Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-5-polymer-types [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [GCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse.md) › [Design & Technology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa.md) › Polymer Types # Polymer Types Design & Technology: AQA GCSE, topic 1.6.5 ## Polymer Types: Thermoforming Thermoforming plastics are commonly used in everyday objects such as water bottles. They could even be used in some of your GCSE projects. ### Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) ![Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/6fd67599-2723-4305-8cea-d0971cfbbc20/market-price-food-.jpg) - These polymers are clear or coloured with a smooth finish. - These polymers are easily blow moulded, can be recycled and have good chemical resistance. - They are commonly used in products such as food wraps, bottles and food packaging. - Triangular recycle logo number 1. ### Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) ![Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/a859f837-90f3-4ab7-b40d-76ccbf83c310/pet-dt-polymer-.png) ### High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) ![High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/c863fded-e878-4242-9bd6-ee40870bed58/bin-recycle-rubbish-trash-.jpg) - These polymers are opaque, coloured or textured. - These polymers are lightweight, chemical resistant and rip-resistant. - They are commonly used in products such as milk bottles, hard hats, wheelie bins and pipes. - Triangular recycle logo number 2. ### High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) ![High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/1aa77353-f7e8-4cc9-a930-41f15cd14b14/hdpe-dt-polymer-recycle-.png) ### Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) ![Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/2.1.1%20Cells,%20Tissues%20and%20Organs/child-504321_640%20-%20Edited-min.jpg) - PVC polymers can be coloured with a gloss finish. - They are available in sheets or a rigid shape such as a pipe. - PVC polymers are chemically resistant, flexible, tough and easily extruded. - They are commonly used in products such as pipes, insulating tape, air mattresses and raincoats. - Triangular recycle logo number 3. ### Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) ![Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/4342828c-349a-4aac-a544-36846d7b2ce2/pvc-dt-polymer-recycle-.png) ### Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) ![Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/20c5fefb-9166-4ca4-b10a-b2b900a0d555/shutterstock_387718447.jpg) - LDPE polymers can be coloured with a smooth finish. - They are available in sheets or a clear thin to a thick film. - These polymers have excellent strength to weight ratio. - They are very flexible and can be blow moulded and extruded easily. - They are commonly used in products such as carrier bags, bin liners, plastic food wraps and pipes. - Triangular recycle logo number 4. ### Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) ![Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/558730a2-d103-4510-8a8e-98a45e080095/ldpe-dt-polymer-recycle-.png) ## Polymer Types: Thermoforming Thermoforming plastics are commonly used in everyday objects such as water bottles. They could even be used in some of your GCSE projects. ### Polypropylene (PP) ![Polypropylene (PP)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/fbbc5e62-6b8e-4758-a1fb-7548af3a8cae/dew-knot-bind-security-rope-.jpg) - These polymers can be coloured in sheets or shapes. - They are very flexible, tough, lightweight, food safe and easily cleaned. - They are commonly used in products such as medical products, kitchen products and rope. - Triangular recycle logo number 5. ### Polypropylene (PP) ![Polypropylene (PP)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/a91d6429-7595-4c19-b741-33f8ae335e7c/pp-polymer-dt-recycle-.png) ### High Impact Polystyrene Sheet (HIPS) ![High Impact Polystyrene Sheet (HIPS)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-01/8eb3af27-fefb-4211-b717-ee32b75a922e/chocolates-.jpg) - These polymers can be flat, clear or coloured sheets. - They are very flexible, tough, impact-resistant, lightweight, food safe and vacuum forms well. - These polymers give off a toxic fume when burnt. - They are commonly used in products such as food containers, chocolate box in-trays, egg boxes and yoghurt pots. - Triangular recycle logo number 6. ### High Impact Polystyrene Sheet (HIPS) ![High Impact Polystyrene Sheet (HIPS)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/ecd8ebf4-e8cf-406b-b4bc-cac2fe6715da/ps-dt-polymer-recycle-.png) ### Acrylic – Poly-methyl Meth Acrylate (PMMA) ![Acrylic – Poly-methyl Meth Acrylate (PMMA)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.3.1%20-%20Mass,weight%20and%20density/baby-in-bath%20-%20Edited-min.jpg) - These polymers are very versatile, coloured with a smooth finish. - They are tough but brittle when thin, easily scratched, formed and joined. - These polymers are in