Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-3-timber-shape-and-form [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [GCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse.md) › [Design & Technology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa.md) › Timber: Shape & Form # Timber: Shape & Form Design & Technology: AQA GCSE, topic 3.5.3 ## Cutting There are many different methods of shaping and forming wood. This variety reflects the range of products that can be made from timber. The processes used for wood are cutting, drilling, sanding, chiselling and planing. ### Cutting ![Cutting](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-04/72508355-658d-4dee-acf4-0b524b829642/shutterstock_355871786.jpg) - Cutting can be done through two main methods: - Hand cutting. - Machine based cutting. - Hand cutting involves the use of different saws such as: - Coping saw, tenon saw, dovetail saw, jack saw, pull saws and Japanese flush cut saws. ### Saws ![Saws](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/f3b16d4a-2b82-4181-83b5-3f6669df32d4/tools-repair-.jpg) - Saws all have handles and teeth to cut through the material. - The amount of teeth is measured in teeth per inch (TPI). - Saws are used to reduce the size and change the shape of a piece of wood. ### Coping saw ![Coping saw](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-05/51d9bad1-b38e-49ff-b431-0fbd743d75be/coping%20saw.jpg) - Coping saws are used to cut curved lines. - It can be difficult to cut straight lines as the blade is thin which lends itself to curves and cutting circles. - The coping saw has 12-15 TPI. ### Tenon saw ![Tenon saw](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/c719c9c3-ca41-47bb-bc28-9113a22a5957/joinery-wood-joints-carpentery-.jpg) - The tenon saw is great for cutting wood to form joints. - When creating finger joints it is a good saw to use as the blade is fairly thin and larger. - The tenon saw has 11 TPI. ### Dovetail saw ![Dovetail saw](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/19ff16ce-5a03-4c2c-9b37-cb625f51501e/saw-tool-.jpg) - The dovetail saw is similar but has much finer teeth, this is excellent for cutting dovetail joints which require precision. - The TPI for this saw is approximately 18. ### Cutting with a saw ![Cutting with a saw](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/5.4.1%20-%20Plant%20hormones/drawing-1807099_640-min.jpg) - It is important to accurately mark the wood with a pencil and a ruler. - It is important to secure the wood (workpiece) using a clamp or a wood vice. - Once it has been securely clamped, you create a groove in the piece of wood by drawing your saw back three times on the marked area. - After your groove has been created, use the full length of the saw to push and pull the saw to cut the wood. ## Drilling There are many different methods of shaping and forming wood. This variety reflects the range of products that can be made from timber. The processes used for wood are cutting, drilling, sanding, chiselling and planing. ### Drilling ![Drilling](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/a8da9225-b1cd-49c8-9705-3434d152fea1/drill-tool-.jpg) - Drilling can be achieved through: - A pillar drill. - Corded and cordless drill. - Hand drill. - A lathe with drill attachment. ### Marking the wood ![Marking the wood](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/857dc19a-eda0-447d-8f0a-970d0a6cdd17/drill-tool-wood-builder-.jpg) - Almost all of the above methods will require you to carefully mark out the material with a ruler and a pencil, indicating the point you would like the hole to be drilled at. - Once you have made a mark using a ruler and pencil, ensure you double check the position as any mistakes can be costly, although they can be rectified. ### Drilling wood ![Drilling wood](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/8fe94220-9c73-451b-ab8d-6f446e1e98e8/drill-wood-tool-.jpg) - Using a centre punch or bradawl you can create a small impression on the surface of the wood exactly where you have pencil marked the piece of wood before. - The small impression allows the drill bit to take to wood safely and accurately. ### Drilling wood cont. ![Drilling wood cont.](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/abefab20-f240-4734-80e5-3ce42a71af27/drill-tool-builder-.jpg) - Turn the drill on using the bottom or trigger switch. - The drill will start to rotate and cut into the wood. - You should take your time when drilling so that you don't damage the material. ## Test yourself on Timber: Shape & Form - What does TPI stand for in relation to saws? - Which saw has a TPI of 11? