Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-15-environmental-issues [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [GCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse.md) › [Computer Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science.md) › [OCR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr.md) › Environmental Issues # Environmental Issues Computer Science: OCR GCSE, topic 1.6.15 ## E-Waste E-waste refers to discarded electronic devices. ### Technology is hard to repair ![Technology is hard to repair](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/07c93b1b-b326-4f84-b1b4-3aa193ce9200/Broken-Computer-Pliars-Tools-Screen-Keyboard-.jpg) - Manufacturers often make technology which is difficult to repair, and so it is sometimes cheaper to replace a product than repair it. This contributes to e-waste. ### Newer models ![Newer models](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/843d5668-3909-471c-a999-ce2d089e8476/Computer-Laptop-Cafe-Screen-Mac-.jpg) - Many consumers will replace a working device with a newer model each year. - This is unnecessary e-waste. - However, there are services where old devices can be given a new lease of life. - Some computer parts are finite. Their materials could be repurposed for new parts in new models. ### Disposal of e-waste ![Disposal of e-waste](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/e48e93dc-7693-4167-bec3-94df85053914/Toxic-Infected-.jpg) - E-waste can include toxic chemicals. - There are strict rules about the disposal of e-waste imposed by the Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). - To bypass these rules, many organisations send e-waste to countries with fewer regulations - such as China and India. ## Energy Consumption It's no surprise that technology uses a lot of energy. But it might be more than most people think. ### Data centres ![Data centres](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/f8a8eb80-916d-40c1-b5f1-5ce307dab5af/shutterstock_165248696.jpg) - Data centres are some of the worst offenders for energy consumption. - Not only do the servers need to be powered, but they also need a lot of energy for their cooling systems. ### How much energy? ![How much energy?](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/10.1.2%20Alternative%20methods%20of%20extracting%20metals/light-bulbs-1125016_640-min.jpg) - In 2011, the US department for energy calculated that data centres in the US alone need 70 billion kWh of electricity each year. - To put that in perspective, that's 2% of America's total power consumption. - It's also the same as leaving over 80 million lightbulbs turned on. ### Reducing energy consumption ![Reducing energy consumption](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/66ec2599-9f0d-4355-9f86-900aab2762ef/Data-Base_DataBase-Layer-Computer-Network-.jpg) - Energy consumption in data centres can be reduced by using hot and cold aisles. This is making sure that one server's air outtake (hot) does not blow into another server's air intake (cold). - We can also reduce consumption by using server virtualisation. - This reduces the number of redundant servers by running multiple virtual servers on a single piece of hardware. ### Efficiency ![Efficiency](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2022-09/9ba45819-93ba-4275-8e11-05165f9b41a4/energy-2904606_1920.jpg) - On the other hand, large data can predict energy usage trends and ensure there is generally less wasted energy. - This support can be given to homeowners and businesses to monitor their energy usage more efficiently. - New devices/technology are generally more energy efficient than old models. - When software replaces physical copies, there is a perceived saving in energy since those physical copies no longer need to be distributed. ## Positive Environmental Impact It's not all bad! There have been some positive impacts. ### Climate change ![Climate change](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/eeeae8d9-efee-41bc-8e5e-23daff64465b/earth-1617121_1920.jpg) - Computer systems have allowed scientists to monitor and predict the effects of climate change. - Use of technology can aid in our understanding of the natural world. ### Efficiency ![Efficiency](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/9.1.3%20Common%20atmospheric%20pollutants%20and%20their%20sources/car-engine-3024196_640-min.jpg) - Computer models and simulations have been used to test and improve the efficiency of: - Engines. - Wind turbines. ### Online communication ![Online communication](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/f91fa1a1-4567-4fc0-b01d-46c812725596/Email-Internet-Post-Message-.jpg) - Online communication reduces the need for travel for meetings, which reduces the impact of pollution from cars and aeroplanes. ## Test yourself on Environmental Issues - What is e-waste? - Which of the following statements about e-waste are true? - How do many companies get around the Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment's (WEEE's) strict rules on e-waste disposal? - What are some of the worst offenders for energy consumption within technology? - What is the 'hidden' energy cost of running computer systems? