-energy-transfers.md) - [1.1.12 Energy Transfer Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-12-energy-transfer-examples.md) - [1.1.13 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-13-conservation-of-energy.md) - [1.1.14 Mechanical Work - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-14-mechanical-work-calculations.md) - [1.1.15 Mechanical Work Done](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-15-mechanical-work-done.md) - [1.1.16 Mechanical Work Done Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-16-mechanical-work-done-equation.md) - [1.1.17 Electrical Work Done](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-17-electrical-work-done.md) - [1.1.18 Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-18-power.md) - [1.1.19 Electrical Work Done- Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-19-electrical-work-done-calculations.md) - [1.1.20 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Stationary Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-1-20-diagnostic-misconceptions-stationary-objects.md) - 1.2 Energy Losses & Efficiency - [1.2.1 Energy Wastage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-1-energy-wastage.md) - [1.2.2 Energy Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-2-energy-efficiency.md) - [1.2.3 Reducing Energy Loss](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-3-reducing-energy-loss.md) - [1.2.4 Power & Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-4-power-and-energy-transfer.md) - [1.2.5 Required Practical - Investigating Insulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-5-required-practical-investigating-insulation.md) - [1.2.6 Efficiency - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-6-efficiency-calculations.md) - [1.2.7 Grade 9 - Energy & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-2-7-grade-9-energy-and-efficiency.md) - 1.3 Energy Resources - [1.3.1 Energy Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-1-energy-resources.md) - [1.3.2 Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-2-fossil-fuels.md) - [1.3.3 Geothermal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-3-geothermal-energy.md) - [1.3.4 Wind Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-4-wind-energy.md) - [1.3.5 Water Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-5-water-energy.md) - [1.3.6 Tidal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-6-tidal-energy.md) - [1.3.7 Nuclear Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-7-nuclear-energy.md) - [1.3.8 Solar Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-8-solar-energy.md) - [1.3.9 Original Source of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-9-original-source-of-energy.md) - [1.3.10 Non-Renewable & Renewable Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-10-non-renewable-and-renewable-resources.md) - [1.3.11 Uses of Energy Sources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-11-uses-of-energy-sources.md) - [1.3.12 Changing Electricity Use](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-12-changing-electricity-use.md) - [1.3.13 Renewable Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-13-renewable-energy.md) - [1.3.14 Limits to Renewable Energy Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-14-limits-to-renewable-energy-resources.md) - [1.3.15 End of Topic Test - Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-15-end-of-topic-test-energy.md) - [1.3.16 Exam-Style Questions - Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/1-3-16-exam-style-questions-energy.md) ### 2 Electricity - 2.1 Electric Charge - [2.1.1 Circuit Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-1-circuit-diagrams.md) - [2.1.2 Circuit Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-2-circuit-symbols.md) - [2.1.3 Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-3-current.md) - [2.1.4 Current Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-4-current-equation.md) - [2.1.5 Current - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-5-current-calculations.md) - [2.1.6 Conductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-6-conductors.md) - [2.1.7 Electrical Conductors - Electrons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-7-electrical-conductors-electrons.md) - [2.1.8 Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-8-potential-difference.md) - [2.1.9 Voltage Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-9-voltage-equation.md) - [2.1.10 Measurements in Circuit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-10-measurements-in-circuit.md) - [2.1.11 Voltage - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-11-voltage-calculations.md) - [2.