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/b4e64de8-a5d1-411b-81e2-aa4e2016e908/section/936d0f65-798f-41db-8257-bc877f48eefb/session) - Previous topic: [3.5.2 Timber: Modification of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-2-timber-modification-of-materials.md) - Next topic: [3.5.4 Timber: Shape & Form 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-4-timber-shape-and-form-2.md) ## Design & Technology: AQA GCSE contents ### 1 Core Technical Principles - 1.1 New & Emerging Technologies - [1.1.1 Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-1-industry.md) - [1.1.2 Enterprise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-2-enterprise.md) - [1.1.3 Sustainability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-3-sustainability.md) - [1.1.4 People](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-4-people.md) - [1.1.5 Culture & Society](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-5-culture-and-society.md) - [1.1.6 Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-6-environment.md) - [1.1.7 Production Techniques & Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-7-production-techniques-and-systems.md) - [1.1.8 Emerging Technologies & Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-8-emerging-technologies-and-design.md) - [1.1.9 End of Topic Test - New & Emerging Technologies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-9-end-of-topic-test-new-and-emerging-technologies.md) - [1.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Emerging Technologies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-10-exam-style-questions-emerging-technologies.md) - 1.2 Energy Generation & Storage - [1.2.1 Fossil Fuels & Nuclear](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-2-1-fossil-fuels-and-nuclear.md) - [1.2.2 Renewable Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-2-2-renewable-energy.md) - [1.2.3 Energy Storage Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-2-3-energy-storage-systems.md) - 1.3 Developments in New Materials - [1.3.1 Modern Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-1-modern-materials.md) - [1.3.2 Smart Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-2-smart-materials.md) - [1.3.3 Exam-Style Questions - Smart Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-3-exam-style-questions-smart-materials.md) - [1.3.4 Composite Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-4-composite-materials.md) - [1.3.5 Technical Textiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-5-technical-textiles.md) - 1.4 Systems Approach to Designing - [1.4.1 Inputs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-4-1-inputs.md) - [1.4.2 Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-4-2-processes.md) - [1.4.3 Outputs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-4-3-outputs.md) - [1.4.4 Looped Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-4-4-looped-systems.md) - 1.5 Mechanical Devices - [1.5.1 Types of Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-1-types-of-movement.md) - [1.5.2 Levers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-2-levers.md) - [1.5.3 Linkages](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-3-linkages.md) - [1.5.4 Rotary Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-4-rotary-systems.md) - [1.5.5 End of Topic Test - Designing & Mechanical Devices](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-5-end-of-topic-test-designing-and-mechanical-devices.md) - 1.6 Materials Categories - [1.6.1 Timbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-1-timbers.md) - [1.6.2 Metals & Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-2-metals-and-alloys.md) - [1.6.3 Metals & Alloys 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-3-metals-and-alloys-2.md) - [1.6.4 Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-4-polymers.md) - [1.6.5 Polymer Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-5-polymer-types.md) - [1.6.6 Textiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-6-textiles.md) - [1.6.7 Textile Types: Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-7-textile-types-fibres.md) - [1.6.8 Textile Types: Weave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-8-textile-types-weave.md) - [1.6.9 Paper & Boards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-9-paper-and-boards.md) - 1.7 Material Properties - [1.7.1 Physical & Working Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-7-1-physical-and-working-properties.md) - [1.7.2 End of Topic Test - Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-7-2-end-of-topic-test-materials.md) - [1.7.3 Exam-Style Questions - Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-7-3-exam-style-questions-materials.md) ### 2 Paper & Board: Specialist Technical Principles - 2.1 Selection of Materials - [2.1.1 Paper & Boards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-1-1-paper-and-boards.md) - [2.1.2 Working with Paper & Boards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-1-2-working-with-paper-and-boards.md) - 2.2 Paper & Board: Forces & Stresses - [2.2.1 Paper & Board: Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-2-1-paper-and-board-forces-and-stresses.md) - [2.2.2 Cardboard & Paper](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-2-2-cardboard-and-paper.md) - 2.3 Paper & Board: Ecological & Social Footprint - [2.3.1 Paper & Board: Ecological & Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-3-1-paper-and-board-ecological-and-social-footprint.md) - [2.3.2 Paper & Board: The Six Rs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-3-2-paper-and-board-the-six-rs.md) - [2.3.3 Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-3-3-social-issues.md) - 2.4 Paper & Board: Sources & Origins - [2.4.1 Paper & Board](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-4-1-paper-and-board.md) - [2.4.2 End of Topic Test - Paper & Board](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-4-2-end-of-topic-test-paper-and-board.md) - 2.5 Paper & Board: Using Materials - [2.5.1 Paper & Board: Properties of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-5-1-paper-and-board-properties-of-materials.md) - [2.5.2 Paper & Board: Modification of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-5-2-paper-and-board-modification-of-materials.md) - [2.5.3 Paper & Board: Shape & Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-5-3-paper-and-board-shape-and-form.md) - 2.6 Paper & Board: Stock Forms, Types & Sizes - [2.6.1 Paper & Board: Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-6-1-paper-and-board-forms.md) - [2.6.2 Paper & Board: Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-6-2-paper-and-board-types.md) - [2.6.3 Paper & Board: Sizes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-6-3-paper-and-board-sizes.md) - [2.6.4 Paper & Board: Standards Components](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-6-4-paper-and-board-standards-components.md) - 2.7 Paper & Board: Scales of Production - [2.7.1 Paper & Board: Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-7-1-paper-and-board-scales-of-production.md) - [2.7.2 Exam-Style Questions - Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-7-2-exam-style-questions-scales-of-production.md) - 2.8 Paper & Board: Specialist Techniques & Processes - [2.8.1 Paper & Board: Techniques & Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-8-1-paper-and-board-techniques-and-processes.md) - [2.8.2 Paper & Board: Quality Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-8-2-paper-and-board-quality-control.md) - 2.9 Paper & Board: Surface Treatments & Finishes - [2.9.1 Paper & Board: Surface Treatments & Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-9-1-paper-and-board-surface-treatments-and-finishes.md) - [2.9.2 End of Topic Test - Specialist Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-9-2-end-of-topic-test-specialist-techniques.md) ### 3 Timber: Specialist Technical Principles - 3.1 Timber: Selection of Materials - [3.1.1 Timber Based Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-1-1-timber-based-materials.md) - [3.1.2 Timber: Environment & Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-1-2-timber-environment-and-ethics.md) - 3.2 Timber: Forces & Stresses - [3.2.1 Timber: Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-2-1-timber-forces-and-stresses.md) - [3.2.2 Timber](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-2-2-timber.md) - 3.3 Timber: Ecological & Social Footprint - [3.3.1 Timber: Ecological & Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-3-1-timber-ecological-and-social-footprint.md) - [3.3.2 Timber: The Six Rs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-3-2-timber-the-six-rs.md) - [3.3.3 Timber: Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-3-3-timber-social-issues.md) - [3.3.4 Exam-Style Questions - Timber](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-3-4-exam-style-questions-timber.md) - 3.4 Timber: Sources & Origins - [3.4.1 Timber](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-4-1-timber.md) - [3.4.2 Timber: Processing & Seasoning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-4-2-timber-processing-and-seasoning.md) - [3.4.3 Manufactured Board](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-4-3-manufactured-board.md) - [3.4.4 End of Topic Test - Timber](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-4-4-end-of-topic-test-timber.md) - 3.5 Timber: Using Materials - [3.5.1 Timber: Properties of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-1-timber-properties-of-materials.md) - [3.5.2 Timber: Modification of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-2-timber-modification-of-materials.md) - [3.5.3 Timber: Shape & Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-3-timber-shape-and-form.md) - [3.5.4 Timber: Shape & Form 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-4-timber-shape-and-form-2.md) - 3.6 Timber: Stock Forms, Types & Sizes - [3.6.1 Timber: Stock Forms, Types & Sizes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-6-1-timber-stock-forms-types-and-sizes.md) - 3.7 Timber: Scales of Production - [3.7.1 Timber: Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-7-1-timber-scales-of-production.md) - 3.8 Timber: Specialist Techniques & Processes - [3.8.1 Timber: Tools, Equipment & Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-8-1-timber-tools-equipment-and-processes.md) - [3.8.2 Timber: Tools, Equipment & Processes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-8-2-timber-tools-equipment-and-processes-2.md) - [3.8.3 Timber: Quality Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-8-3-timber-quality-control.md) - 3.9 Timber: Surface Treatments & Finishes - [3.9.1 Timber: Surface Treatments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-9-1-timber-surface-treatments.md) - [3.9.2 Timber: Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-9-2-timber-finishes.md) - [3.9.3 End of Topic Test - Specialist Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-9-3-end-of-topic-test-specialist-techniques.md) ### 4 Metal: Specialist Technical Principles - 4.1 Metals: Selection of Materials - [4.1.1 Metal-Based Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-1-metal-based-materials.md) - [4.1.2 Ferrous Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-2-ferrous-metals.md) - [4.1.3 