Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-1-2-mechanical-advantage

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [GCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse.md) › [Physical Education](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa.md) › Mechanical Advantage

# Mechanical Advantage

Physical Education: AQA GCSE, topic 2.1.2

## Mechanical Advantage

Different types of lever have different types of mechanical advantage. Short effort arms can make rapid movements and can make a range of movements. Short resistance arms can move heavy weights. The type of mechanical advantage depends on:

### Distance between effort and fulcrum

![Distance between effort and fulcrum](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/bffdac55-4c73-49c2-80f2-a7cafa696507/shutterstock_642892321.jpg)

- The distance between the effort (muscle) and the fulcrum (joint). This distance is called the effort arm.
- Mechanical advantage = effort arm divided by (÷) the resistance arm.

### Distance between resistance and fulcrum

![Distance between resistance and fulcrum](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/f1c2192e-9d63-4be9-93c6-3f65a1baa1df/shutterstock_564986278.jpg)

- The distance between the resistance (load that needs moving) and the fulcrum (joint).
- This distance is called the resistance arm. 
- Mechanical advantage = effort arm divided by (÷) the resistance arm.

## First and Third Class Levers

First and third class levers have an effort arm that is shorter than the resistance arm. For first and third class levers, the effort arm ÷ resistance arm is less than 1.

### Third class lever - elbow

![Third class lever - elbow](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/94e95a0a-6736-437d-a642-a5e8b6f1a281/shutterstock_722045908.jpg)

- When flexion (bending) happens at the elbow, the effort arm is the distance from the biceps (effort) and the elbow joint (fulcrum), which is very short.
- The resistance arm is the distance from the hand (resistance) to the elbow joint (fulcrum), which is very long. This means that the hand can move quickly with a wide range of movement.

## Second Class Lever

The second class lever system is ideal for lifting weights. This is why we see it in the ankle, where it carries the weight of the body.

### Second class lever - ankle

![Second class lever - ankle](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/58de490e-6bbe-4134-a358-674cfba40943/shutterstock_760240246.jpg)

- Here, the effort is further away from the fulcrum than the resistance (effort arm longer than the resistance arm).
- When plantar flexion happens at the ankle, the effort arm is the distance from the gastrocnemius (effort) to the ball of the foot (fulcrum), which is long.
- The resistance arm is the distance from the body weight (resistance through the middle) to the ball of the foot (fulcrum), which is very short. This means that the range of movement is not too large but that it can support a heavy weight.

## Test yourself on Mechanical Advantage

- Which one of the following lever types is most appropriate for doing heavy weights?
- Which of the following factors affects a lever's type of mechanical advantage?
- When flexion happens at the elbow, the effort arm is the distance between which two components?
- In the elbow's third-class lever, how long is the resistance arm?
- Which of the following are consequences of a long resistance arm?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/91c639c0-06b3-11e8-a7fa-d5f998ee5b98/section/d09580d0-214c-11e8-a71c-112688d4088a/session)

- Previous topic: [2.1.1 Lever Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-1-1-lever-systems.md)
- Next topic: [2.1.3 Basic Sporting Movements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-1-3-basic-sporting-movements.md)

## Physical Education: AQA GCSE contents

### 1 Applied Anatomy & Physiology
- 1.1 The Musculoskeletal System
  - [1.1.1 Bones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-1-bones.md)
  - [1.1.2 Tendons & Ligaments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-2-tendons-and-ligaments.md)
  - [1.1.3 Carpals & Tarsals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-3-carpals-and-tarsals.md)
  - [1.1.4 Structure of the Skeleton](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-4-structure-of-the-skeleton.md)
  - [1.1.5 Functions of the Skeleton](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-5-functions-of-the-skeleton.md)
  - [1.1.6 Joints](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-6-joints.md)
  - [1.1.7 Joints 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-7-joints-2.md)
  - [1.1.8 Antagonistic Muscle Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-8-antagonistic-muscle-movement.md)
  - [1.1.9 End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-9-end-of-topic-test-the-musculoskeletal-system.md)
  - [1.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-10-exam-style-questions-musculoskeletal-system.md)
  - [1.1.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Contractions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-1-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-contractions.md)
- 1.2 The Cardio-Respiratory System
  - [1.2.1 Pathway of Air](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-1-pathway-of-air.md)
  - [1.2.2 Blood Vessels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-2-blood-vessels.md)
  - [1.2.3 Blood Vessels 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-3-blood-vessels-2.md)
  - [1.2.4 Structure of the Heart](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-4-structure-of-the-heart.md)
  - [1.2.5 Cardiac Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-5-cardiac-cycle.md)
  - [1.2.6 Measures of Heart Performance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-6-measures-of-heart-performance.md)
  - [1.2.7 The Mechanics of Breathing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-7-the-mechanics-of-breathing.md)
  - [1.2.8 The Mechanics of Breathing 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-8-the-mechanics-of-breathing-2.md)
  - [1.2.9 The Lungs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-9-the-lungs.md)
  - [1.2.10 End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-10-end-of-topic-test-the-cardio-respiratory-system.md)
  - [1.2.11 Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-11-exam-style-questions-cardio-respiratory-system.md)
  - [1.2.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pathway of Blood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-pathway-of-blood.md)
  - [1.2.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-2-13-diagnostic-misconceptions-cardiac-output.md)
- 1.3 Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise
  - [1.3.1 Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-3-1-aerobic-and-anaerobic-respiration.md)
  - [1.3.2 Recovering After Exercise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-3-2-recovering-after-exercise.md)
  - [1.3.3 Treatments for Recovery](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-3-3-treatments-for-recovery.md)
  - [1.3.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-3-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-aerobic-vs-anaerobic.md)
- 1.4 Short-Term Effects of Exercise
  - [1.4.1 Short-Term Effects of Exercise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-4-1-short-term-effects-of-exercise.md)
  - [1.4.2 Long-Term Effects of Exercise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/1-4-2-long-term-effects-of-exercise.md)