sheet, tube or bar form. - They are commonly used in school workshops for laser cutting and line bending. - Other products include car lights, display stands, modern bathtubs, hats and gloves. - Triangular recycle logo number 7. ### Acrylic – Poly-methyl Meth Acrylate (PMMA) ![Acrylic – Poly-methyl Meth Acrylate (PMMA)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/99c8f1eb-c572-4a3a-8b97-0ea055d04248/other-dt-polymer-recycle-.png) ## Polymer Types: Thermosetting Thermosetting plastics are commonly used in everyday objects such as electrical fittings. They could even be used in some of your GCSE projects. ### Epoxy Resin (ER - Araldite) ![Epoxy Resin (ER - Araldite)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/f128cd01-b5ac-4259-8972-fda5ab6b063f/Waterproof-Material-Jacket-Coat-Mac-.jpg) - These resins are made up of two parts: resin and a hardener, which are mixed together. - These polymers set clear with a smooth finish. - This resin is stronger than other adhesives, can join multiple materials and has a good chemical and heat resistance. - They are commonly used for bonding materials together, electric circuit boards and waterproof coatings. ### Melamine Formaldehyde (MF) ![Melamine Formaldehyde (MF)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/e5cb6f05-55c9-40ae-98ee-01f8401045d2/kitchen-sink.jpg) - These polymers are smooth, available in a variety of shapes and in many colours. - These polymers are food safe, hygienic, lightweight but brittle. - They are commonly used for kitchenware, worktops and flat-pack furniture. ### Urea Formaldehyde (UF) ![Urea Formaldehyde (UF)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/c00f2fde-35ac-43b2-b9a7-e5902debf076/button-red-emergency.jpg) - These polymers are mainly white, versatile and smooth. - These polymers are heat resistant, good electrical insulators, hard, brittle and easily moulded. - They are commonly used for electrical fittings, casings, handles and buttons. ### Polyester Resin (PR) ![Polyester Resin (PR)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/2.3.3%20Blood/room-2185942_640-min.jpg) - These resins are made up of two parts: resin and a hardener, which are mixed together. - These polymers set clear with a smooth finish and can be coloured. - This resin is strong, heat resistant and a good electrical insulator. - They are commonly used for flooring, fibreglass lamination and paperweights. ### Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) ![Phenol Formaldehyde (PF)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/dba06434-646f-4125-88a8-4a2b74063569/Bakelite-phone-dt-old-.jpg) - These polymers have a limited colour range with a high gloss finish. - These polymers were formerly known as Bakelite. - They are very rigid, hard and brittle. - They are excellent electrical insulators with good chemical resistance. - They are commonly used for electrical components, mechanical parts, castings and old Bakelite electrical products. ## Test yourself on Polymer Types - Which thermoforming polymer has triangular recycle logo number 3? - Which thermoforming polymer is commonly used in raincoats? - Which thermoforming plastic has recycle logo number 6? - Which thermoforming plastic gives off toxic fumes when burnt? - What is another name for Poly-methyl Meth Acrylate (PMMA)? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/b4e64de8-a5d1-411b-81e2-aa4e2016e908/section/1f7c933a-1a34-40e7-8bbc-ee768ffa1cd9/session) - Previous topic: [1.6.4 Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-4-polymers.md) - Next topic: [1.6.6 Textiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-6-textiles.md) ## Design & Technology: AQA GCSE contents ### 1 Core Technical Principles - 1.1 New & Emerging Technologies - [1.1.1 Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-1-industry.md) - [1.1.2 Enterprise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-2-enterprise.md) - [1.1.3 Sustainability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-3-sustainability.md) - [1.1.4 People](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-4-people.md) - [1.1.5 Culture & Society](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-5-culture-and-society.md) - [1.1.6 Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-6-environment.md) - [1.1.7 Production Techniques & Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-7-production-techniques-and-systems.md) - [1.1.8 Emerging Technologies & Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-8-emerging-technologies-and-design.md) - [1.1.9 End of Topic Test - New & Emerging Technologies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-9-end-of-topic-test-new-and-emerging-technologies.md) - [1.