Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-11-ideal-gases-2

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [BTEC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec.md) › [Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science.md) › [Applied Science: BTEC Level 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3.md) › Ideal Gases 2

# Ideal Gases 2

Applied Science: BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma, topic 4.9.11

## Work Done on an Ideal Gas

You can find out the work done on an object by multiplying the average force by the displacement of the object moved in the direction of the force.

### Substitute pressure

![Substitute pressure](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/10c34f1d-1668-49f7-b48b-36a4254c771a/particles-gas-.jpg)

- Since P = F/A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the piston, you can substitute this into the expression for work done.
- W = force × distance travelled (where the distance travelled = the distance the force pushes in the piston).
- Work done on the gas = P × A × Δx assuming the pressure in the piston is constant.

### Derive equation

![Derive equation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/20334b5d-1b76-4e02-ba69-a21455d2e814/trigonometry-calculator-maths-.jpg)

- A × Δx = the change in volume of the gas, ΔV.
- The work done by an expanding gas which experiences a change in volume ΔV, is given by W = p × ΔV.
- This is more likely to be shown on any formula sheet as W = p ΔV.

## Molecular Mass

As chemicals and atoms are so small, it is often more useful to use other measures of mass rather than kilograms.

### Avogadro's number

![Avogadro's number](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/e86b5f0c-7c1b-4f27-9574-6d42fab98a61/chemistry-biology-molecules-mole-.jpg)

- Avogadro’s number, NA, is the number of particles in 1 mole of any given substance.
 - E.g. 1 mole of helium atoms is a collection of 6.02 ×1023 atoms, because Avagodro’s number is defined to be 6.02 ×1023.

### Relative molecular mass

![Relative molecular mass](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/(s)%203.2.1.1-%20mass,%20moles,%20Mr,%20equation%20triangle.png)

- You can calculate the relative molecular mass (RMM) of a molecule by adding the relative atomic masses (RAM) of all of the atoms in that molecule.
 - E.g. The hydrogen atom has a RAM of 1 and the oxygen atom has a RAM of 16. So, the RMM of water (H2O) is given by (2 × 1) + 16 = 18.

### Molecular mass

![Molecular mass](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/ccb27893-4561-45d3-a02a-c4ddc2b8de74/biology-molecule-molecular-mole-chemistry.jpg)

- You can find the molecular mass by multiplying the RMM of a molecule by the atomic mass unit, u.
 - 1 u = 1.66 × 10-27 kg

### Molar mass

![Molar mass](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/1b45b1c7-f819-4d72-b9de-547beffb9611/gas-vapour-chemistry.jpg)

- You can find the molar mass of a given molecule really easily.
- If the RMM of a molecule is X, then the mass of a mole of that molecule is X grams.  
 - Water has an RMM of 18, so 1 mole of water has a mass of 18g.
- This is most useful in gas law calculations because measuring the mass of a gas can be experimentally tricky.

## Test yourself on Ideal Gases 2

- What is the correct equation for the work done on a gas?
- What is the equation for the work done on a gas which has a change in volume?
- How can you find the molecular mass from the relative molecular mass?
- What is Avogadro's number?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/83e90d6d-8d3e-4e59-a2df-b5a5e1957f6c/section/ef597acc-81c7-4e1a-a5bf-04afca198db4/session)

- Previous topic: [4.9.10 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-10-ideal-gases.md)
- Next topic: [4.9.12 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-12-thermal-energy-transfer.md)

