Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-2-the-earths-early-atmosphere [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [GCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa.md) › [Higher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher.md) › The Earth's Early Atmosphere # The Earth's Early Atmosphere Chemistry: AQA GCSE Higher, topic 9.1.2 ## The Earth's Early Atmosphere The Earth was formed roughly 4.6 billion years ago. We don't have much evidence from that long ago, but the common view (consensus view) among scientists is: ### Age of the volcanoes ![Age of the volcanoes](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/9.1.1%20Proportion%20of%20different%20gases%20in%20the%20atmosphere/new-zealand-3018634_640-min.jpg) - Highly active volcanoes were littered across the Earth's surface for the first billion years of its existence. - The frequent eruptions of these volcanoes resulted in the release of lots of carbon dioxide (as well as smaller amounts of gases such as water vapour, methane, ammonia and nitrogen). - Scientists think carbon dioxide dominated the early atmosphere in a similar way to modern-day Mars. ### Reduction of carbon dioxide levels ![Reduction of carbon dioxide levels](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/9.1.1%20Proportion%20of%20different%20gases%20in%20the%20atmosphere/wave-1913559_640-min.jpg) - Levels of atmospheric nitrogen accumulated steadily. - The oceans were formed as a result of the water vapour condensing. - The formation of the oceans caused a significant reduction in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. - Carbonate precipitates were produced by reactions between the dissolved carbon dioxide and seawater. These precipitates were deposited as sediment. ## Test yourself on The Earth's Early Atmosphere - Approximately how many years ago did the Earth form? - According to scientists, which gas dominated the Earth's early atmosphere, much like Mars's atmosphere today? - What gases were released by intense volcanic activity into the Earth's early atmosphere? - The Earth's Early Atmosphere - The formation of oceans resulted in the removal of large amounts of what substance from the atmosphere? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/e39e7f70-d100-11e7-9b85-bbf8589a9044/section/a751062d-b4c2-40f1-b0f7-c2bd9d90e75e/session) - Previous topic: [9.1.1 Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-1-proportions-of-gases-in-the-atmosphere.md) - Next topic: [9.1.3 Oxygen in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-3-oxygen-in-the-atmosphere.md) ## Chemistry: AQA GCSE Higher contents ### 1 Atomic Structure - 1.1 Atoms & Elements - [1.1.1 Elements & Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-1-elements-and-compounds.md) - [1.1.2 Chemical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-2-chemical-formula.md) - [1.1.3 Chemical Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-3-chemical-reactions.md) - [1.1.4 Chemical Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-4-chemical-equations.md) - [1.1.5 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-5-mixtures.md) - [1.1.6 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-6-separating-mixtures.md) - [1.1.7 Separating Mixtures 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-7-separating-mixtures-2.md) - [1.1.8 Model of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-8-model-of-the-atom.md) - [1.1.9 Sub-Atomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-9-sub-atomic-particles.md) - [1.1.10 Atom Size](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-10-atom-size.md) - [1.1.11 Atomic Number](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-11-atomic-number.md) - [1.1.12 Atomic Number - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-12-atomic-number-calculations.md) - [1.1.13 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-13-isotopes.md) - [1.1.14 Isotopes HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-14-isotopes-hyperlearning.md) - [1.1.15 Isotopes - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-15-isotopes-calculations.md) - [1.1.16 Relative Atomic Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-16-relative-atomic-mass.md) - [1.1.17 Electron Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-17-electron-structure.md) - [1.1.18 Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-18-periodic-table.md) - [1.1.19 The History of the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-19-the-history-of-the-periodic-table.md) - [1.1.20 Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-20-metals-and-non-metals.md) - [1.1.21 Noble Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-21-noble-gases.md) - [1.1.22 Displacement Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-22-displacement-reaction.md) - [1.1.23 Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-23-halogens.md) - [1.1.24 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-24-alkali-metals.md) - [1.1.25 Alkali Metals - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-25-alkali-metals-properties.md) - [1.1.26 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-26-transition-metals.md) - [1.1.27 Transition Metals - Special Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-27-transition-metals-special-properties.md) - [1.1.28 End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-28-end-of-topic-test-atomic-structure.md) - [1.1.29 Grade 9 - Atoms & Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-29-grade-9-atoms-and-elements.md) - [1.1.30 Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-30-exam-style-questions-atomic-structure.md) - [1.1.31 Application Questions - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-31-application-questions-atomic-structure.md) - [1.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Balancing Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-32-diagnostic-misconceptions-balancing-equations.md) - [1.