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Emerging Technologies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-1-10-exam-style-questions-emerging-technologies.md) - 1.2 Energy Generation & Storage - [1.2.1 Fossil Fuels & Nuclear](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-2-1-fossil-fuels-and-nuclear.md) - [1.2.2 Renewable Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-2-2-renewable-energy.md) - [1.2.3 Energy Storage Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-2-3-energy-storage-systems.md) - 1.3 Developments in New Materials - [1.3.1 Modern Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-1-modern-materials.md) - [1.3.2 Smart Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-2-smart-materials.md) - [1.3.3 Exam-Style Questions - Smart Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-3-exam-style-questions-smart-materials.md) - [1.3.4 Composite Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-4-composite-materials.md) - [1.3.5 Technical Textiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-3-5-technical-textiles.md) - 1.4 Systems Approach to Designing - [1.4.1 Inputs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-4-1-inputs.md) - [1.4.2 Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-4-2-processes.md) - [1.4.3 Outputs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-4-3-outputs.md) - [1.4.4 Looped Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-4-4-looped-systems.md) - 1.5 Mechanical Devices - [1.5.1 Types of Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-1-types-of-movement.md) - [1.5.2 Levers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-2-levers.md) - [1.5.3 Linkages](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-3-linkages.md) - [1.5.4 Rotary Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-4-rotary-systems.md) - [1.5.5 End of Topic Test - Designing & Mechanical Devices](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-5-5-end-of-topic-test-designing-and-mechanical-devices.md) - 1.6 Materials Categories - [1.6.1 Timbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-1-timbers.md) - [1.6.2 Metals & Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-2-metals-and-alloys.md) - [1.6.3 Metals & Alloys 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-3-metals-and-alloys-2.md) - [1.6.4 Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-4-polymers.md) - [1.6.5 Polymer Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-5-polymer-types.md) - [1.6.6 Textiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-6-textiles.md) - [1.6.7 Textile Types: Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-7-textile-types-fibres.md) - [1.6.8 Textile Types: Weave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-8-textile-types-weave.md) - [1.6.9 Paper & Boards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-6-9-paper-and-boards.md) - 1.7 Material Properties - [1.7.1 Physical & Working Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-7-1-physical-and-working-properties.md) - [1.7.2 End of Topic Test - Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-7-2-end-of-topic-test-materials.md) - [1.7.3 Exam-Style Questions - Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/1-7-3-exam-style-questions-materials.md) ### 2 Paper & Board: Specialist Technical Principles - 2.1 Selection of Materials - [2.1.1 Paper & Boards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-1-1-paper-and-boards.md) - [2.1.2 Working with Paper & Boards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-1-2-working-with-paper-and-boards.md) - 2.2 Paper & Board: Forces & Stresses - [2.2.1 Paper & Board: Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-2-1-paper-and-board-forces-and-stresses.md) - [2.2.2 Cardboard & Paper](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-2-2-cardboard-and-paper.md) - 2.3 Paper & Board: Ecological & Social Footprint - [2.3.1 Paper & Board: Ecological & Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-3-1-paper-and-board-ecological-and-social-footprint.md) - [2.3.2 Paper & Board: The Six Rs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-3-2-paper-and-board-the-six-rs.md) - [2.3.3 Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-3-3-social-issues.md) - 2.4 Paper & Board: Sources & Origins - [2.4.1 Paper & Board](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-4-1-paper-and-board.md) - [2.4.2 End of Topic Test - Paper & Board](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-4-2-end-of-topic-test-paper-and-board.md) - 2.5 Paper & Board: Using Materials - [2.5.1 Paper & Board: Properties of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-5-1-paper-and-board-properties-of-materials.md) - [2.5.2 Paper & Board: Modification of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-5-2-paper-and-board-modification-of-materials.md) - [2.5.3 Paper & Board: Shape & Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-5-3-paper-and-board-shape-and-form.md) - 2.6 Paper & Board: Stock Forms, Types & Sizes - [2.6.1 Paper & Board: Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-6-1-paper-and-board-forms.md) - [2.6.2 Paper & Board: Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-6-2-paper-and-board-types.md) - [2.6.3 Paper & Board: Sizes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-6-3-paper-and-board-sizes.md) - [2.6.4 Paper & Board: Standards Components](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-6-4-paper-and-board-standards-components.md) - 