Non-Ferrous Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-3-non-ferrous-metals.md) - [4.1.4 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-4-alloys.md) - [4.1.5 Metals: Environment & Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-5-metals-environment-and-ethics.md) - 4.2 Metals: Forces & Stresses - [4.2.1 Metals: Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-2-1-metals-forces-and-stresses.md) - 4.3 Metals: Ecological & Social Footprint - [4.3.1 Metals: Ecological Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-3-1-metals-ecological-footprint.md) - [4.3.2 Metals: Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-3-2-metals-social-footprint.md) - [4.3.3 Metals: The Six R's](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-3-3-metals-the-six-rs.md) - [4.3.4 Metals: Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-3-4-metals-social-issues.md) - 4.4 Metals: Sources & Origins - [4.4.1 Origins of Metal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-4-1-origins-of-metal.md) - [4.4.2 Processing Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-4-2-processing-metals.md) - 4.5 Metals: Alloy-Based Materials - [4.5.1 Types of Metal Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-1-types-of-metal-alloys.md) - [4.5.2 Alloying Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-2-alloying-elements.md) - [4.5.3 Properties & Benefits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-3-properties-and-benefits.md) - [4.5.4 Processing & Fabrication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-4-processing-and-fabrication.md) - [4.5.5 Applications of Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-5-applications-of-alloys.md) - [4.5.6 Metal Alloys in Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-6-metal-alloys-in-industry.md) - [4.5.7 Applications of Metal Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-7-applications-of-metal-alloys.md) - 4.6 Metals: Using Materials - [4.6.1 Properties of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-6-1-properties-of-metals.md) - [4.6.2 Modification of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-6-2-modification-of-metals.md) - [4.6.3 Metals: Shape & Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-6-3-metals-shape-and-form.md) - 4.7 Metals: Scales of Production - [4.7.1 Metals: Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-7-1-metals-scales-of-production.md) - 4.8 Metals: Specialist Techniques & Processes - [4.8.1 Metals: Tools](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-8-1-metals-tools.md) - [4.8.2 Metals: Tools & Equipment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-8-2-metals-tools-and-equipment.md) - [4.8.3 Metals: Cutting, Forming & Machining Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-8-3-metals-cutting-forming-and-machining-processes.md) - [4.8.4 Metals: Joining, Casting & Heat Treatment Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-8-4-metals-joining-casting-and-heat-treatment-process.md) - 4.9 Metals: Quality Control - [4.9.1 Metals: Quality Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-9-1-metals-quality-control.md) - [4.9.2 Metals: Quality Control Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-9-2-metals-quality-control-processes.md) - 4.10 Metals: Surface Treatments & Finishes - [4.10.1 Metals: Surface Treatments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-10-1-metals-surface-treatments.md) - [4.10.2 Metals: Surface Treatments for Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-10-2-metals-surface-treatments-for-metals.md) - [4.10.3 Metals: Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-10-3-metals-finishes.md) - [4.10.4 Metals: Finishing Techniques for Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-10-4-metals-finishing-techniques-for-metals.md) ### 5 Polymers: Specialist Technical Principles - 5.1 Polymers - [5.1.1 Polymers: Functionality & Aesthetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-1-polymers-functionality-and-aesthetics.md) - [5.1.2 Polymers: Environment & Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-2-polymers-environment-and-ethics.md) - [5.1.3 Polymers: Sources, Origins & Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-3-polymers-sources-origins-and-properties.md) - [5.1.4 Polymers: Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-4-polymers-forces-and-stresses.md) - [5.1.5 Polymers: Ecological & Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-5-polymers-ecological-and-social-footprint.md) - [5.1.6 Polymers: The Six R's](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-6-polymers-the-six-rs.md) - 5.2 Polymer Categories - [5.2.1 Categories of Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-2-1-categories-of-polymers.md) - [5.2.2 Thermoforming Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-2-2-thermoforming-polymers.md) - [5.2.3 Thermosetting Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-2-3-thermosetting-polymers.md) - 5.3 Polymer Forms - [5.3.1 Polymers: Stock Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-3-1-polymers-stock-forms.md) - [5.3.2 Polymers: Shape & Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-3-2-polymers-shape-and-form.md) - 5.4 Polymer Production, Techniques & Quality Control - [5.4.1 Polymers: Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-4-1-polymers-scales-of-production.md) - [5.4.2 