Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-2-3-reforming-russia-before-1914-stolypin [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [GCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse.md) › [History](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa.md) › Reforming Russia Before 1914 - Stolypin # Reforming Russia Before 1914 - Stolypin History: AQA GCSE Russia, 1894-1945, topic 1.2.3 ## Peter Stolypin Peter Stolypin was the driving force behind reform after 1905. ### Stolypin's background ![Stolypin's background](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/ceaff948-73c1-4bd4-b4e0-9ee9b8d3e908/Stolypin_Russia_Statue.jpg) - Stolypin had been governor of several provinces in Lithuania before the 1905 uprisings. ### Stolypin's rise ![Stolypin's rise](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/2f88874c-f3ed-4f9b-8509-638c1387db5a/shutterstock_593283926.jpg) - In April 1906, the tsar appointed Stolypin Minister of the Interior. - In July 1906, Stolypin replaced Goremkyn as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (chief minister in Russia). ### Continued instability and the socialist threat in Russia ![Continued instability and the socialist threat in Russia](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-04/17724af3-5720-4e17-84a0-d02efb5f1332/shutterstock_563530732.jpg) - The Socialist Revolutionary Combat Organisation assassinated and killed political figures like Sergei Alexandrovich, the tsar's uncle and Vyacheslav von Plehve, the Minister of the Interior. - Paul Avrich estimates that 4,000 government workers were murdered by socialist organisations in 1906 and 1907. - Stolypin asked the tsar to create a reserve cabinet in case ministers were killed. ### Restoring order ![Restoring order](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/40243a3c-1f0c-4eda-bebd-0f1c60c26ab3/Hangman_Noose.jpg) - Stolypin survived a bombing attack on him in August 1907. He announced a state of emergency and introduced martial law. - Field courts-martial (special courts) were used to deal with these socialist terrorists. Roughly 4,000 of them were executed within 1 year. They faced secret trials immediately after being captured and were sometimes executed the next day. ### 'Stolypin's necktie' !['Stolypin's necktie'](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/89f925bd-14d5-43c6-9d83-a42256f76b62/Necktie_Clothes.jpg) - The executioner's noose was known as 'Stolypin's necktie' because it was used so often. - Stolypin was meant to reform the state, however, his regime became even more autocratic. - Stolypin was condemned by the Kadet party in the Duma. ## Peter Stolypin's Land Reforms Peter Stolypin is best known for reforming agriculture (farming). ### Helping the peasants ![Helping the peasants](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/1d448cbd-4f66-4152-888b-7681f7df4575/shutterstock_439390204.jpg) - Under Sergei Witte's industrial reforms in the 1890s, the peasants had been largely ignored. Railroads and electrification were good for factories, industry, and exports (as well as foreign investors). - Peasants were still 80% of the population and little had changed since the emancipation of the serfs (peasant slaves) in 1861. ### Law of November 1906 ![Law of November 1906](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.1.1%20Measuring%20length,%20volume,%20etc.../paper-1849364_640-min.jpg) - The Law of November 1906 allowed peasants to create their own small farms. They were allowed to own their land, and he hoped this would kill the support for socialism. - If people owned their own property, they would be less likely to want to revolt and make every asset in society communal. ### Peasants' Land Bank ![Peasants' Land Bank](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/529c26a9-8e7a-4933-b060-20176acfaa41/shutterstock_502247380.jpg) - The Peasants' Land Bank had existed since the 1880s, but Stolypin scaled it up. - The loans from the Peasants' Land Bank allowed them to buy their small farms. - By 1907, 40% of all the money lent to the peasants had been paid back. ### Resettlement ![Resettlement](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-04/8adcf8d2-5172-47df-a081-392b4e08a67f/shutterstock_561749380.jpg) - The government also encouraged resettlement (moving to other parts of the country). The Russian government wanted to get people out of really overcrowded cities. - From 1906 to 1910, over 600,000 people per year moved to Siberia and 10 million people lived there by 1915. However, the climate is extreme in Siberia and life is hard. ## Test yourself on Reforming Russia Before 1914 - Stolypin - When did Stolypin become one of the tsar's ministers? - Which title was given to the most senior minister in the tsar's council? - Which threats did the government face after 1905? - How did Stolypin try to restore order after 1905? - What percentage of the Russian population were peasants in 1906? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/68cb5c28-b4d9-41f3-a315-2a7d3e63fc5e/section/ac51ea2f-742b-4b1e-87f1-64de02d5be34/session) - Previous topic: [1.2.2 The 1905 Revolution & the October Manifesto](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-2-2-the-1905-revolution-and-the-october-manifesto.md) - Next topic: [1.2.4 The Duma & Political Stalemate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-2-4-the-duma-and-political-stalemate.md) ## History: AQA GCSE Russia, 1894-1945 contents ### 1 The End of Tsardom - 1.1 Russia's Economy & Society - [1.1.1 Industrialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-1-1-industrialisation.md) - [1.1.2 Living & Working Conditions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-1-2-living-and-working-conditions.md) - 1.2 Nicholas II's Autocracy & the Court - [1.2.1 Growth of Revolutionary Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-2-1-growth-of-revolutionary-opposition.md) - [1.2.2 The 1905 Revolution & the October Manifesto](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-2-2-the-1905-revolution-and-the-october-manifesto.md) - [1.2.3 Reforming Russia Before 1914 - Stolypin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-2-3-reforming-russia-before-1914-stolypin.md) - [1.2.4 The Duma & Political Stalemate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-2-4-the-duma-and-political-stalemate.md) - 1.3 The First World War - [1.3.1 The Impact of Military Defeats](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-3-1-the-impact-of-military-defeats.md) - [1.3.2 Social & Economic Effects of WW1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-3-2-social-and-economic-effects-of-ww1.md) - [1.3.3 Romanov Unpopularity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-3-3-romanov-unpopularity.md) - [1.3.4 The Tsar's Abdication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-3-4-the-tsars-abdication.md) - [1.3.5 Top Grade AO2/3 - The End of Tsardom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/1-3-5-top-grade-ao23-the-end-of-tsardom.md) ### 2 Lenin's New Society - 2.1 The Provisional Government - [2.1.1 The Failure of the Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-1-1-the-failure-of-the-government.md) - [2.1.2 Social & Economic Problems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-1-2-social-and-economic-problems.md) - [2.1.3 Lenin & Trotsky](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-1-3-lenin-and-trotsky.md) - [2.1.4 The Growth of the Bolsheviks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-1-4-the-growth-of-the-bolsheviks.md) - [2.1.5 The October / November Revolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-1-5-the-october-november-revolution.md) - [2.1.6 Top Grade AO2/3 - The Provisional Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-1-6-top-grade-ao23-the-provisional-government.md) - 2.2 The Impact of Lenin's Dictatorship - [2.2.1 The End of the First World War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-2-1-the-end-of-the-first-world-war.md) - [2.2.2 The Cheka](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-2-2-the-cheka.md) - [2.2.3 Red Terror & Centralisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-2-3-red-terror-and-centralisation.md) - [2.2.4 The Civil War & The Red Army](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-2-4-the-civil-war-and-the-red-army.md) - [2.2.5 Propaganda](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-2-5-propaganda.md) - [2.2.6 Top Grade AO2/3 - Early Bolshevism & the Civil War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-2-6-top-grade-ao23-early-bolshevism-and-the-civil-war.md) - 2.3 Social & Economic Developments - [2.3.1 War Communism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-3-1-war-communism.md) - [2.3.2 The Kronstadt Rising](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-3-2-the-kronstadt-rising.md) - [2.3.3 The New Economic Policy (NEP)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-3-3-the-new-economic-policy-nep.md) - [2.3.4 The Achievements of Lenin & Trotsky](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-3-4-the-achievements-of-lenin-and-trotsky.md) - [2.3.5 Top Grade AO2/3 - Social & Economic Developments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/2-3-5-top-grade-ao23-social-and-economic-developments.md) ### 3 Stalin's USSR - 3.1 Stalin the Dictator - [3.1.1 The Power Struggle to Succeed Lenin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-1-1-the-power-struggle-to-succeed-lenin.md) - [3.1.2 The Communist Party & Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-1-2-the-communist-party-and-government.md) - [3.1.3 The Terror & the Purges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-1-3-the-terror-and-the-purges.md) - [3.1.4 The Secret Police](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-1-4-the-secret-police.md) - [3.1.5 Cult of Personality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-1-5-cult-of-personality.md) - [3.1.6 Propaganda & Censorship under Stalin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-1-6-propaganda-and-censorship-under-stalin.md) - [3.1.7 Top Grade AO2/3 - Stalin's Dictatorship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-1-7-top-grade-ao23-stalins-dictatorship.md) - 3.2 Stalin's Modernisation of the USSR - [3.2.1 Collectivisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-2-1-collectivisation.md) - [3.2.2 Five Year Plans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-2-2-five-year-plans.md) - [3.2.3 Social & Economic Consequences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-2-3-social-and-economic-consequences.md) - [3.2.4 Social & Economic Consequences 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-2-4-social-and-economic-consequences-2.md) - [3.2.5 The Extent of Modernisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-2-5-the-extent-of-modernisation.md) - 3.3 Impact of the Second World War - [3.3.1 Stalin's Wartime Leadership](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-3-1-stalins-wartime-leadership.md) - [3.3.2 Political, Economic & Social Consequences of War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-3-2-political-economic-and-social-consequences-of-war.md) - [3.3.3 Top Grade AO2/3 - Modernisation of the USSR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/history/aqa/3-3-3-top-grade-ao23-modernisation-of-the-ussr.md)