2.7 Paper & Board: Scales of Production - [2.7.1 Paper & Board: Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-7-1-paper-and-board-scales-of-production.md) - [2.7.2 Exam-Style Questions - Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-7-2-exam-style-questions-scales-of-production.md) - 2.8 Paper & Board: Specialist Techniques & Processes - [2.8.1 Paper & Board: Techniques & Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-8-1-paper-and-board-techniques-and-processes.md) - [2.8.2 Paper & Board: Quality Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-8-2-paper-and-board-quality-control.md) - 2.9 Paper & Board: Surface Treatments & Finishes - [2.9.1 Paper & Board: Surface Treatments & Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-9-1-paper-and-board-surface-treatments-and-finishes.md) - [2.9.2 End of Topic Test - Specialist Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/2-9-2-end-of-topic-test-specialist-techniques.md) ### 3 Timber: Specialist Technical Principles - 3.1 Timber: Selection of Materials - [3.1.1 Timber Based Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-1-1-timber-based-materials.md) - [3.1.2 Timber: Environment & Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-1-2-timber-environment-and-ethics.md) - 3.2 Timber: Forces & Stresses - [3.2.1 Timber: Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-2-1-timber-forces-and-stresses.md) - [3.2.2 Timber](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-2-2-timber.md) - 3.3 Timber: Ecological & Social Footprint - [3.3.1 Timber: Ecological & Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-3-1-timber-ecological-and-social-footprint.md) - [3.3.2 Timber: The Six Rs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-3-2-timber-the-six-rs.md) - [3.3.3 Timber: Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-3-3-timber-social-issues.md) - [3.3.4 Exam-Style Questions - Timber](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-3-4-exam-style-questions-timber.md) - 3.4 Timber: Sources & Origins - [3.4.1 Timber](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-4-1-timber.md) - [3.4.2 Timber: Processing & Seasoning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-4-2-timber-processing-and-seasoning.md) - [3.4.3 Manufactured Board](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-4-3-manufactured-board.md) - [3.4.4 End of Topic Test - Timber](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-4-4-end-of-topic-test-timber.md) - 3.5 Timber: Using Materials - [3.5.1 Timber: Properties of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-1-timber-properties-of-materials.md) - [3.5.2 Timber: Modification of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-2-timber-modification-of-materials.md) - [3.5.3 Timber: Shape & Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-3-timber-shape-and-form.md) - [3.5.4 Timber: Shape & Form 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-5-4-timber-shape-and-form-2.md) - 3.6 Timber: Stock Forms, Types & Sizes - [3.6.1 Timber: Stock Forms, Types & Sizes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-6-1-timber-stock-forms-types-and-sizes.md) - 3.7 Timber: Scales of Production - [3.7.1 Timber: Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-7-1-timber-scales-of-production.md) - 3.8 Timber: Specialist Techniques & Processes - [3.8.1 Timber: Tools, Equipment & Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-8-1-timber-tools-equipment-and-processes.md) - [3.8.2 Timber: Tools, Equipment & Processes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-8-2-timber-tools-equipment-and-processes-2.md) - [3.8.3 Timber: Quality Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-8-3-timber-quality-control.md) - 3.9 Timber: Surface Treatments & Finishes - [3.9.1 Timber: Surface Treatments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-9-1-timber-surface-treatments.md) - [3.9.2 Timber: Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-9-2-timber-finishes.md) - [3.9.3 End of Topic Test - Specialist Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/3-9-3-end-of-topic-test-specialist-techniques.md) ### 4 Metal: Specialist Technical Principles - 4.1 Metals: Selection of Materials - [4.1.1 Metal-Based Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-1-metal-based-materials.md) - [4.1.2 Ferrous Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-2-ferrous-metals.md) - [4.1.3 Non-Ferrous Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-3-non-ferrous-metals.md) - [4.1.4 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-4-alloys.md) - [4.1.5 Metals: Environment & Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-1-5-metals-environment-and-ethics.md) - 4.2 Metals: Forces & Stresses - [4.2.1 Metals: Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-2-1-metals-forces-and-stresses.md) - 4.3 Metals: Ecological & Social Footprint - [4.3.1 Metals: Ecological Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-3-1-metals-ecological-footprint.md) - [4.3.2 