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-33-diagnostic-misconceptions-isotopes.md) ### 2 Chemical Bonding - 2.1 Chemical Bonds - [2.1.1 Types of Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-1-types-of-bonds.md) - [2.1.2 Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-2-ions.md) - [2.1.3 Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-3-ionic-bonds.md) - [2.1.4 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-4-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.1.5 Empirical Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-5-empirical-formulae.md) - [2.1.6 Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-6-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.1.7 Metallic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-7-metallic-bonds.md) - [2.1.8 Covalent Bond Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-8-covalent-bond-examples.md) - [2.1.9 Representing Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-9-representing-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.1.10 Dots-And-Cross Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-10-dots-and-cross-diagrams.md) - [2.1.11 Dots-And-Cross Diagrams 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-11-dots-and-cross-diagrams-2.md) - [2.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Chemical Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-12-exam-style-questions-chemical-bonds.md) - 2.2 States of Matter - [2.2.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-1-states-of-matter.md) - [2.2.2 Simple Sphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-2-simple-sphere.md) - [2.2.3 Changing State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-3-changing-state.md) - [2.2.4 Changing State 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-4-changing-state-2.md) - [2.2.5 Changing State HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-5-changing-state-hyperlearning.md) - [2.2.6 State Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-6-state-symbols.md) - [2.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-7-exam-style-questions-states-of-matter.md) - [2.2.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-particles.md) - 2.3 Chemical Properties - [2.3.1 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-1-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.3.2 Chemical Properties of Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-2-chemical-properties-of-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.3.3 Small Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-3-small-molecules.md) - [2.3.4 Chemical Properties of Small Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-4-chemical-properties-of-small-molecules.md) - [2.3.5 Molecular Forces - Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-5-molecular-forces-polymers.md) - [2.3.6 Molecular Forces - Polypropene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-6-molecular-forces-polypropene.md) - [2.3.7 Giant Covalent Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-7-giant-covalent-structures.md) - [2.3.8 Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-8-metals.md) - [2.3.9 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-9-alloys.md) - [2.3.10 Conductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-10-conductors.md) - [2.3.11 Carbon Structures - Diamond](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-11-carbon-structures-diamond.md) - [2.3.12 Carbon Structures - Graphite](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-12-carbon-structures-graphite.md) - [2.3.13 Carbon Structures - Graphene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-13-carbon-structures-graphene.md) - [2.3.14 Carbon Structures - Fullerenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-14-carbon-structures-fullerenes.md) - [2.3.15 Carbon Structures - Summary](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-15-carbon-structures-summary.md) - [2.3.16 Clumps](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-16-clumps.md) - [2.3.17 Nanoparticles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-17-nanoparticles.md) - [2.3.18 Nanotechnology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-18-nanotechnology.md) - [2.3.19 Nanotechnology 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-19-nanotechnology-2.md) - [2.3.20 Surface Area to Volume Ratio](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-20-surface-area-to-volume-ratio.md) - [2.3.21 Nanotechnology Uses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-21-nanotechnology-uses.md) - [2.3.22 End of Topic Test - Chemical Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-22-end-of-topic-test-chemical-bonding.md) - [2.3.23 Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-23-grade-9-bonding-and-structure.md) - [2.3.24 Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-24-exam-style-questions-allotropes-of-carbon.md) - [2.3.25 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conducting Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-25-diagnostic-misconceptions-conducting-electricity.md) - [2.3.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Small Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-26-diagnostic-misconceptions-small-molecules.md) - [2.3.27 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Drawing Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-27-diagnostic-misconceptions-drawing-polymers.md) ### 3 Quantitative Chemistry - 3.1 Chemical Measurements - [3.1.1 Conservation of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-1-conservation-of-mass.md) - [3.1.2 Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-2-relative-formula-mass.md) - [3.1.3 Calculating Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-3-calculating-relative-formula-mass.md) - [3.1.4 Relative Formula Mass - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-4-relative-formula-mass-calculations.md) - [3.1.5 Changing Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-5-changing-mass.md) - [3.1.6 Measuring Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-6-measuring-mass.md) - [3.1.7 Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-7-equations.md) - [3.1.8 Empirical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-8-empirical-formula.md) - [3.1.9 Introducing Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-9-introducing-moles.md) - [3.1.10 Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-10-relative-formula-mass.md) - [3.1.11 Amounts