Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-6-reactivity-tests [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [GCSE](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse.md) › [Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa.md) › [Higher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher.md) › Reactivity Tests # Reactivity Tests Chemistry: AQA GCSE Higher, topic 4.2.6 ## Reactions of Metals ### Reactive metals with water ![Reactive metals with water](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/2.2.1%20States%20of%20matter/water-glass-theme-water-16490-min-min.jpg) - Potassium, sodium and lithium all react quickly with cold water to produce a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas. ### Reactive metals with water cont. ![Reactive metals with water cont.](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/2.2.1%20States%20of%20matter/water-glass-theme-water-16490-min-min.jpg) - Potassium is the most reactive so reacts very quickly. The hydrogen produced ignites instantly and the metal also sets alight, sparking and burning with a lilac flame. - Sodium fizzes rapidly and melts to form a ball that moves around on the water surface. - Lithium fizzes steadily and floats, becoming smaller until it eventually disappears. ### Reactions with dilute acids ![Reactions with dilute acids](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-03/c01aaa97-a64c-473e-a413-974d288e99cc/acid-flask.jpg) - Most metals react with dilute acids to produce a salt and hydrogen gas. - The exceptions are copper, silver, gold and platinum. They are not reactive enough to react. - The metals that react with dilute acids but not cold water are magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron and lead (iron and lead react slowly). ### Metal extraction ![Metal extraction](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/f6684175-e6a4-46ce-98a9-89f93d2d6d0c/volcano-rock-tephra-.jpg) - Most metals are only found as compounds because the metal has reacted with other elements in the past. - Because of this, the metal has to be extracted from the ore where the metal compound is found. ### Extraction with carbon ![Extraction with carbon](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/7.2.2%20The%20cycling%20of%20materials/coal-471903_640-min.jpg) - Metals that are less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides by reducing with carbon. - Carbon is used because it is cheap and abundant. - In the reduction, the metal oxide loses oxygen to form a pure metal. - Reduction with carbon normally involves heating the metal oxide in the presence of the carbon, which is often used in the form of coal. ## Test yourself on Reactivity Tests - Select the correct statement for each pair - Why is carbon used to extract metals from their oxides? - Select the correct statement for each pair - A metal oxide is heated with carbon and loses its oxygen, leaving behind a pure metal. What is this process called? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/e39e7f70-d100-11e7-9b85-bbf8589a9044/section/45327b21-91dd-4767-b1f8-87d7911c5eab/session) - Previous topic: [4.2.5 Reactions with Acid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-5-reactions-with-acid.md) - Next topic: [4.2.7 Reactivity Tests 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-7-reactivity-tests-2.md) ## Chemistry: AQA GCSE Higher contents ### 1 Atomic Structure - 1.1 Atoms & Elements - [1.1.1 Elements & Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-1-elements-and-compounds.md) - [1.1.2 Chemical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-2-chemical-formula.md) - [1.1.3 Chemical Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-3-chemical-reactions.md) - [1.1.4 Chemical Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-4-chemical-equations.md) - [1.1.5 Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-5-mixtures.md) - [1.1.6 Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-6-separating-mixtures.md) - [1.1.7 Separating Mixtures 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-7-separating-mixtures-2.md) - [1.1.8 Model of the Atom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-8-model-of-the-atom.md) - [1.1.9 Sub-Atomic Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-9-sub-atomic-particles.md) - [1.1.10 Atom Size](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-10-atom-size.md) - [1.1.11 Atomic Number](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-11-atomic-number.md) - [1.1.12 Atomic Number - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-12-atomic-number-calculations.md) - [1.1.13 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-13-isotopes.md) - [1.1.14 Isotopes HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-14-isotopes-hyperlearning.md) - [1.1.15 Isotopes - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-15-isotopes-calculations.md) - [1.1.16 Relative Atomic Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-16-relative-atomic-mass.md) - [1.1.17 Electron Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-17-electron-structure.md) - [1.1.18 Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-18-periodic-table.md) - [1.1.19 The History of the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-19-the-history-of-the-periodic-table.md) - [1.1.20 Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-20-metals-and-non-metals.md) - [1.1.21 Noble Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-21-noble-gases.md) - [1.1.22 