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Powering a Circuit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-1-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-powering-a-circuit.md) - 2.2 Resistance & Electrical Work - [2.2.1 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-1-resistance.md) - [2.2.2 Measuring Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-2-measuring-resistance.md) - [2.2.3 Resistance Graph](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-3-resistance-graph.md) - [2.2.4 Diodes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-4-diodes.md) - [2.2.5 LDRs & Thermistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-5-ldrs-and-thermistors.md) - [2.2.6 Electrical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-6-electrical-work.md) - [2.2.7 Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-7-power.md) - [2.2.8 Ohm's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-8-ohms-law.md) - [2.2.9 Ohm's Law - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-9-ohms-law-equation.md) - [2.2.10 Resistance & Ohms Law - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-10-resistance-and-ohms-law-calculations.md) - [2.2.11 Electrical Work - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-11-electrical-work-calculations.md) - [2.2.12 Required Practical - Investigating Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-2-12-required-practical-investigating-resistance.md) - 2.3 Electric Circuits - [2.3.1 Series Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-1-series-circuits.md) - [2.3.2 Resistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-2-resistors.md) - [2.3.3 Required Practical - I–V Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-3-required-practical-i-v-characteristics.md) - [2.3.4 Cells in Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-4-cells-in-series.md) - [2.3.5 Series Circuits - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-5-series-circuits-calculations.md) - [2.3.6 Parallel Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-6-parallel-circuits.md) - [2.3.7 Parallel Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-7-parallel-current.md) - [2.3.8 Parallel Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-8-parallel-resistance.md) - [2.3.9 Lights in Parallel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-9-lights-in-parallel.md) - [2.3.10 Parallel Circuits - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-10-parallel-circuits-calculations.md) - [2.3.11 Grade 9 - Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-11-grade-9-circuits.md) - [2.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-3-12-exam-style-questions-electricity.md) - 2.4 Electricity in Homes - [2.4.1 AC/DC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-1-acdc.md) - [2.4.2 Mains Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-2-mains-electricity.md) - [2.4.3 Power Ratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-3-power-ratings.md) - [2.4.4 National Grid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-4-national-grid.md) - [2.4.5 Domestic Uses - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-5-domestic-uses-calculations.md) - [2.4.6 Fuses & Circuit Breakers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-6-fuses-and-circuit-breakers.md) - [2.4.7 Fuse Ratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-7-fuse-ratings.md) - [2.4.8 Earthing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-8-earthing.md) - [2.4.9 Dangers of the Live Wire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-9-dangers-of-the-live-wire.md) - [2.4.10 End of Topic Test - Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-4-10-end-of-topic-test-electricity.md) - 2.5 Static Electricity - [2.5.1 Electrical Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-1-electrical-charge.md) - [2.5.2 Charging an Object](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-2-charging-an-object.md) - [2.5.3 Charged Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-3-charged-objects.md) - [2.5.4 Static Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-4-static-electricity.md) - [2.5.5 Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-5-electric-fields.md) - [2.5.6 Field Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/2-5-6-field-diagrams.md) ### 3 Particle Model of Matter - 3.1 States of Matter - [3.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-1-atomic-model.md) - [3.1.2 Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-2-atomic-structure.md) - [3.1.3 Sub-Atomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-3-sub-atomic-particles.md) - [3.1.4 Models of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-4-models-of-the-atom.md) - [3.1.5 Alpha Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-5-alpha-particles.md) - [3.1.6 Electron Arrangements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-6-electron-arrangements.md) - [3.1.7 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-7-density.md) - [3.1.8 Density Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-8-density-equation.md) - [3.1.9 Density & the Particle Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-9-density-and-the-particle-model.md) - [3.1.10 Density - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-10-density-calculations.md) - [3.1.11 Changes of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-11-changes-of-state.md) - [3.1.12 Melting & Boiling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-12-melting-and-boiling.md) - [3.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-13-exam-style-questions-density.md) - [3.1.14 Required Practical - Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-14-required-practical-density.md) - [3.1.15 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Floating](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-15-diagnostic-misconceptions-floating.md) - [3.1.