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/a1ce4570-6e27-11e8-af4b-35cf52f905c2/section/38dad891-8305-4eff-b05f-fd102c53e8a5/session) - Previous topic: [1.6.14 Cultural Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-14-cultural-issues.md) - Next topic: [1.6.16 Online Activity Tracking & The Internet of Things](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-16-online-activity-tracking-and-the-internet-of-things.md) ## Computer Science: OCR GCSE contents ### 1 Computer Systems - 1.1 Systems Architecture - [1.1.1 Fetch-Execute Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-1-1-fetch-execute-cycle.md) - [1.1.2 Common CPU Components & Their Function](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-1-2-common-cpu-components-and-their-function.md) - [1.1.3 Von Neumann Architecture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-1-3-von-neumann-architecture.md) - [1.1.4 Factors Affecting CPU Performance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-1-4-factors-affecting-cpu-performance.md) - [1.1.5 Embedded Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-1-5-embedded-systems.md) - [1.1.6 Exam-Style Questions - Von Neumann Architecture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-1-6-exam-style-questions-von-neumann-architecture.md) - [1.1.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Embedded vs General](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-1-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-embedded-vs-general.md) - 1.2 Memory & Storage - [1.2.1 Types of Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-1-types-of-memory.md) - [1.2.2 Flash Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-2-flash-memory.md) - [1.2.3 Properties of Flash Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-3-properties-of-flash-memory.md) - [1.2.4 Running Out of Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-4-running-out-of-memory.md) - [1.2.5 Virtual Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-5-virtual-memory.md) - [1.2.6 Units of Capacity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-6-units-of-capacity.md) - [1.2.7 Calculating Capacity Requirements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-7-calculating-capacity-requirements.md) - [1.2.8 Solid State Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-8-solid-state-storage.md) - [1.2.9 Properties of Solid State Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-9-properties-of-solid-state-media.md) - [1.2.10 Magnetic Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-10-magnetic-storage.md) - [1.2.11 Properties of Magnetic Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-11-properties-of-magnetic-media.md) - [1.2.12 Examples of Magnetic Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-12-examples-of-magnetic-storage.md) - [1.2.13 Optical Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-13-optical-storage.md) - [1.2.14 Properties of Optical Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-14-properties-of-optical-media.md) - [1.2.15 Examples of Optical Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-15-examples-of-optical-storage.md) - [1.2.16 Types of Optical Disk](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-16-types-of-optical-disk.md) - [1.2.17 Number Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-17-number-bases.md) - [1.2.18 Converting Number Bases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-18-converting-number-bases.md) - [1.2.19 Hexadecimal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-19-hexadecimal.md) - [1.2.20 Using Hexadecimal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-20-using-hexadecimal.md) - [1.2.21 Converting Denary & Hexadecimal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-21-converting-denary-and-hexadecimal.md) - [1.2.22 Binary Addition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-22-binary-addition.md) - [1.2.23 Binary Shifts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-23-binary-shifts.md) - [1.2.24 Representing Text](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-24-representing-text.md) - [1.2.25 ASCII & Unicode](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-25-ascii-and-unicode.md) - [1.2.26 Representing Images](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-26-representing-images.md) - [1.2.27 Converting Binary & Images](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-27-converting-binary-and-images.md) - [1.2.28 Representing Sound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-28-representing-sound.md) - [1.2.29 Data Compression](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-29-data-compression.md) - [1.2.30 Grade 9 - Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-30-grade-9-storage.md) - [1.2.31 Exam-Style Questions - Primary Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-31-exam-style-questions-primary-memory.md) - [1.2.32 Exam-Style Questions - Storage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-32-exam-style-questions-storage.md) - [1.2.33 Exam-Style Questions - Data Conversions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-33-exam-style-questions-data-conversions.md) - [1.2.34 Diagnostic Misconceptions - RAM vs ROM](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-34-diagnostic-misconceptions-ram-vs-rom.md) - [1.2.35 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Bits, Nibbles & Bytes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-35-diagnostic-misconceptions-bits-nibbles-and-bytes.md) - [1.2.36 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Bits Required to Store](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-36-diagnostic-misconceptions-bits-required-to-store.md) - [1.2.37 End of Topic Test - Computer Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-37-end-of-topic-test-computer-systems.md) - [1.2.38 End of Topic Test - Representation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-2-38-end-of-topic-test-representation.md) - 1.3 Computer Networks, Connections & Protocols - [1.3.1 Benefit of Networks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-1-benefit-of-networks.md) - [1.3.2 Types of Networks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-2-types-of-networks.md) - [1.3.3 Network Performance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-3-network-performance.md) - [1.3.4 Networks: How Do Packets Get Routed?