Displacement Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-22-displacement-reaction.md) - [1.1.23 Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-23-halogens.md) - [1.1.24 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-24-alkali-metals.md) - [1.1.25 Alkali Metals - Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-25-alkali-metals-properties.md) - [1.1.26 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-26-transition-metals.md) - [1.1.27 Transition Metals - Special Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-27-transition-metals-special-properties.md) - [1.1.28 End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-28-end-of-topic-test-atomic-structure.md) - [1.1.29 Grade 9 - Atoms & Elements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-29-grade-9-atoms-and-elements.md) - [1.1.30 Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-30-exam-style-questions-atomic-structure.md) - [1.1.31 Application Questions - Atomic Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-31-application-questions-atomic-structure.md) - [1.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Balancing Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-32-diagnostic-misconceptions-balancing-equations.md) - [1.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/1-1-33-diagnostic-misconceptions-isotopes.md) ### 2 Chemical Bonding - 2.1 Chemical Bonds - [2.1.1 Types of Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-1-types-of-bonds.md) - [2.1.2 Ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-2-ions.md) - [2.1.3 Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-3-ionic-bonds.md) - [2.1.4 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-4-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.1.5 Empirical Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-5-empirical-formulae.md) - [2.1.6 Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-6-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.1.7 Metallic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-7-metallic-bonds.md) - [2.1.8 Covalent Bond Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-8-covalent-bond-examples.md) - [2.1.9 Representing Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-9-representing-covalent-bonds.md) - [2.1.10 Dots-And-Cross Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-10-dots-and-cross-diagrams.md) - [2.1.11 Dots-And-Cross Diagrams 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-11-dots-and-cross-diagrams-2.md) - [2.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Chemical Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-1-12-exam-style-questions-chemical-bonds.md) - 2.2 States of Matter - [2.2.1 States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-1-states-of-matter.md) - [2.2.2 Simple Sphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-2-simple-sphere.md) - [2.2.3 Changing State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-3-changing-state.md) - [2.2.4 Changing State 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-4-changing-state-2.md) - [2.2.5 Changing State HyperLearning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-5-changing-state-hyperlearning.md) - [2.2.6 State Symbols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-6-state-symbols.md) - [2.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - States of Matter](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-7-exam-style-questions-states-of-matter.md) - [2.2.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-2-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-particles.md) - 2.3 Chemical Properties - [2.3.1 Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-1-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.3.2 Chemical Properties of Ionic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-2-chemical-properties-of-ionic-compounds.md) - [2.3.3 Small Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-3-small-molecules.md) - [2.3.4 Chemical Properties of Small Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-4-chemical-properties-of-small-molecules.md) - [2.3.5 Molecular Forces - Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-5-molecular-forces-polymers.md) - [2.3.6 Molecular Forces - Polypropene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-6-molecular-forces-polypropene.md) - [2.3.7 Giant Covalent Structures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-7-giant-covalent-structures.md) - [2.3.8 Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-8-metals.md) - [2.3.9 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-9-alloys.md) - [2.3.10 Conductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-10-conductors.md) - [2.3.11 Carbon Structures - Diamond](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-11-carbon-structures-diamond.md) - [2.3.12 Carbon Structures - Graphite](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-12-carbon-structures-graphite.md) - [2.3.13 Carbon Structures - Graphene](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-13-carbon-structures-graphene.md) - [2.3.14 Carbon Structures - Fullerenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-14-carbon-structures-fullerenes.md) - [2.3.15 Carbon Structures - Summary](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-15-carbon-structures-summary.md) - [2.3.16 Clumps](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-16-clumps.md) - [2.3.17 Nanoparticles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-17-nanoparticles.md) - [2.3.18 Nanotechnology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-18-nanotechnology.md) - [2.3.19 