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Volume](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-1-16-diagnostic-misconceptions-volume.md) - 3.2 Heat - [3.2.1 Internal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-1-internal-energy.md) - [3.2.2 Change in Thermal Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-2-change-in-thermal-energy.md) - [3.2.3 Required Practical - Specific Heat Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-3-required-practical-specific-heat-capacity.md) - [3.2.4 Equation for Heat Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-4-equation-for-heat-capacity.md) - [3.2.5 Leslie's Cube](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-5-leslies-cube.md) - [3.2.6 Internal Energy - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-6-internal-energy-calculations.md) - [3.2.7 Melting & Boiling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-7-melting-and-boiling.md) - [3.2.8 Latent Heat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-8-latent-heat.md) - [3.2.9 Energy Change for Change of State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-9-energy-change-for-change-of-state.md) - [3.2.10 Latent Heat - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-10-latent-heat-calculations.md) - [3.2.11 Specific Latent Heat of Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-11-specific-latent-heat-of-fusion.md) - [3.2.12 Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-2-12-specific-latent-heat-of-vaporisation.md) - 3.3 Particle Motion in Gases - [3.3.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-1-states-of-matter.md) - [3.3.2 Properties of Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-2-properties-of-gases.md) - [3.3.3 Temperature Increase in a Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-3-temperature-increase-in-a-gas.md) - [3.3.4 Work Done on a Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-4-work-done-on-a-gas.md) - [3.3.5 End of Topic Test - Particle Model of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-5-end-of-topic-test-particle-model-of-matter.md) - [3.3.6 Grade 9 - Particle Model of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-6-grade-9-particle-model-of-matter.md) - [3.3.7 Exam-Style Questions - Specific Heat Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/3-3-7-exam-style-questions-specific-heat-capacity.md) ### 4 Atoms & Radiation - 4.1 Atoms - [4.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-1-atomic-model.md) - [4.1.2 Structure of an Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-2-structure-of-an-atom.md) - [4.1.3 Sub-Atomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-3-sub-atomic-particles.md) - [4.1.4 Alpha Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-4-alpha-particles.md) - [4.1.5 The Model of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-5-the-model-of-the-atom.md) - [4.1.6 Electron Arrangements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-6-electron-arrangements.md) - [4.1.7 Proton & Nucleon Numbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-7-proton-and-nucleon-numbers.md) - [4.1.8 Atoms & Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-8-atoms-and-ions.md) - [4.1.9 Isotopes 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-9-isotopes-1.md) - [4.1.10 Isotopes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-10-isotopes-2.md) - [4.1.11 Carbon Nuclides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-11-carbon-nuclides.md) - [4.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-12-exam-style-questions-atomic-structure.md) - [4.1.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-1-13-diagnostic-misconceptions-types-of-radiation.md) - 4.2 Radiation - [4.2.1 Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-1-radioactivity.md) - [4.2.2 Types of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-2-types-of-radiation.md) - [4.2.3 Detection of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-3-detection-of-radiation.md) - [4.2.4 Background Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-4-background-radiation.md) - [4.2.5 Types of Radioactive Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-5-types-of-radioactive-emission.md) - [4.2.6 Ionising vs Penetration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-6-ionising-vs-penetration.md) - [4.2.7 Practical Applications of Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-7-practical-applications-of-radiation.md) - [4.2.8 Nuclear Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-8-nuclear-fission.md) - [4.2.9 Nuclear Fission 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-9-nuclear-fission-2.md) - [4.2.10 Nuclear Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-10-nuclear-fusion.md) - [4.2.11 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-11-radioactive-decay.md) - [4.2.12 Radioactive Decay Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-12-radioactive-decay-equations.md) - [4.2.13 Radioactive Decay Equations - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-13-radioactive-decay-equations-calculations.md) - [4.2.14 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-14-radioactive-decay.md) - [4.2.15 Fission & Fusion Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-15-fission-and-fusion-equations.md) - [4.2.16 Half Lives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-16-half-lives.md) - [4.2.17 Measuring Half Lives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-17-measuring-half-lives.md) - [4.2.18 