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-4-networks-how-do-packets-get-routed.md) - [1.3.5 Client-Server Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-5-client-server-model.md) - [1.3.6 Pros & Cons of Client-Server Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-6-pros-and-cons-of-client-server-model.md) - [1.3.7 Peer-to-Peer Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-7-peer-to-peer-model.md) - [1.3.8 Pros & Cons of Peer-to-Peer Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-8-pros-and-cons-of-peer-to-peer-model.md) - [1.3.9 Network Hardware](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-9-network-hardware.md) - [1.3.10 Transmission Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-10-transmission-media.md) - [1.3.11 What is the Internet?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-11-what-is-the-internet.md) - [1.3.12 URLs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-12-urls.md) - [1.3.13 DNS & Web Hosting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-13-dns-and-web-hosting.md) - [1.3.14 The Cloud](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-14-the-cloud.md) - [1.3.15 Pros & Cons of the Cloud](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-15-pros-and-cons-of-the-cloud.md) - [1.3.16 Star & Mesh Network Topologies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-16-star-and-mesh-network-topologies.md) - [1.3.17 WiFi](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-17-wifi.md) - [1.3.18 WiFi Frequency & Channels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-18-wifi-frequency-and-channels.md) - [1.3.19 WiFi Encryption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-19-wifi-encryption.md) - [1.3.20 IP Addresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-20-ip-addresses.md) - [1.3.21 MAC Addresses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-21-mac-addresses.md) - [1.3.22 Network Protocols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-22-network-protocols.md) - [1.3.23 Transmission Protocols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-23-transmission-protocols.md) - [1.3.24 Application Protocols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-24-application-protocols.md) - [1.3.25 Layers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-25-layers.md) - [1.3.26 Advantages of Layering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-26-advantages-of-layering.md) - [1.3.27 Exam-Style Questions - Networking Models](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-27-exam-style-questions-networking-models.md) - [1.3.28 Exam-Style Questions - Network Protocols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-28-exam-style-questions-network-protocols.md) - [1.3.29 Diagnostic Misconceptions - LAN vs WAN](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-3-29-diagnostic-misconceptions-lan-vs-wan.md) - 1.4 Network Security - [1.4.1 Forms of Attack](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-1-forms-of-attack.md) - [1.4.2 Penetration Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-2-penetration-testing.md) - [1.4.3 Malware](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-3-malware.md) - [1.4.4 How Malware Spreads](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-4-how-malware-spreads.md) - [1.4.5 Social Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-5-social-engineering.md) - [1.4.6 Phishing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-6-phishing.md) - [1.4.7 Cracking Passwords](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-7-cracking-passwords.md) - [1.4.8 Denial of Service Attacks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-8-denial-of-service-attacks.md) - [1.4.9 Data Interception](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-9-data-interception.md) - [1.4.10 Methods of Data Interception](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-10-methods-of-data-interception.md) - [1.4.11 SQL Injection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-11-sql-injection.md) - [1.4.12 Network Administration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-12-network-administration.md) - [1.4.13 Network Forensics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-13-network-forensics.md) - [1.4.14 Protecting Against Malware](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-14-protecting-against-malware.md) - [1.4.15 Firewalls](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-15-firewalls.md) - [1.4.16 User Access Levels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-16-user-access-levels.md) - [1.4.17 Passwords](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-17-passwords.md) - [1.4.18 