Nanotechnology 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-19-nanotechnology-2.md) - [2.3.20 Surface Area to Volume Ratio](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-20-surface-area-to-volume-ratio.md) - [2.3.21 Nanotechnology Uses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-21-nanotechnology-uses.md) - [2.3.22 End of Topic Test - Chemical Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-22-end-of-topic-test-chemical-bonding.md) - [2.3.23 Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-23-grade-9-bonding-and-structure.md) - [2.3.24 Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-24-exam-style-questions-allotropes-of-carbon.md) - [2.3.25 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conducting Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-25-diagnostic-misconceptions-conducting-electricity.md) - [2.3.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Small Molecules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-26-diagnostic-misconceptions-small-molecules.md) - [2.3.27 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Drawing Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/2-3-27-diagnostic-misconceptions-drawing-polymers.md) ### 3 Quantitative Chemistry - 3.1 Chemical Measurements - [3.1.1 Conservation of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-1-conservation-of-mass.md) - [3.1.2 Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-2-relative-formula-mass.md) - [3.1.3 Calculating Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-3-calculating-relative-formula-mass.md) - [3.1.4 Relative Formula Mass - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-4-relative-formula-mass-calculations.md) - [3.1.5 Changing Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-5-changing-mass.md) - [3.1.6 Measuring Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-6-measuring-mass.md) - [3.1.7 Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-7-equations.md) - [3.1.8 Empirical Formula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-8-empirical-formula.md) - [3.1.9 Introducing Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-9-introducing-moles.md) - [3.1.10 Relative Formula Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-10-relative-formula-mass.md) - [3.1.11 Amounts of Substance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-11-amounts-of-substance.md) - [3.1.12 Moles to Balance Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-12-moles-to-balance-equations.md) - [3.1.13 Limiting Reactants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-13-limiting-reactants.md) - [3.1.14 Concentration of Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-14-concentration-of-solutions.md) - [3.1.15 Moles - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-15-moles-calculations.md) - [3.1.16 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-16-percentage-yield.md) - [3.1.17 Calculating Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-17-calculating-yield.md) - [3.1.18 Percentage Yield - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-18-percentage-yield-calculations.md) - [3.1.19 Moles & Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-19-moles-and-yield.md) - [3.1.20 Moles & Yield 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-20-moles-and-yield-2.md) - [3.1.21 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-21-atom-economy.md) - [3.1.22 Reaction Pathway](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-22-reaction-pathway.md) - [3.1.23 Atom Economy - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-23-atom-economy-calculations.md) - [3.1.24 Concentrations of Solute](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-24-concentrations-of-solute.md) - [3.1.25 Calculating the Amount of Solute](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-25-calculating-the-amount-of-solute.md) - [3.1.26 Amount of Substance in Relation to Volumes and Gas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-26-amount-of-substance-in-relation-to-volumes-and-gas.md) - [3.1.27 Concentrations & Amounts - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-27-concentrations-and-amounts-calculations.md) - [3.1.28 Empirical Formula - Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-28-empirical-formula-calculations.md) - [3.1.29 End of Topic Test - Quant Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-29-end-of-topic-test-quant-chemistry.md) - [3.1.30 Grade 9 - Quantitative Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-30-grade-9-quantitative-chemistry.md) - [3.1.31 Exam-Style Questions - Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-31-exam-style-questions-moles.md) - [3.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculating RFM](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-32-diagnostic-misconceptions-calculating-rfm.md) - [3.