Ionising Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-18-ionising-radiation.md) - [4.2.19 Half Life - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-19-half-life-calculations.md) - [4.2.20 Safety Precautions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-20-safety-precautions.md) - [4.2.21 Uses for Isotopes With Different Half-lives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-21-uses-for-isotopes-with-different-half-lives.md) - [4.2.22 Radioactive Contamination & Irradiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-22-radioactive-contamination-and-irradiation.md) - [4.2.23 Types of Contamination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-23-types-of-contamination.md) - [4.2.24 Required Practical - Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-24-required-practical-radiation.md) - [4.2.25 Peer Review](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-25-peer-review.md) - [4.2.26 End of Topic Test - Atoms & Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-26-end-of-topic-test-atoms-and-radiation.md) - [4.2.27 Grade 9 - Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-27-grade-9-radiation.md) - [4.2.28 Exam-Style Questions - Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/4-2-28-exam-style-questions-radioactive-decay.md) ### 5 Forces - 5.1 Basics of Motion - [5.1.1 Velocity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-1-velocity.md) - [5.1.2 Average Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-2-average-speed.md) - [5.1.3 Adding Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-3-adding-vectors.md) - [5.1.4 Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-4-acceleration.md) - [5.1.5 Distance vs Displacement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-5-distance-vs-displacement.md) - [5.1.6 Contact & Non-Contact Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-6-contact-and-non-contact-forces.md) - [5.1.7 Contact Forces - Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-7-contact-forces-examples.md) - [5.1.8 Distance-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-8-distance-time-graphs.md) - [5.1.9 Speed-Time Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-9-speed-time-graphs.md) - [5.1.10 Velocity - Time Graph](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-10-velocity-time-graph.md) - [5.1.11 Average Speed - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-11-average-speed-calculations.md) - [5.1.12 Acceleration - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-12-acceleration-calculations.md) - [5.1.13 Uniform Acceleration - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-13-uniform-acceleration-calculations.md) - [5.1.14 Grade 9 - Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-14-grade-9-motion.md) - [5.1.15 Exam-Style Questions - Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-15-exam-style-questions-motion.md) - [5.1.16 Diagnostic Misconception - Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-16-diagnostic-misconception-motion.md) - [5.1.17 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-1-17-diagnostic-misconceptions-acceleration.md) - 5.2 Forces - [5.2.1 Mass & Inertia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-1-mass-and-inertia.md) - [5.2.2 Weight](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-2-weight.md) - [5.2.3 Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-3-centre-of-mass.md) - [5.2.4 Gravity - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-4-gravity-calculations.md) - [5.2.5 Resultant Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-5-resultant-forces.md) - [5.2.6 Newton's First Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-6-newtons-first-law.md) - [5.2.7 Newton Second Law - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-7-newton-second-law-calculations.md) - [5.2.8 Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-8-newtons-third-law.md) - [5.2.9 Free Body Force Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-9-free-body-force-diagrams.md) - [5.2.10 Free Body Diagram - Uses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-10-free-body-diagram-uses.md) - [5.2.11 Components of Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-11-components-of-forces.md) - [5.2.12 Free Body Diagrams - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-12-free-body-diagrams-calculations.md) - [5.2.13 Stretching a Spring](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-13-stretching-a-spring.md) - [5.2.14 Elastic vs Inelastic Deformation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-14-elastic-vs-inelastic-deformation.md) - [5.2.15 Hooke's Law & Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-15-hookes-law-and-equation.md) - [5.2.16 Hooke's Law - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-16-hookes-law-equation.md) - [5.2.17 Hooke's Law - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-17-hookes-law-calculations.md) - [5.2.18 Required Practical - Spring](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-18-required-practical-spring.md) - [5.2.19 Elastic Potential Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-19-elastic-potential-energy.md) - [5.2.20 Elastic Potential Energy - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-20-elastic-potential-energy-equation.md) - [5.2.21 Elastic Potential - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-21-elastic-potential-calculations.md) - [5.2.22 Exam-Style Questions - Elastic Potential Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-22-exam-style-questions-elastic-potential-energy.md) - [5.2.23 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Weight & Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-2-23-diagnostic-misconceptions-weight-and-mass.md) - 5.3 Effects of Forces - [5.3.1 Free Fall](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-1-free-fall.md) - [5.3.2 Free Fall - Graphs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-2-free-fall-graphs.md) - [5.3.3 Air Resistance & Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-3-air-resistance-and-friction.md) - [5.3.4 Graphing Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-4-graphing-acceleration.md) - [5.3.5 Required Practical - Effects on Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-5-required-practical-effects-on-acceleration.md) - [5.3.6 Motion with Air Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-6-motion-with-air-resistance.md) - [5.3.7 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-7-momentum.md) - [5.3.8 Momentum: Law of Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-8-momentum-law-of-conservation.md) - [5.3.9 Force & Momentum Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-9-force-and-momentum-change.md) - [5.3.10 Momentum - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-10-momentum-equation.md) - [5.3.11 Change in Momentum - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-11-change-in-momentum-calculations.md) - [5.3.12 Momentum - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-12-momentum-calculations.md) - [5.3.13 Turning Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-13-turning-effect.md) - [5.3.14 Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-14-moments.md) - [5.3.15 Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-15-equilibrium.md) - [5.3.16 Moments - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-16-moments-calculations.md) - [5.3.17 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-17-circular-motion.md) - [5.3.18 Levers & Gears](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-18-levers-and-gears.md) - [5.3.19 Gears](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-19-gears.md) - [5.3.20 Stopping Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-20-stopping-distance.md) - [5.3.21 Factors Affecting Stopping Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-21-factors-affecting-stopping-distance.md) - [5.3.22 Factors Affecting Braking Distance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-22-factors-affecting-braking-distance.md) - [5.3.23 Decelerations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-23-decelerations.md) - [5.3.24 Dangers of Large Decelerations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-24-dangers-of-large-decelerations.md) - [5.3.25 Stopping Distance - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-25-stopping-distance-calculations.md) - [5.3.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Upward Moving Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-3-26-diagnostic-misconceptions-upward-moving-objects.md) - 5.4 Pressure - [5.4.1 Pressure & Force on Container](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-1-pressure-and-force-on-container.md) - [5.4.2 Atmospheric Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-2-atmospheric-pressure.md) - [5.4.3 Liquid Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-3-liquid-pressure.md) - [5.4.4 Pressure - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-4-pressure-calculations.md) - [5.4.5 Liquid Pressure - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-5-liquid-pressure-calculations.md) - [5.4.6 Upthrust](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-6-upthrust.md) - [5.4.7 Depth Control of Submarine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-7-depth-control-of-submarine.md) - [5.4.8 Pressure Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-8-pressure-difference.md) - [5.4.9 End of Topic Test - Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-9-end-of-topic-test-forces.md) - [5.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/5-4-10-exam-style-questions-pressure.md) ### 6 Waves - 6.1 Wave Basics - [6.1.1 Wave Basics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-1-wave-basics.md) - [6.1.2 Wave Speed Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-2-wave-speed-formula.md) - [6.1.3 Wave Speed Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-3-wave-speed-equation.md) - [6.1.4 Wave Speed - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-4-wave-speed-calculations.md) - [6.1.5 Wave Frequency Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-5-wave-frequency-formula.md) - [6.1.6 Wavelength & Amplitude](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-6-wavelength-and-amplitude.md) - [6.1.7 Wave Frequency - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-7-wave-frequency-calculations.md) - [6.1.8 Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-8-transverse-waves.md) - [6.1.9 Longitudinal Wave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-9-longitudinal-wave.md) - [6.1.10 Required Practical - Ripple Tank](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-10-required-practical-ripple-tank.md) - [6.1.