### 2 Movement Analysis
- 2.1 Lever Systems
  - [2.1.1 Lever Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-1-1-lever-systems.md)
  - [2.1.2 Mechanical Advantage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-1-2-mechanical-advantage.md)
  - [2.1.3 Basic Sporting Movements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-1-3-basic-sporting-movements.md)
  - [2.1.4 Basic Sporting Movements 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-1-4-basic-sporting-movements-2.md)
  - [2.1.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Lever Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-1-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-types-of-lever-systems.md)
- 2.2 Planes & Axes of Movement
  - [2.2.1 Planes & Axes of Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-2-1-planes-and-axes-of-movement.md)
  - [2.2.2 End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-2-2-end-of-topic-test-movement-analysis.md)
  - [2.2.3 Exam-Style Questions - Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-2-3-exam-style-questions-movement.md)
  - [2.2.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Planes vs Axes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/2-2-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-planes-vs-axes.md)

### 3 Physical Training
- 3.1 Health & Fitness
  - [3.1.1 Health & Fitness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-1-1-health-and-fitness.md)
- 3.2 The Components of Fitness
  - [3.2.1 The Components of Fitness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-1-the-components-of-fitness.md)
  - [3.2.2 Sports & Fitness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-2-sports-and-fitness.md)
  - [3.2.3 Fitness Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-3-fitness-testing.md)
  - [3.2.4 Measuring Agility & Balance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-4-measuring-agility-and-balance.md)
  - [3.2.5 Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-5-measuring-cardiovascular-and-coordination.md)
  - [3.2.6 Measuring Endurance & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-6-measuring-endurance-and-power.md)
  - [3.2.7 Measuring Reaction Time & Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-7-measuring-reaction-time-and-strength.md)
  - [3.2.8 Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-8-measuring-strength-speed-and-flexibility.md)
  - [3.2.9 End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-9-end-of-topic-test-the-components-of-fitness.md)
  - [3.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/3-2-10-exam-style-questions-fitness-tests.md)

### 4 The Principles of Training
- 4.1 Principles of Training
  - [4.1.1 Principles & Circuit Training](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-1-1-principles-and-circuit-training.md)
  - [4.1.2 Continuous & Fartlek Training](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-1-2-continuous-and-fartlek-training.md)
  - [4.1.3 Plyometric & Static Training](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-1-3-plyometric-and-static-training.md)
  - [4.1.4 Weight & Interval Training](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-1-4-weight-and-interval-training.md)
  - [4.1.5 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Training](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-1-5-diagnostic-misconceptions-types-of-training.md)
- 4.2 Optimising Training
  - [4.2.1 Optimising Training](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-2-1-optimising-training.md)
  - [4.2.2 Altitude & Seasonal Training](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-2-2-altitude-and-seasonal-training.md)
  - [4.2.3 Warming Up](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-2-3-warming-up.md)
  - [4.2.4 Cooling Down](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-2-4-cooling-down.md)
  - [4.2.5 End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-2-5-end-of-topic-test-principles-and-optimisation.md)
  - [4.2.6 Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/4-2-6-exam-style-questions-sport-specific-fitness.md)

### 5 Using Data
- 5.1 Types of Data
  - [5.1.1 Quantitative Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/5-1-1-quantitative-data.md)
  - [5.1.2 Qualitative Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/5-1-2-qualitative-data.md)
- 5.2 Data Presentation & Analysis
  - [5.2.1 Data Presentation & Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/5-2-1-data-presentation-and-analysis.md)