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Moles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/3-1-33-diagnostic-misconceptions-moles.md) ### 4 Chemical Changes - 4.1 Acids, Alkalis & Redox Reactions - [4.1.1 Acids & Alkalis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-1-1-acids-and-alkalis.md) - [4.1.2 Redox Reactions - Oxidation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-1-2-redox-reactions-oxidation.md) - [4.1.3 Redox Reactions - Metal Oxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-1-3-redox-reactions-metal-oxide.md) - 4.2 Reactivity of Metals - [4.2.1 Reactivity Diagram](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-1-reactivity-diagram.md) - [4.2.2 Displacement Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-2-displacement-reactions.md) - [4.2.3 Displacement Reactions - Halogens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-3-displacement-reactions-halogens.md) - [4.2.4 Reactions with Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-4-reactions-with-water.md) - [4.2.5 Reactions with Acid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-5-reactions-with-acid.md) - [4.2.6 Reactivity Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-6-reactivity-tests.md) - [4.2.7 Reactivity Tests 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-7-reactivity-tests-2.md) - [4.2.8 Extraction of Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-8-extraction-of-metals.md) - [4.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Displacement Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-2-9-exam-style-questions-displacement-reactions.md) - 4.3 Reactions of Acids - [4.3.1 Reactions of Metals with Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-1-reactions-of-metals-with-acids.md) - [4.3.2 Redox Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-2-redox-reactions.md) - [4.3.3 Neutralisation of Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-3-neutralisation-of-acids.md) - [4.3.4 Soluble Salts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-4-soluble-salts.md) - [4.3.5 Required Practical: Separating Mixtures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-5-required-practical-separating-mixtures.md) - [4.3.6 The pH Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-6-the-ph-scale.md) - [4.3.7 Numerical pH Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-7-numerical-ph-scale.md) - [4.3.8 Measuring pH](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-8-measuring-ph.md) - [4.3.9 Neutralisation & Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-9-neutralisation-and-titrations.md) - [4.3.10 Neutralisation & Titrations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-10-neutralisation-and-titrations-2.md) - [4.3.11 Neutralisation & Titrations 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-11-neutralisation-and-titrations-3.md) - [4.3.12 Neutralisation & Titrations 4](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-12-neutralisation-and-titrations-4.md) - [4.3.13 Strong and Weak Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-13-strong-and-weak-acids.md) - [4.3.14 Required Practical: Titration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-3-14-required-practical-titration.md) - 4.4 Electrolysis - [4.4.1 Electrolysis Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-1-electrolysis-process.md) - [4.4.2 Molten Ionic Compound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-2-molten-ionic-compound.md) - [4.4.3 Metal Extraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-3-metal-extraction.md) - [4.4.4 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-4-electrolysis-of-aqueous-solutions.md) - [4.4.5 Required Practical: Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-5-required-practical-electrolysis.md) - [4.4.6 Half Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-6-half-equations.md) - [4.4.7 End of Topic Test - Chemical Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-7-end-of-topic-test-chemical-changes.md) - [4.4.8 Grade 9 - Chemical Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-8-grade-9-chemical-changes.md) - [4.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/4-4-9-exam-style-questions-electrolysis.md) ### 5 Energy Changes - 5.1 Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions - [5.1.1 Energy Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-1-energy-conservation.md) - [5.1.2 Exothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-2-exothermic-reactions.md) - [5.1.3 Endothermic Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-3-endothermic-reactions.md) - [5.1.4 Required Practical: Temperature Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-4-required-practical-temperature-changes.md) - [5.1.5 Reaction Profiles Requirements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-5-reaction-profiles-requirements.md) - [5.1.6 Reaction Profiles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-6-reaction-profiles.md) - [5.1.7 Reaction Profiles - Catalysed vs Uncatalysed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-7-reaction-profiles-catalysed-vs-uncatalysed.md) - [5.1.8 Reaction Profiles - Chemical Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-8-reaction-profiles-chemical-bonds.md) - [5.1.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Source of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-1-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-source-of-energy.md) - 5.2 Chemical Cells & Fuel Cells - [5.2.1 Chemical Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-1-chemical-cells.md) - [5.2.2 Changing Voltage Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-2-changing-voltage-output.md) - [5.2.3 Batteries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-3-batteries.md) - [5.2.4 Charging of Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-4-charging-of-cells.md) - [5.2.5 Fuel Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-5-fuel-cells.md) - [5.2.6 Hydrogen Fuel Cell](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-6-hydrogen-fuel-cell.md) - [5.2.7 Hydrogen as an Alternative](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-7-hydrogen-as-an-alternative.md) - [5.2.8 End of Topic Test - Energy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-8-end-of-topic-test-energy-changes.md) - [5.2.9 Grade 9 - Energy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-9-grade-9-energy-changes.md) - [5.