of Substance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-11-amounts-of-substance.md) - [3.1.12 Moles to Balance Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-12-moles-to-balance-equations.md) - [3.1.13 Limiting Reactants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-13-limiting-reactants.md) - [3.1.14 Concentration of Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-14-concentration-of-solutions.md) - [3.1.15 Moles - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-15-moles-calculations.md) - [3.1.16 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-16-percentage-yield.md) - [3.1.17 Calculating Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-17-calculating-yield.md) - [3.1.18 Percentage Yield - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-18-percentage-yield-calculations.md) - [3.1.19 Moles & Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-19-moles-and-yield.md) - [3.1.20 Moles & Yield 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-20-moles-and-yield-2.md) - [3.1.21 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-21-atom-economy.md) - [3.1.22 Reaction Pathway](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-22-reaction-pathway.md) - [3.1.23 Atom Economy - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-23-atom-economy-calculations.md) - [3.1.24 Concentrations of Solute](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-24-concentrations-of-solute.md) - [3.1.25 Calculating the Amount of Solute](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-25-calculating-the-amount-of-solute.md) - [3.1.26 Amount of Substance in Relation to Volumes and Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-26-amount-of-substance-in-relation-to-volumes-and-gas.md) - [3.1.27 Concentrations & Amounts - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-27-concentrations-and-amounts-calculations.md) - [3.1.28 Empirical Formula - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-28-empirical-formula-calculations.md) - [3.1.29 End of Topic Test - Quant Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-29-end-of-topic-test-quant-chemistry.md) - [3.1.30 Grade 9 - Quantitative Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-30-grade-9-quantitative-chemistry.md) - [3.1.31 Exam-Style Questions - Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-31-exam-style-questions-moles.md) - [3.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculating RFM](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-32-diagnostic-misconceptions-calculating-rfm.md) - [3.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-33-diagnostic-misconceptions-moles.md) ### 4 Chemical Changes - 4.1 Acids, Alkalis & Redox Reactions - [4.1.1 Acids & Alkalis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-1-1-acids-and-alkalis.md) - [4.1.2 Redox Reactions - Oxidation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-1-2-redox-reactions-oxidation.md) - [4.1.3 Redox Reactions - Metal Oxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-1-3-redox-reactions-metal-oxide.md) - 4.2 Reactivity of Metals - [4.2.1 Reactivity Diagram](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-1-reactivity-diagram.md) - [4.2.2 Displacement Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-2-displacement-reactions.md) - [4.2.3 Displacement Reactions - Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-3-displacement-reactions-halogens.md) - [4.2.4 Reactions with Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-4-reactions-with-water.md) - [4.2.5 Reactions with Acid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-5-reactions-with-acid.md) - [4.2.6 Reactivity Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-6-reactivity-tests.md) - [4.2.7 Reactivity Tests 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-7-reactivity-tests-2.md) - [4.2.8 Extraction of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-8-extraction-of-metals.md) - [4.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Displacement Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-9-exam-style-questions-displacement-reactions.md) - 4.3 Reactions of Acids - [4.3.1 Reactions of Metals with Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-1-reactions-of-metals-with-acids.md) - [4.3.2 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-2-redox-reactions.md) - [4.3.3 Neutralisation of Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-3-neutralisation-of-acids.md) - [4.3.4 Soluble Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-4-soluble-salts.md) - [4.3.5 Required Practical: Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-5-required-practical-separating-mixtures.md) - [4.3.6 The pH Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-6-the-ph-scale.md) - [4.3.7 Numerical pH Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-7-numerical-ph-scale.md) - [4.3.8 Measuring pH](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-8-measuring-ph.md) - [4.3.9 Neutralisation & Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-9-neutralisation-and-titrations.md) - [4.3.10 Neutralisation & Titrations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-10-neutralisation-and-titrations-2.md) - [4.3.11 Neutralisation & Titrations 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-11-neutralisation-and-titrations-3.md) - [4.3.12 Neutralisation & Titrations 4](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-12-neutralisation-and-titrations-4.md) - [4.3.13 Strong and Weak Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-13-strong-and-weak-acids.md) - [4.3.14 Required Practical: Titration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-14-required-practical-titration.md) - 4.4 Electrolysis - [4.4.1 Electrolysis Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-1-electrolysis-process.md) - [4.4.2 Molten Ionic Compound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-2-molten-ionic-compound.md) - [4.4.3 Metal Extraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-3-metal-extraction.md) - [4.4.4 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-4-electrolysis-of-aqueous-solutions.md) - [4.4.5 Required Practical: Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-5-required-practical-electrolysis.md) - [4.4.6 Half Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-6-half-equations.md) - [4.4.7 End of Topic Test - Chemical Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-7-end-of-topic-test-chemical-changes.md) - [4.4.8 Grade 9 - Chemical Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-8-grade-9-chemical-changes.md) - [4.