Encryption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-18-encryption.md) - [1.4.19 End of Topic Test - Networks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-4-19-end-of-topic-test-networks.md) - 1.5 Systems Software - [1.5.1 System Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-1-system-software.md) - [1.5.2 Utility Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-2-utility-software.md) - [1.5.3 Operating Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-3-operating-systems.md) - [1.5.4 User Interfaces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-4-user-interfaces.md) - [1.5.5 Memory & Process Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-5-memory-and-process-management.md) - [1.5.6 File Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-6-file-management.md) - [1.5.7 Device Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-7-device-management.md) - [1.5.8 User Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-8-user-management.md) - [1.5.9 Encryption Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-9-encryption-software.md) - [1.5.10 Defragmentation Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-10-defragmentation-software.md) - [1.5.11 Data Compression Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-11-data-compression-software.md) - [1.5.12 Backup Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-5-12-backup-software.md) - 1.6 Ethical, Legal, Cultural & Environmental Concern - [1.6.1 Open Source Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-1-open-source-software.md) - [1.6.2 Proprietary Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-2-proprietary-software.md) - [1.6.3 Licensing Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-3-licensing-issues.md) - [1.6.4 Ethical Issues - The Digital Divide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-4-ethical-issues-the-digital-divide.md) - [1.6.5 Ethical Issues - Net Neutrality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-5-ethical-issues-net-neutrality.md) - [1.6.6 Ethical Issues - Working Conditions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-6-ethical-issues-working-conditions.md) - [1.6.7 Ethical Issues - Censorship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-7-ethical-issues-censorship.md) - [1.6.8 Exam-Style Questions - Ethical Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-8-exam-style-questions-ethical-issues.md) - [1.6.9 Data Protection Act 1998](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-9-data-protection-act-1998.md) - [1.6.10 Computer Misuse Act (1990)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-10-computer-misuse-act-1990.md) - [1.6.11 Copyright Designs & Patents Act (1988)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-11-copyright-designs-and-patents-act-1988.md) - [1.6.12 Creative Commons Licensing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-12-creative-commons-licensing.md) - [1.6.13 Freedom of Information Act (2000)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-13-freedom-of-information-act-2000.md) - [1.6.14 Cultural Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-14-cultural-issues.md) - [1.6.15 Environmental Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-15-environmental-issues.md) - [1.6.16 Online Activity Tracking & The Internet of Things](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-16-online-activity-tracking-and-the-internet-of-things.md) - [1.6.17 Stakeholders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-17-stakeholders.md) - [1.6.18 Other Impacts of Digital Technology on Society](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-18-other-impacts-of-digital-technology-on-society.md) - [1.6.19 End of Topic Test - Software & Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-19-end-of-topic-test-software-and-issues.md) - [1.6.20 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Open Source](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/1-6-20-diagnostic-misconceptions-open-source.md) ### 2 Computational Thinking, Algorithms & Programming - 2.1 Algorithms - [2.1.1 Computational Thinking - Abstraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-1-computational-thinking-abstraction.md) - [2.1.2 Computational Thinking - Decomposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-2-computational-thinking-decomposition.md) - [2.1.3 Algorithmic Thinking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-3-algorithmic-thinking.md) - [2.1.4 Pseudocode](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-4-pseudocode.md) - [2.1.5 Flowchart Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-5-flowchart-diagrams.md) - [2.1.6 Interpreting Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-6-interpreting-algorithms.md) - [2.1.7 Correcting Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-7-correcting-algorithms.md) - [2.1.8 Completing Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-8-completing-algorithms.md) - [2.1.9 Search Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-9-search-algorithms.md) - [2.1.10 Binary Search](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-10-binary-search.md) - [2.1.11 Linear Search](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-11-linear-search.md) - [2.1.12 Overview of Sort Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-12-overview-of-sort-algorithms.md) - [2.1.13 Bubble Sort](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-13-bubble-sort.md) - [2.1.14 