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Wavelength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-1-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-wavelength.md) - 6.2 Waves at a Boundary - [6.2.1 Waves at a Boundary](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-1-waves-at-a-boundary.md) - [6.2.2 Waves at a Boundary 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-2-waves-at-a-boundary-2.md) - [6.2.3 Reflection of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-3-reflection-of-light.md) - [6.2.4 Refraction of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-4-refraction-of-light.md) - [6.2.5 Refraction of Light 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-5-refraction-of-light-2.md) - [6.2.6 Internal Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-6-internal-reflection.md) - [6.2.7 Required Practical - Reflection and Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-2-7-required-practical-reflection-and-refraction.md) - 6.3 Sound Waves - [6.3.1 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-1-sound-waves.md) - [6.3.2 Sound Waves & our Ears](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-2-sound-waves-and-our-ears.md) - [6.3.3 Speed of Sound 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-3-speed-of-sound-1.md) - [6.3.4 Speed of Sound 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-4-speed-of-sound-2.md) - [6.3.5 Sound as a Wave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-5-sound-as-a-wave.md) - [6.3.6 Uses of Sound Waves: Ultrasound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-6-uses-of-sound-waves-ultrasound-waves.md) - [6.3.7 Uses of Sound Waves: Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-7-uses-of-sound-waves-earthquakes.md) - [6.3.8 Sound Waves - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-8-sound-waves-calculations.md) - [6.3.9 End of Topic Test - Introduction to Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-9-end-of-topic-test-introduction-to-waves.md) - [6.3.10 Exam-Style Questions - Wave Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-3-10-exam-style-questions-wave-speed.md) - 6.4 Electromagnetic Waves - [6.4.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-1-properties-of-electromagnetic-waves.md) - [6.4.2 Gamma Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-2-gamma-rays.md) - [6.4.3 X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-3-x-rays.md) - [6.4.4 UV Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-4-uv-light.md) - [6.4.5 Infrared Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-5-infrared-radiation.md) - [6.4.6 Microwaves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-6-microwaves.md) - [6.4.7 Radio Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-7-radio-waves.md) - [6.4.8 Properties 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-8-properties-2.md) - [6.4.9 Visible Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-9-visible-light.md) - [6.4.10 Visible Light 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-10-visible-light-2.md) - [6.4.11 Specular & Diffuse Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-11-specular-and-diffuse-reflection.md) - [6.4.12 Colours](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-12-colours.md) - [6.4.13 Grade 9 - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-4-13-grade-9-waves.md) - 6.5 Lenses - [6.5.1 Lenses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-1-lenses.md) - [6.5.2 Convex Lens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-2-convex-lens.md) - [6.5.3 Concave Lens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-3-concave-lens.md) - [6.5.4 Lenses - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-4-lenses-calculations.md) - [6.5.5 Images](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-5-images.md) - [6.5.6 Ray Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-6-ray-diagrams.md) - [6.5.7 Ray Diagrams 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-5-7-ray-diagrams-2.md) - 6.6 Heat & Radiation - [6.6.1 Infrared Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-1-infrared-radiation.md) - [6.6.2 Radiation & Surface Colour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-2-radiation-and-surface-colour.md) - [6.6.3 Surface Area & Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-3-surface-area-and-temperature.md) - [6.6.4 Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-4-temperature.md) - [6.6.5 Absorption & Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-5-absorption-and-emission.md) - [6.6.6 Greenhouse Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-6-greenhouse-effect.md) - [6.6.7 Energy Balance of the Earth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-7-energy-balance-of-the-earth.md) - [6.6.8 End of Topic Test - EM Waves, Lenses & Heat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-8-end-of-topic-test-em-waves-lenses-and-heat.md) - [6.6.9 Exam-Style Questions - EM Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/6-6-9-exam-style-questions-em-radiation.md) ### 7 Magnetism - 7.1 Magnetism Basics - [7.1.1 Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-1-magnetism.md) - [7.1.2 Magnetic Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-2-magnetic-materials.md) - [7.1.3 