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-9-exam-style-questions-electrolysis.md) ### 5 Energy Changes - 5.1 Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions - [5.1.1 Energy Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-1-energy-conservation.md) - [5.1.2 Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-2-exothermic-reactions.md) - [5.1.3 Endothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-3-endothermic-reactions.md) - [5.1.4 Required Practical: Temperature Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-4-required-practical-temperature-changes.md) - [5.1.5 Reaction Profiles Requirements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-5-reaction-profiles-requirements.md) - [5.1.6 Reaction Profiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-6-reaction-profiles.md) - [5.1.7 Reaction Profiles - Catalysed vs Uncatalysed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-7-reaction-profiles-catalysed-vs-uncatalysed.md) - [5.1.8 Reaction Profiles - Chemical Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-8-reaction-profiles-chemical-bonds.md) - [5.1.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Source of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-source-of-energy.md) - 5.2 Chemical Cells & Fuel Cells - [5.2.1 Chemical Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-1-chemical-cells.md) - [5.2.2 Changing Voltage Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-2-changing-voltage-output.md) - [5.2.3 Batteries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-3-batteries.md) - [5.2.4 Charging of Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-4-charging-of-cells.md) - [5.2.5 Fuel Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-5-fuel-cells.md) - [5.2.6 Hydrogen Fuel Cell](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-6-hydrogen-fuel-cell.md) - [5.2.7 Hydrogen as an Alternative](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-7-hydrogen-as-an-alternative.md) - [5.2.8 End of Topic Test - Energy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-8-end-of-topic-test-energy-changes.md) - [5.2.9 Grade 9 - Energy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-9-grade-9-energy-changes.md) - [5.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Fuel Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-10-exam-style-questions-fuel-cells.md) ### 6 The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change - 6.1 Rate of Reaction - [6.1.1 Chemical Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-1-chemical-reactions.md) - [6.1.2 Plotting Reaction Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-2-plotting-reaction-rates.md) - [6.1.3 Required Practical: Effect of Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-3-required-practical-effect-of-concentration.md) - [6.1.4 Collision Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-4-collision-theory.md) - [6.1.5 Key Factors of Rate of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-5-key-factors-of-rate-of-reaction.md) - [6.1.6 Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-6-catalysts.md) - [6.1.7 Catalysts in Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-7-catalysts-in-industry.md) - 6.2 Reversible Reactions - [6.2.1 Reversible Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-1-reversible-reactions.md) - [6.2.2 Dynamic Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-2-dynamic-equilibrium.md) - [6.2.3 Conditions and Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-3-conditions-and-equilibrium.md) - [6.2.4 Equilibrium Position - Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-4-equilibrium-position-temperature.md) - [6.2.5 Equilibrium Position - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-5-equilibrium-position-pressure.md) - [6.2.6 Equilibrium Position - Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-6-equilibrium-position-concentration.md) - [6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Rates of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-7-end-of-topic-test-rates-of-reaction.md) - [6.2.8 Grade 9 - Rate & Extent of Chemical Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-8-grade-9-rate-and-extent-of-chemical-change.md) - [6.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Reversible Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-9-exam-style-questions-reversible-reactions.md) - [6.2.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-10-diagnostic-misconceptions-temperature.md) - [6.2.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-pressure.md) - [6.2.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-concentration.md) - [6.2.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-13-diagnostic-misconceptions-catalysts.md) ### 7 Organic Chemistry - 7.1 Carbon Compounds - [7.1.1 Crude Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-1-crude-oil.md) - [7.1.2 Properties of Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-2-properties-of-hydrocarbons.md) - [7.1.3 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-3-alkanes.md) - [7.1.4 Smallest Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-4-smallest-alkanes.md) - [7.1.5 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-5-fractional-distillation.md) - [7.1.6 Process of Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-6-process-of-fractional-distillation.md) - [7.1.7 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-7-homologous-series.md) - [7.1.8 Burning Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-8-burning-hydrocarbons.md) - [7.1.9 Heavy Fractions of Crude Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-9-heavy-fractions-of-crude-oil.md) - [7.1.10 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-10-cracking.md) - [7.1.11 Uses of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-11-uses-of-alkenes.md) - [7.