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Fuel Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/5-2-10-exam-style-questions-fuel-cells.md) ### 6 The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change - 6.1 Rate of Reaction - [6.1.1 Chemical Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-1-chemical-reactions.md) - [6.1.2 Plotting Reaction Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-2-plotting-reaction-rates.md) - [6.1.3 Required Practical: Effect of Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-3-required-practical-effect-of-concentration.md) - [6.1.4 Collision Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-4-collision-theory.md) - [6.1.5 Key Factors of Rate of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-5-key-factors-of-rate-of-reaction.md) - [6.1.6 Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-6-catalysts.md) - [6.1.7 Catalysts in Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-1-7-catalysts-in-industry.md) - 6.2 Reversible Reactions - [6.2.1 Reversible Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-1-reversible-reactions.md) - [6.2.2 Dynamic Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-2-dynamic-equilibrium.md) - [6.2.3 Conditions and Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-3-conditions-and-equilibrium.md) - [6.2.4 Equilibrium Position - Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-4-equilibrium-position-temperature.md) - [6.2.5 Equilibrium Position - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-5-equilibrium-position-pressure.md) - [6.2.6 Equilibrium Position - Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-6-equilibrium-position-concentration.md) - [6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Rates of Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-7-end-of-topic-test-rates-of-reaction.md) - [6.2.8 Grade 9 - Rate & Extent of Chemical Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-8-grade-9-rate-and-extent-of-chemical-change.md) - [6.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Reversible Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-9-exam-style-questions-reversible-reactions.md) - [6.2.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-10-diagnostic-misconceptions-temperature.md) - [6.2.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-pressure.md) - [6.2.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-concentration.md) - [6.2.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/6-2-13-diagnostic-misconceptions-catalysts.md) ### 7 Organic Chemistry - 7.1 Carbon Compounds - [7.1.1 Crude Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-1-crude-oil.md) - [7.1.2 Properties of Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-2-properties-of-hydrocarbons.md) - [7.1.3 Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-3-alkanes.md) - [7.1.4 Smallest Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-4-smallest-alkanes.md) - [7.1.5 Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-5-fractional-distillation.md) - [7.1.6 Process of Fractional Distillation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-6-process-of-fractional-distillation.md) - [7.1.7 Homologous Series](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-7-homologous-series.md) - [7.1.8 Burning Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-8-burning-hydrocarbons.md) - [7.1.9 Heavy Fractions of Crude Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-9-heavy-fractions-of-crude-oil.md) - [7.1.10 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-10-cracking.md) - [7.1.11 Uses of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-11-uses-of-alkenes.md) - [7.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Organic Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-1-12-exam-style-questions-organic-compounds.md) - 7.2 Alkenes & Alcohols - [7.2.1 Structure of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-1-structure-of-alkenes.md) - [7.2.2 The Shortest Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-2-the-shortest-alkenes.md) - [7.2.3 Reactions of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-3-reactions-of-alkenes.md) - [7.2.4 Types of Alkene Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-4-types-of-alkene-reactions.md) - [7.2.5 Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-5-alcohols.md) - [7.2.6 The Smallest Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-6-the-smallest-alcohols.md) - [7.2.7 Reactions of Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-7-reactions-of-alcohols.md) - [7.2.8 Fermentation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-8-fermentation.md) - [7.2.9 Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-9-carboxylic-acids.md) - [7.2.10 The Smallest Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-10-the-smallest-carboxylic-acids.md) - [7.2.11 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-11-reactions-of-carboxylic-acids.md) - [7.2.12 Addition Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-12-addition-polymers.md) - [7.2.13 Addition Polymers Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-13-addition-polymers-examples.md) - [7.2.14 Condensation Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-14-condensation-polymers.md) - [7.2.15 Amino Acids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-15-amino-acids.md) - [7.2.16 