Induced Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-3-induced-magnetism.md) - [7.1.4 Magnetic Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-4-magnetic-fields.md) - [7.1.5 Magnetic Field Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-1-5-magnetic-field-patterns.md) - 7.2 Electromagnetism - [7.2.1 The Magnetic Effect of a Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-1-the-magnetic-effect-of-a-current.md) - [7.2.2 Solenoid Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-2-solenoid-field.md) - [7.2.3 Magnetic Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-3-magnetic-field-strength.md) - [7.2.4 Uses of Electromagnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-4-uses-of-electromagnets.md) - [7.2.5 Motor Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-5-motor-effect.md) - [7.2.6 Direction of Motor Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-6-direction-of-motor-effect.md) - [7.2.7 Magnetic Flux Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-7-magnetic-flux-equation.md) - [7.2.8 Magnetic Flux - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-8-magnetic-flux-calculations.md) - [7.2.9 Electric Motors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-9-electric-motors.md) - [7.2.10 Loudspeakers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-10-loudspeakers.md) - [7.2.11 Force Acting on a Coil in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-11-force-acting-on-a-coil-in-a-magnetic-field.md) - [7.2.12 Induced Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-12-induced-potential-difference.md) - [7.2.13 Increasing the Induced Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-13-increasing-the-induced-potential-difference.md) - [7.2.14 Magnetic Field Direction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-14-magnetic-field-direction.md) - [7.2.15 Forces Between Electricity & Magnets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-15-forces-between-electricity-and-magnets.md) - [7.2.16 AC/DC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-16-acdc.md) - [7.2.17 AC Generators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-17-ac-generators.md) - [7.2.18 Generator Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-18-generator-effect.md) - [7.2.19 Microphones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-2-19-microphones.md) - 7.3 Transformers - [7.3.1 Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-1-transformers.md) - [7.3.2 Transformer Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-2-transformer-equation.md) - [7.3.3 Step-Up & Step-Down Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-3-step-up-and-step-down-transformers.md) - [7.3.4 Principles of Transformer Operation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-4-principles-of-transformer-operation.md) - [7.3.5 High-Voltage Transmission & Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-5-high-voltage-transmission-and-transformers.md) - [7.3.6 Energy in Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-6-energy-in-transformers.md) - [7.3.7 Power Losses in Cables](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-7-power-losses-in-cables.md) - [7.3.8 Transformers - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-8-transformers-calculations.md) - [7.3.9 Transformers 2 - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-9-transformers-2-calculations.md) - [7.3.10 End of Topic Test - Magnetism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-10-end-of-topic-test-magnetism.md) - [7.3.11 Grade 9 - Transformers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-11-grade-9-transformers.md) - [7.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Magnetic Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/7-3-12-exam-style-questions-magnetic-fields.md) ### 8 Astrophysics - 8.1 Astrophysics - [8.1.1 The Solar System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-1-the-solar-system.md) - [8.1.2 The Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-2-the-sun.md) - [8.1.3 The Solar System - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-3-the-solar-system-calculations.md) - [8.1.4 Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-4-orbits.md) - [8.1.5 Stable Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-5-stable-orbits.md) - [8.1.6 Orbits HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-6-orbits-hyperlearning.md) - [8.1.7 Life Cycle of a Star like the Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-7-life-cycle-of-a-star-like-the-sun.md) - [8.1.8 Life Cycle of a Star Much Bigger than the Sun](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-8-life-cycle-of-a-star-much-bigger-than-the-sun.md) - [8.1.9 Creation of Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-9-creation-of-elements.md) - [8.1.10 Red-shift](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-10-red-shift.md) - [8.1.11 The Big Bang Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-11-the-big-bang-theory.md) - [8.1.12 Gaps in Knowledge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-12-gaps-in-knowledge.md) - [8.1.13 End of Topic Test - Astrophysics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-13-end-of-topic-test-astrophysics.md) - [8.1.14 Exam-Style Questions - Astrophysics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physics/aqa/higher/8-1-14-exam-style-questions-astrophysics.md)