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Organic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-12-exam-style-questions-organic-compounds.md) - 7.2 Alkenes & Alcohols - [7.2.1 Structure of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-1-structure-of-alkenes.md) - [7.2.2 The Shortest Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-2-the-shortest-alkenes.md) - [7.2.3 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-3-reactions-of-alkenes.md) - [7.2.4 Types of Alkene Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-4-types-of-alkene-reactions.md) - [7.2.5 Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-5-alcohols.md) - [7.2.6 The Smallest Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-6-the-smallest-alcohols.md) - [7.2.7 Reactions of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-7-reactions-of-alcohols.md) - [7.2.8 Fermentation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-8-fermentation.md) - [7.2.9 Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-9-carboxylic-acids.md) - [7.2.10 The Smallest Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-10-the-smallest-carboxylic-acids.md) - [7.2.11 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-11-reactions-of-carboxylic-acids.md) - [7.2.12 Addition Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-12-addition-polymers.md) - [7.2.13 Addition Polymers Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-13-addition-polymers-examples.md) - [7.2.14 Condensation Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-14-condensation-polymers.md) - [7.2.15 Amino Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-15-amino-acids.md) - [7.2.16 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Protein (Formation)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-16-naturally-occurring-polymers-protein-formation.md) - [7.2.17 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Protein (Roles)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-17-naturally-occurring-polymers-protein-roles.md) - [7.2.18 Naturally Occurring Polymers - DNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-18-naturally-occurring-polymers-dna.md) - [7.2.19 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Others](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-19-naturally-occurring-polymers-others.md) - [7.2.20 End of Topic Test - Alkanes & Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-20-end-of-topic-test-alkanes-and-alkenes.md) - [7.2.21 End of Topic Test - Alcohols, Acids & Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-21-end-of-topic-test-alcohols-acids-and-polymers.md) - [7.2.22 Grade 9 - Organic Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-22-grade-9-organic-chemistry.md) - [7.2.23 Exam-Style Questions - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-23-exam-style-questions-alcohols.md) ### 8 Chemical Analysis - 8.1 Purity, Formulations & Chromatography - [8.1.1 Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-1-purity.md) - [8.1.2 Formulations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-2-formulations.md) - [8.1.3 Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-3-chromatography.md) - [8.1.4 Paper Chromatography 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-4-paper-chromatography-1.md) - [8.1.5 Paper Chromatography 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-5-paper-chromatography-2.md) - [8.1.6 Required Practical - Paper Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-6-required-practical-paper-chromatography.md) - [8.1.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-purity.md) - 8.2 Identification of Common Gases - [8.2.1 Identification of Hydrogen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-2-1-identification-of-hydrogen.md) - [8.2.2 Identification of Oxygen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-2-2-identification-of-oxygen.md) - [8.2.3 Identification of Carbon Dioxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-2-3-identification-of-carbon-dioxide.md) - [8.2.4 Identification of Chlorine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-2-4-identification-of-chlorine.md) - 8.3 Identifying Ions - [8.3.1 Flame Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-1-flame-tests.md) - [8.3.2 Required Practical: Flame Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-2-required-practical-flame-tests.md) - [8.3.3 Metal Hydroxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-3-metal-hydroxides.md) - [8.3.4 Metal Hydroxides 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-4-metal-hydroxides-2.md) - [8.3.5 Carbonates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-5-carbonates.md) - [8.3.6 Halides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-6-halides.md) - [8.3.7 Sulfates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-7-sulfates.md) - [8.3.8 Methodology for Chemical Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-8-methodology-for-chemical-analysis.md) - [8.3.9 Methodology for Chemical Analysis 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-9-methodology-for-chemical-analysis-2.md) - [8.3.10 Flame Emission Spectroscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-10-flame-emission-spectroscopy.md) - [8.3.11 Flame Emission Spectroscopy Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-11-flame-emission-spectroscopy-analysis.md) - [8.3.12 End of Topic Test - Chemical Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-12-end-of-topic-test-chemical-analysis.md) - [8.3.13 Grade 9 - Chemical Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-13-grade-9-chemical-analysis.md) - [8.3.14 Exam-Style Questions - Identification of ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-14-exam-style-questions-identification-of-ions.md) ### 9 Chemistry of the Atmosphere - 9.1 The Earth's Atmosphere - [9.1.1 Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-1-proportions-of-gases-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.2 The Earth's Early Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-2-the-earths-early-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.3 Oxygen in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-3-oxygen-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.4 Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-4-carbon-dioxide-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.5 Greenhouse Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-5-greenhouse-gases.md) - [9.1.6 Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-6-greenhouse-gases-and-human-activities.md) - [9.1.7 Greenhouse Gases & Climate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-7-greenhouse-gases-and-climate.md) - [9.1.8 Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-8-climate-change.md) - [9.1.9 Carbon Footprints](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-9-carbon-footprints.md) - [9.1.10 Carbon Footprints Barriers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-10-carbon-footprints-barriers.md) - [9.1.11 Common Atmospheric Pollutants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-11-common-atmospheric-pollutants.md) - [9.1.12 Properties of Atmospheric Pollutants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-12-properties-of-atmospheric-pollutants.md) - [9.1.13 End of Topic Test - The Earth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-13-end-of-topic-test-the-earth.md) - [9.1.14 Grade 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-14-grade-9-chemistry-of-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.15 Exam-Style Questions - Earth's Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-15-exam-style-questions-earths-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Greenhouse Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-16-diagnostic-misconceptions-greenhouse-effect.md) ### 10 Using Resources - 10.1 Using the Earth's Resources - [10.1.1 Potable Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-1-potable-water.md) - [10.1.2 Potable Water Sources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-2-potable-water-sources.md) - [10.1.3 Potable Water in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-3-potable-water-in-the-uk.md) - [10.1.4 Potable Water in Saudi Arabia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-4-potable-water-in-saudi-arabia.md) - [10.1.5 Required Practical: Analysing and Purifying Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-5-required-practical-analysing-and-purifying-water.md) - [10.1.6 Natural Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-6-natural-resources.md) - [10.1.7 Uses of Natural Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-7-uses-of-natural-resources.md) - [10.1.8 Waste Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-8-waste-water.md) - [10.1.9 Sewage Treatment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-9-sewage-treatment.md) - [10.1.10 Metal Ore Extraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-10-metal-ore-extraction.md) - [10.1.11 Properties of Copper](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-11-properties-of-copper.md) - [10.1.12 Overexploitation of Extraction Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-12-overexploitation-of-extraction-methods.md) - [10.1.13 Alternative Extraction Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-13-alternative-extraction-methods.md) - 10.2 Life Cycle Assessments & Recycling - [10.2.1 Life Cycle Assessments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-1-life-cycle-assessments.md) - [10.2.2 Comparative Life Cycle Assessments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-2-comparative-life-cycle-assessments.md) - [10.2.3 Difficulties with LCA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-3-difficulties-with-lca.md) - [10.2.4 Reducing Resource Usage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-4-reducing-resource-usage.md) - [10.2.5 Reducing Use of Glass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-5-reducing-use-of-glass.md) - [10.2.6 Reducing Use of Metal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-6-reducing-use-of-metal.md) - [10.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - Life Cycle Assessments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-7-exam-style-questions-life-cycle-assessments.md) - 10.3 Using Materials - [10.3.1 Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-1-corrosion.md) - [10.3.2 Preventing Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-2-preventing-corrosion.md) - [10.3.3 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-3-alloys.md) - [10.3.4 Ceramics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-4-ceramics.md) - [10.3.5 Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-5-polymers.md) - [10.3.6 Composites](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-6-composites.md) - 10.4 The Haber Process & NPK Fertilisers - [10.4.1 Plants and Nitrogen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-1-plants-and-nitrogen.md) - [10.4.2 The Haber Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-2-the-haber-process.md) - [10.4.3 The Haber Process - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-3-the-haber-process-equation.md) - [10.4.4 The Haber Process - Trade-Offs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-4-the-haber-process-trade-offs.md) - [10.4.5 Importance of Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-5-importance-of-fertilisers.md) - [10.4.6 Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-6-formulated-vs-manure-fertilisers.md) - [10.4.7 NPK Fertilisers - N-containing Compound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-7-npk-fertilisers-n-containing-compound.md) - [10.4.8 NPK Fertilisers - P-containing Compound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-8-npk-fertilisers-p-containing-compound.md) - [10.4.9 NPK Fertilisers - K-containing Compound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-9-npk-fertilisers-k-containing-compound.md) - [10.4.10 Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-10-nitrogen-phosphorus-and-potassium.md) - [10.4.11 End of Topic Test - Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-11-end-of-topic-test-resources.md) - [10.4.12 Grade 9 - Using Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-12-grade-9-using-resources.md) - [10.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - The Haber Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-13-exam-style-questions-the-haber-process.md)