Metals: Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-3-2-metals-social-footprint.md) - [4.3.3 Metals: The Six R's](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-3-3-metals-the-six-rs.md) - [4.3.4 Metals: Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-3-4-metals-social-issues.md) - 4.4 Metals: Sources & Origins - [4.4.1 Origins of Metal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-4-1-origins-of-metal.md) - [4.4.2 Processing Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-4-2-processing-metals.md) - 4.5 Metals: Alloy-Based Materials - [4.5.1 Types of Metal Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-1-types-of-metal-alloys.md) - [4.5.2 Alloying Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-2-alloying-elements.md) - [4.5.3 Properties & Benefits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-3-properties-and-benefits.md) - [4.5.4 Processing & Fabrication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-4-processing-and-fabrication.md) - [4.5.5 Applications of Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-5-applications-of-alloys.md) - [4.5.6 Metal Alloys in Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-6-metal-alloys-in-industry.md) - [4.5.7 Applications of Metal Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-5-7-applications-of-metal-alloys.md) - 4.6 Metals: Using Materials - [4.6.1 Properties of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-6-1-properties-of-metals.md) - [4.6.2 Modification of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-6-2-modification-of-metals.md) - [4.6.3 Metals: Shape & Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-6-3-metals-shape-and-form.md) - 4.7 Metals: Scales of Production - [4.7.1 Metals: Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-7-1-metals-scales-of-production.md) - 4.8 Metals: Specialist Techniques & Processes - [4.8.1 Metals: Tools](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-8-1-metals-tools.md) - [4.8.2 Metals: Tools & Equipment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-8-2-metals-tools-and-equipment.md) - [4.8.3 Metals: Cutting, Forming & Machining Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-8-3-metals-cutting-forming-and-machining-processes.md) - [4.8.4 Metals: Joining, Casting & Heat Treatment Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-8-4-metals-joining-casting-and-heat-treatment-process.md) - 4.9 Metals: Quality Control - [4.9.1 Metals: Quality Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-9-1-metals-quality-control.md) - [4.9.2 Metals: Quality Control Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-9-2-metals-quality-control-processes.md) - 4.10 Metals: Surface Treatments & Finishes - [4.10.1 Metals: Surface Treatments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-10-1-metals-surface-treatments.md) - [4.10.2 Metals: Surface Treatments for Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-10-2-metals-surface-treatments-for-metals.md) - [4.10.3 Metals: Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-10-3-metals-finishes.md) - [4.10.4 Metals: Finishing Techniques for Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/4-10-4-metals-finishing-techniques-for-metals.md) ### 5 Polymers: Specialist Technical Principles - 5.1 Polymers - [5.1.1 Polymers: Functionality & Aesthetics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-1-polymers-functionality-and-aesthetics.md) - [5.1.2 Polymers: Environment & Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-2-polymers-environment-and-ethics.md) - [5.1.3 Polymers: Sources, Origins & Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-3-polymers-sources-origins-and-properties.md) - [5.1.4 Polymers: Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-4-polymers-forces-and-stresses.md) - [5.1.5 Polymers: Ecological & Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-5-polymers-ecological-and-social-footprint.md) - [5.1.6 Polymers: The Six R's](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-1-6-polymers-the-six-rs.md) - 5.2 Polymer Categories - [5.2.1 Categories of Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-2-1-categories-of-polymers.md) - [5.2.2 Thermoforming Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-2-2-thermoforming-polymers.md) - [5.2.3 Thermosetting Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-2-3-thermosetting-polymers.md) - 5.3 Polymer Forms - [5.3.1 Polymers: Stock Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-3-1-polymers-stock-forms.md) - [5.3.2 Polymers: Shape & Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-3-2-polymers-shape-and-form.md) - 5.4 Polymer Production, Techniques & Quality Control - [5.4.1 Polymers: Scales of Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-4-1-polymers-scales-of-production.md) - [5.4.2 Polymers: Specialist Techniques & Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-4-2-polymers-specialist-techniques-and-processes.md) - [5.4.3 Polymers: Quality Control Systems: Tolerance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-4-3-polymers-quality-control-systems-tolerance.md) - [5.4.4 