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Protein (Formation)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-16-naturally-occurring-polymers-protein-formation.md) - [7.2.17 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Protein (Roles)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-17-naturally-occurring-polymers-protein-roles.md) - [7.2.18 Naturally Occurring Polymers - DNA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-18-naturally-occurring-polymers-dna.md) - [7.2.19 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Others](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-19-naturally-occurring-polymers-others.md) - [7.2.20 End of Topic Test - Alkanes & Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-20-end-of-topic-test-alkanes-and-alkenes.md) - [7.2.21 End of Topic Test - Alcohols, Acids & Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-21-end-of-topic-test-alcohols-acids-and-polymers.md) - [7.2.22 Grade 9 - Organic Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-22-grade-9-organic-chemistry.md) - [7.2.23 Exam-Style Questions - Alcohols](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/7-2-23-exam-style-questions-alcohols.md) ### 8 Chemical Analysis - 8.1 Purity, Formulations & Chromatography - [8.1.1 Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-1-purity.md) - [8.1.2 Formulations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-2-formulations.md) - [8.1.3 Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-3-chromatography.md) - [8.1.4 Paper Chromatography 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-4-paper-chromatography-1.md) - [8.1.5 Paper Chromatography 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-5-paper-chromatography-2.md) - [8.1.6 Required Practical - Paper Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-6-required-practical-paper-chromatography.md) - [8.1.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Purity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-1-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-purity.md) - 8.2 Identification of Common Gases - [8.2.1 Identification of Hydrogen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-2-1-identification-of-hydrogen.md) - [8.2.2 Identification of Oxygen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-2-2-identification-of-oxygen.md) - [8.2.3 Identification of Carbon Dioxide](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-2-3-identification-of-carbon-dioxide.md) - [8.2.4 Identification of Chlorine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-2-4-identification-of-chlorine.md) - 8.3 Identifying Ions - [8.3.1 Flame Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-1-flame-tests.md) - [8.3.2 Required Practical: Flame Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-2-required-practical-flame-tests.md) - [8.3.3 Metal Hydroxides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-3-metal-hydroxides.md) - [8.3.4 Metal Hydroxides 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-4-metal-hydroxides-2.md) - [8.3.5 Carbonates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-5-carbonates.md) - [8.3.6 Halides](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-6-halides.md) - [8.3.7 Sulfates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-7-sulfates.md) - [8.3.8 Methodology for Chemical Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-8-methodology-for-chemical-analysis.md) - [8.3.9 Methodology for Chemical Analysis 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-9-methodology-for-chemical-analysis-2.md) - [8.3.10 Flame Emission Spectroscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-10-flame-emission-spectroscopy.md) - [8.3.11 Flame Emission Spectroscopy Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-11-flame-emission-spectroscopy-analysis.md) - [8.3.12 End of Topic Test - Chemical Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-12-end-of-topic-test-chemical-analysis.md) - [8.3.13 Grade 9 - Chemical Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-13-grade-9-chemical-analysis.md) - [8.3.14 Exam-Style Questions - Identification of ions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/8-3-14-exam-style-questions-identification-of-ions.md) ### 9 Chemistry of the Atmosphere - 9.1 The Earth's Atmosphere - [9.1.1 Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-1-proportions-of-gases-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.2 The Earth's Early Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-2-the-earths-early-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.3 Oxygen in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-3-oxygen-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.4 Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-4-carbon-dioxide-in-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.5 Greenhouse Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-5-greenhouse-gases.md) - [9.1.6 Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-6-greenhouse-gases-and-human-activities.md) - [9.1.7 Greenhouse Gases & Climate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-7-greenhouse-gases-and-climate.md) - [9.1.8 Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-8-climate-change.md) - [9.1.9 Carbon Footprints](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-9-carbon-footprints.md) - [9.1.10 Carbon Footprints Barriers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-10-carbon-footprints-barriers.md) - [9.1.11 Common Atmospheric Pollutants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-11-common-atmospheric-pollutants.md) - [9.1.12 Properties of Atmospheric Pollutants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-12-properties-of-atmospheric-pollutants.md) - [9.1.13 End of Topic Test - The Earth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-13-end-of-topic-test-the-earth.md) - [9.1.14 Grade 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-14-grade-9-chemistry-of-the-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.15 Exam-Style Questions - Earth's Atmosphere](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-15-exam-style-questions-earths-atmosphere.md) - [9.1.