### 6 Sports Psychology
- 6.1 Skills
  - [6.1.1 Skills](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-1-1-skills.md)
  - [6.1.2 Skills 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-1-2-skills-2.md)
  - [6.1.3 Goals & Targets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-1-3-goals-and-targets.md)
  - [6.1.4 Skills HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-1-4-skills-hyperlearning.md)
- 6.2 Feedback & Preparation
  - [6.2.1 Information Processing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-2-1-information-processing.md)
  - [6.2.2 Guidance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-2-2-guidance.md)
  - [6.2.3 Guidance 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-2-3-guidance-2.md)
  - [6.2.4 Feedback](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-2-4-feedback.md)
  - [6.2.5 Mental Preparation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-2-5-mental-preparation.md)
  - [6.2.6 Controlling & Optimising Arousal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-2-6-controlling-and-optimising-arousal.md)
  - [6.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-2-7-exam-style-questions-skills-and-guidance.md)
- 6.3 Personality & Behaviour
  - [6.3.1 Aggression](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-3-1-aggression.md)
  - [6.3.2 Motivation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-3-2-motivation.md)
  - [6.3.3 Personality Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-3-3-personality-types.md)
  - [6.3.4 End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-3-4-end-of-topic-test-sports-psychology.md)
  - [6.3.5 Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-3-5-exam-style-questions-aggression-and-motivation.md)
  - [6.3.6 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aggression](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/6-3-6-diagnostic-misconceptions-aggression.md)

### 7 Socio-cultural Influences
- 7.1 Engagement Patterns of Different Social Groups
  - [7.1.1 Engagement - Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-1-1-engagement-gender.md)
  - [7.1.2 Engagement - Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-1-2-engagement-ethnicity.md)
  - [7.1.3 Engagement - Age & Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-1-3-engagement-age-and-family.md)
  - [7.1.4 Engagement - Disability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-1-4-engagement-disability.md)
- 7.2 Commercialisation
  - [7.2.1 Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-2-1-media.md)
  - [7.2.2 Commercialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-2-2-commercialisation.md)
  - [7.2.3 Commercialisation 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-2-3-commercialisation-2.md)
  - [7.2.4 Sponsorship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-2-4-sponsorship.md)
  - [7.2.5 Arguments for Sponsorship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-2-5-arguments-for-sponsorship.md)
  - [7.2.6 Impact of Sponsorship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-2-6-impact-of-sponsorship.md)
  - [7.2.7 End of Topic Test - Engagement & Commercialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-2-7-end-of-topic-test-engagement-and-commercialisation.md)
  - [7.2.8 Exam-Style Questions - Commercialisation & Conduct](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-2-8-exam-style-questions-commercialisation-and-conduct.md)
- 7.3 Ethical & Socio-cultural Issues
  - [7.3.1 Impact of Technology on Performers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-1-impact-of-technology-on-performers.md)
  - [7.3.2 Impact of Technology on Performers 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-2-impact-of-technology-on-performers-2.md)
  - [7.3.3 Impact of Technology on Sport](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-3-impact-of-technology-on-sport.md)
  - [7.3.4 Impact of Technology on Sport 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-4-impact-of-technology-on-sport-2.md)
  - [7.3.5 Sporting Conduct & Banned Substances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-5-sporting-conduct-and-banned-substances.md)
  - [7.3.6 Blood Doping](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-6-blood-doping.md)
  - [7.3.7 Drug Restrictions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-7-drug-restrictions.md)
  - [7.3.8 Drug Restrictions 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-8-drug-restrictions-2.md)
  - [7.3.9 Spectator Behaviour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-9-spectator-behaviour.md)
  - [7.3.10 End of Topic Test - Ethical Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-10-end-of-topic-test-ethical-issues.md)
  - [7.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Performance Enhancing Drugs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-11-exam-style-questions-performance-enhancing-drugs.md)
  - [7.3.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conduct in Sport](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/7-3-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-conduct-in-sport.md)

### 8 Health & Fitness
- 8.1 Overview of Health
  - [8.1.1 Well-Being & Fitness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-1-1-well-being-and-fitness.md)
  - [8.1.2 Types of Health](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-1-2-types-of-health.md)
- 8.2 Sedentary Lifestyles
  - [8.2.1 Sedentary Lifestyle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-2-1-sedentary-lifestyle.md)
  - [8.2.2 Obesity & Performance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-2-2-obesity-and-performance.md)
  - [8.2.3 Somatotypes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-2-3-somatotypes.md)
  - [8.2.4 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Somatypes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-2-4-diagnostic-misconceptions-somatypes.md)
- 8.3 Nutrition & Hydration
  - [8.3.1 Nutrition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-3-1-nutrition.md)
  - [8.3.2 Nutrition 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-3-2-nutrition-2.md)
  - [8.3.3 Hydration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-3-3-hydration.md)
  - [8.3.4 End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-3-4-end-of-topic-test-health-and-fitness.md)
  - [8.3.5 Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/physical-education/aqa/8-3-5-exam-style-questions-nutrition-and-hydration.md)