Merge Sort](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-14-merge-sort.md) - [2.1.15 Insertion Sort](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-15-insertion-sort.md) - [2.1.16 Exam-Style Questions - Sorting Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-1-16-exam-style-questions-sorting-algorithms.md) - 2.2 Programming Fundamentals - [2.2.1 Variable Declaration & Assignment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-1-variable-declaration-and-assignment.md) - [2.2.2 Input & Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-2-input-and-output.md) - [2.2.3 Program Flow - Sequence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-3-program-flow-sequence.md) - [2.2.4 Program Flow - Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-4-program-flow-selection.md) - [2.2.5 Program Flow - Iteration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-5-program-flow-iteration.md) - [2.2.6 Arithmetic Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-6-arithmetic-operators.md) - [2.2.7 Relational Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-7-relational-operators.md) - [2.2.8 Boolean Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-8-boolean-operators.md) - [2.2.9 Data Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-9-data-types.md) - [2.2.10 Casting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-10-casting.md) - [2.2.11 Arrays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-11-arrays.md) - [2.2.12 Strings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-12-strings.md) - [2.2.13 File Handling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-13-file-handling.md) - [2.2.14 Structuring Data - Records](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-14-structuring-data-records.md) - [2.2.15 Structured Query Language](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-15-structured-query-language.md) - [2.2.16 Random Number Generation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-16-random-number-generation.md) - [2.2.17 End of Topic Test - Programming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-17-end-of-topic-test-programming.md) - [2.2.18 Exam-Style Questions - Translation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-18-exam-style-questions-translation.md) - [2.2.19 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Comparison Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-19-diagnostic-misconceptions-comparison-operators.md) - [2.2.20 Diagnostic Misconceptions - = & ==](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-20-diagnostic-misconceptions-=-and-==.md) - [2.2.21 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-21-diagnostic-misconceptions-types-of-data.md) - [2.2.22 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Last Line of Code](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-22-diagnostic-misconceptions-last-line-of-code.md) - [2.2.23 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Array Index](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-2-23-diagnostic-misconceptions-array-index.md) - 2.3 Producing Robust Programs - [2.3.1 Defensive Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-1-defensive-design.md) - [2.3.2 Validation & Sanitisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-2-validation-and-sanitisation.md) - [2.3.3 Authentication & Contingencies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-3-authentication-and-contingencies.md) - [2.3.4 Maintainability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-4-maintainability.md) - [2.3.5 Purpose of Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-5-purpose-of-testing.md) - [2.3.6 Types of Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-6-types-of-testing.md) - [2.3.7 Test Plans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-7-test-plans.md) - [2.3.8 Types of Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-8-types-of-errors.md) - [2.3.9 End of Topic Test - Programming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-9-end-of-topic-test-programming.md) - [2.3.10 Exam-Style Questions - Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-3-10-exam-style-questions-testing.md) - 2.4 Boolean Logic - [2.4.1 Binary Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-4-1-binary-systems.md) - [2.4.2 Logic Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-4-2-logic-circuits.md) - [2.4.3 Boolean Logic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-4-3-boolean-logic.md) - [2.4.4 Boolean Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-4-4-boolean-operators.md) - [2.4.5 Grade 9 - Logic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-4-5-grade-9-logic.md) - 2.5 Programming Languages & IDEs - [2.5.1 High-Level vs Low-Level Languages](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-5-1-high-level-vs-low-level-languages.md) - [2.5.2 Translation - Compliers & Interpreter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-5-2-translation-compliers-and-interpreter.md) - [2.5.3 Translation - Assemblers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-5-3-translation-assemblers.md) - [2.5.4 Integrated Development Environments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-5-4-integrated-development-environments.md) - [2.5.5 Exam-Style Questions - Translation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/computer-science/ocr/2-5-5-exam-style-questions-translation.md)