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Greenhouse Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/9-1-16-diagnostic-misconceptions-greenhouse-effect.md) ### 10 Using Resources - 10.1 Using the Earth's Resources - [10.1.1 Potable Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-1-potable-water.md) - [10.1.2 Potable Water Sources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-2-potable-water-sources.md) - [10.1.3 Potable Water in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-3-potable-water-in-the-uk.md) - [10.1.4 Potable Water in Saudi Arabia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-4-potable-water-in-saudi-arabia.md) - [10.1.5 Required Practical: Analysing and Purifying Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-5-required-practical-analysing-and-purifying-water.md) - [10.1.6 Natural Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-6-natural-resources.md) - [10.1.7 Uses of Natural Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-7-uses-of-natural-resources.md) - [10.1.8 Waste Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-8-waste-water.md) - [10.1.9 Sewage Treatment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-9-sewage-treatment.md) - [10.1.10 Metal Ore Extraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-10-metal-ore-extraction.md) - [10.1.11 Properties of Copper](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-11-properties-of-copper.md) - [10.1.12 Overexploitation of Extraction Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-12-overexploitation-of-extraction-methods.md) - [10.1.13 Alternative Extraction Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-1-13-alternative-extraction-methods.md) - 10.2 Life Cycle Assessments & Recycling - [10.2.1 Life Cycle Assessments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-1-life-cycle-assessments.md) - [10.2.2 Comparative Life Cycle Assessments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-2-comparative-life-cycle-assessments.md) - [10.2.3 Difficulties with LCA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-3-difficulties-with-lca.md) - [10.2.4 Reducing Resource Usage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-4-reducing-resource-usage.md) - [10.2.5 Reducing Use of Glass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-5-reducing-use-of-glass.md) - [10.2.6 Reducing Use of Metal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-6-reducing-use-of-metal.md) - [10.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - Life Cycle Assessments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-2-7-exam-style-questions-life-cycle-assessments.md) - 10.3 Using Materials - [10.3.1 Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-1-corrosion.md) - [10.3.2 Preventing Corrosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-2-preventing-corrosion.md) - [10.3.3 Alloys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-3-alloys.md) - [10.3.4 Ceramics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-4-ceramics.md) - [10.3.5 Polymers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-5-polymers.md) - [10.3.6 Composites](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-3-6-composites.md) - 10.4 The Haber Process & NPK Fertilisers - [10.4.1 Plants and Nitrogen](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-1-plants-and-nitrogen.md) - [10.4.2 The Haber Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-2-the-haber-process.md) - [10.4.3 The Haber Process - Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-3-the-haber-process-equation.md) - [10.4.4 The Haber Process - Trade-Offs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-4-the-haber-process-trade-offs.md) - [10.4.5 Importance of Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-5-importance-of-fertilisers.md) - [10.4.6 Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-6-formulated-vs-manure-fertilisers.md) - [10.4.7 NPK Fertilisers - N-containing Compound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-7-npk-fertilisers-n-containing-compound.md) - [10.4.8 NPK Fertilisers - P-containing Compound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-8-npk-fertilisers-p-containing-compound.md) - [10.4.9 NPK Fertilisers - K-containing Compound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-9-npk-fertilisers-k-containing-compound.md) - [10.4.10 Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-10-nitrogen-phosphorus-and-potassium.md) - [10.4.11 End of Topic Test - Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-11-end-of-topic-test-resources.md) - [10.4.12 Grade 9 - Using Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-12-grade-9-using-resources.md) - [10.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - The Haber Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/gcse/chemistry/aqa/higher/10-4-13-exam-style-questions-the-haber-process.md)