Polymers: Specialist Techniques & Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-4-2-polymers-specialist-techniques-and-processes.md) - [5.4.3 Polymers: Quality Control Systems: Tolerance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-4-3-polymers-quality-control-systems-tolerance.md) - [5.4.4 Polymers: Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-4-4-polymers-finishes.md) ### 6 Textiles: Specialist Technical Principles - 6.1 Textile Materials - [6.1.1 Origin of Textiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-1-1-origin-of-textiles.md) - [6.1.2 Textile Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-1-2-textile-industry.md) - 6.2 Selection of Materials - [6.2.1 Natural Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-1-natural-fibres.md) - [6.2.2 Synthetic Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-2-synthetic-fibres.md) - [6.2.3 Environmental Concerns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-3-environmental-concerns.md) - [6.2.4 Environmental Impact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-4-environmental-impact.md) - [6.2.5 Ethical Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-5-ethical-challenges.md) - 6.3 Forces & Stresses - [6.3.1 Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-3-1-forces-and-stresses.md) - 6.4 Ecological & Social Footprint - [6.4.1 Ecological Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-1-ecological-footprint.md) - [6.4.2 Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-2-social-footprint.md) - [6.4.3 Addressing Ecological & Social Footprints](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-3-addressing-ecological-and-social-footprints.md) - [6.4.4 The Six R's](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-4-the-six-rs.md) - [6.4.5 Labour Conditions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-5-labour-conditions.md) - [6.4.6 Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-6-social-issues.md) - [6.4.7 Addressing Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-7-addressing-social-issues.md) ### 7 Designing & Making Principles - 7.1 Investigation & Data - [7.1.1 Iterative Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-1-iterative-design.md) - [7.1.2 Primary & Secondary Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-2-primary-and-secondary-data.md) - [7.1.3 Market Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-3-market-research.md) - [7.1.4 Ergonomics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-4-ergonomics.md) - [7.1.5 Specifications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-5-specifications.md) - [7.1.6 End of Topic Test - Investigation & Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-6-end-of-topic-test-investigation-and-data.md) - [7.1.7 Exam-Style Questions - Specifications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-7-exam-style-questions-specifications.md) - 7.2 Environmental, Social & Economic Challenges - [7.2.1 Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-2-1-challenges.md) - [7.2.2 Your Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-2-2-your-research.md) - 7.3 The Work of Others - [7.3.1 Designers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-1-designers.md) - [7.3.2 Architects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-2-architects.md) - [7.3.3 Product Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-3-product-design.md) - [7.3.4 Industrial Designers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-4-industrial-designers.md) - [7.3.5 Product Design Companies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-5-product-design-companies.md) - [7.3.6 Textile Design Companies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-6-textile-design-companies.md) - [7.3.7 End of Topic Test - The Work of Others](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-7-end-of-topic-test-the-work-of-others.md) - 7.4 Design Strategies - [7.4.1 Design Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-4-1-design-strategies.md) - 7.5 Communication of Design Ideas - [7.5.1 Design Communication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-5-1-design-communication.md) - 7.6 Prototype Development - [7.6.1 Prototype Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-6-1-prototype-development.md) - 7.7 Selection of Materials - [7.7.1 Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-7-1-materials.md) - 7.8 Tolerances - [7.8.1 Tolerances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-8-1-tolerances.md) - 7.9 Material Management - [7.9.1 Managing Material](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-9-1-managing-material.md) - [7.9.2 Tools](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-9-2-tools.md) - 7.10 Specialist Equipment - [7.10.1 Health & Safety](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-10-1-health-and-safety.md) - 7.11 Specialist Techniques & Processes - [7.11.1 Specialist Techniques & Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-11-1-specialist-techniques-and-processes.md) - [7.11.2 Surface Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-11-2-surface-finishes.md) - [7.11.3 End of Topic Test - Designing & Making](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-11-3-end-of-topic-test-designing-and-making.md)