Polymers: Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/5-4-4-polymers-finishes.md) ### 6 Textiles: Specialist Technical Principles - 6.1 Textile Materials - [6.1.1 Origin of Textiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-1-1-origin-of-textiles.md) - [6.1.2 Textile Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-1-2-textile-industry.md) - 6.2 Selection of Materials - [6.2.1 Natural Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-1-natural-fibres.md) - [6.2.2 Synthetic Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-2-synthetic-fibres.md) - [6.2.3 Environmental Concerns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-3-environmental-concerns.md) - [6.2.4 Environmental Impact](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-4-environmental-impact.md) - [6.2.5 Ethical Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-2-5-ethical-challenges.md) - 6.3 Forces & Stresses - [6.3.1 Forces & Stresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-3-1-forces-and-stresses.md) - 6.4 Ecological & Social Footprint - [6.4.1 Ecological Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-1-ecological-footprint.md) - [6.4.2 Social Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-2-social-footprint.md) - [6.4.3 Addressing Ecological & Social Footprints](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-3-addressing-ecological-and-social-footprints.md) - [6.4.4 The Six R's](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-4-the-six-rs.md) - [6.4.5 Labour Conditions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-5-labour-conditions.md) - [6.4.6 Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-6-social-issues.md) - [6.4.7 Addressing Social Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/6-4-7-addressing-social-issues.md) ### 7 Designing & Making Principles - 7.1 Investigation & Data - [7.1.1 Iterative Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-1-iterative-design.md) - [7.1.2 Primary & Secondary Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-2-primary-and-secondary-data.md) - [7.1.3 Market Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-3-market-research.md) - [7.1.4 Ergonomics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-4-ergonomics.md) - [7.1.5 Specifications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-5-specifications.md) - [7.1.6 End of Topic Test - Investigation & Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-6-end-of-topic-test-investigation-and-data.md) - [7.1.7 Exam-Style Questions - Specifications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-1-7-exam-style-questions-specifications.md) - 7.2 Environmental, Social & Economic Challenges - [7.2.1 Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-2-1-challenges.md) - [7.2.2 Your Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-2-2-your-research.md) - 7.3 The Work of Others - [7.3.1 Designers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-1-designers.md) - [7.3.2 Architects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-2-architects.md) - [7.3.3 Product Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-3-product-design.md) - [7.3.4 Industrial Designers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-4-industrial-designers.md) - [7.3.5 Product Design Companies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-5-product-design-companies.md) - [7.3.6 Textile Design Companies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-6-textile-design-companies.md) - [7.3.7 End of Topic Test - The Work of Others](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-3-7-end-of-topic-test-the-work-of-others.md) - 7.4 Design Strategies - [7.4.1 Design Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-4-1-design-strategies.md) - 7.5 Communication of Design Ideas - [7.5.1 Design Communication](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-5-1-design-communication.md) - 7.6 Prototype Development - [7.6.1 Prototype Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-6-1-prototype-development.md) - 7.7 Selection of Materials - [7.7.1 Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-7-1-materials.md) - 7.8 Tolerances - [7.8.1 Tolerances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-8-1-tolerances.md) - 7.9 Material Management - [7.9.1 Managing Material](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-9-1-managing-material.md) - [7.9.2 Tools](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-9-2-tools.md) - 7.10 Specialist Equipment - [7.10.1 Health & Safety](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-10-1-health-and-safety.md) - 7.11 Specialist Techniques & Processes - [7.11.1 Specialist Techniques & Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-11-1-specialist-techniques-and-processes.md) - [7.11.2 Surface Finishes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-11-2-surface-finishes.md) - [7.11.3 End of Topic Test - Designing & Making](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/design-and-technology/aqa/7-11-3-end-of-topic-test-designing-and-making.md)