## Applied Science: BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma contents

### 1 Principles of Science I
- 1.1 Structure & Bonding
  - [1.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-1-atomic-model.md)
  - [1.1.2 Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-2-electron-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals.md)
  - [1.1.3 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-3-ionic-bonding.md)
  - [1.1.4 Representing Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-4-representing-ionic-bonds.md)
  - [1.1.5 Covalent Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-5-covalent-bonding.md)
  - [1.1.6 Representing Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-6-representing-covalent-bonds.md)
  - [1.1.7 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-7-metallic-bonding.md)
  - [1.1.8 Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-8-intermolecular-forces.md)
  - [1.1.9 Intermolecular Forces 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-9-intermolecular-forces-2.md)
  - [1.1.10 End of Topic Test - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-10-end-of-topic-test-bonding.md)
  - [1.1.11 Relative Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-11-relative-masses.md)
  - [1.1.12 The Mole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-12-the-mole.md)
  - [1.1.13 Molar Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-13-molar-calculations.md)
  - [1.1.14 Molar Calculations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-14-molar-calculations-2.md)
  - [1.1.15 Empirical & Molecular Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-15-empirical-and-molecular-formulae.md)
  - [1.1.16 Balanced Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-16-balanced-equations.md)
  - [1.1.17 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-17-percentage-yield.md)
  - [1.1.18 End of Topic Test - Amount of Substance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-18-end-of-topic-test-amount-of-substance.md)
- 1.2 Properties of Substances
  - [1.2.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-1-the-periodic-table.md)
  - [1.2.2 Ionisation Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-2-ionisation-energy.md)
  - [1.2.3 Factors Affecting Ionisation Energies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-3-factors-affecting-ionisation-energies.md)
  - [1.2.4 Trends of Ionisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-4-trends-of-ionisation.md)
  - [1.2.5 Trends in the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-5-trends-in-the-periodic-table.md)
  - [1.2.6 Polarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-6-polarity.md)
  - [1.2.7 Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-7-metals-and-non-metals.md)
  - [1.2.8 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-8-alkali-metals.md)
  - [1.2.9 Alkaline Earth Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-9-alkaline-earth-metals.md)
  - [1.2.10 Reactivity of Alkaline Earth Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-10-reactivity-of-alkaline-earth-metals.md)
  - [1.2.11 Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-11-redox.md)
  - [1.2.12 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-12-transition-metals.md)
  - [1.2.13 Redox Reactions of Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-13-redox-reactions-of-transition-metals.md)
- 1.3 Cell Structure & Function
  - [1.3.1 Introduction to Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-1-introduction-to-cells.md)
  - [1.3.2 Prokaryotes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-2-prokaryotes.md)
  - [1.3.3 Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-3-organelles-of-eukaryotic-cells.md)
  - [1.3.4 Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-4-organelles-of-eukaryotic-cells-2.md)
  - [1.3.5 Organelles in Plant Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-5-organelles-in-plant-cells.md)
  - [1.3.6 Microscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-6-microscopy.md)
  - [1.3.7 End of Topic Test - Cell Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-7-end-of-topic-test-cell-structure.md)
- 1.4 Cell Specialisation
  - [1.4.1 Cell Specialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-1-cell-specialisation.md)
  - [1.4.2 Blood Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-2-blood-cells.md)
  - [1.4.3 Plant Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-3-plant-cells.md)
  - [1.4.4 Gametes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-4-gametes.md)
- 1.5 Tissue Structure & Function
  - [1.5.1 Human Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-1-human-gas-exchange.md)
  - [1.5.2 Blood Vessels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-2-blood-vessels.md)
  - [1.5.3 Atherosclerosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-3-atherosclerosis.md)
  - [1.5.4 Skeletal Muscle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-4-skeletal-muscle.md)
  - [1.5.5 Slow & Fast Twitch Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-5-slow-and-fast-twitch-fibres.md)
  - [1.5.6 Neurones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-6-neurones.md)
  - [1.5.7 Speed of Transmission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-7-speed-of-transmission.md)
  - [1.5.8 Action Potentials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-8-action-potentials.md)
  - [1.5.9 End of Topic Test - Neurones & Action Potentials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-9-end-of-topic-test-neurones-and-action-potentials.md)
  - [1.5.10 Synapses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-10-synapses.md)
  - [1.5.11 Types of Synapse](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-11-types-of-synapse.md)
  - [1.5.12 Medical Application](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-12-medical-application.md)
  - [1.5.13 End of Topic Test - Synapses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-13-end-of-topic-test-synapses.md)
  - [1.5.14 Chemical Brain Imbalances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-14-chemical-brain-imbalances.md)
  - [1.5.15 Effect of Drugs on the Brain](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-15-effect-of-drugs-on-the-brain.md)
- 1.6 Working with Waves
  - [1.6.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-1-progressive-waves.md)
  - [1.6.2 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-2-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md)
  - [1.6.3 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-3-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md)
  - [1.6.4 Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-4-stationary-waves.md)
  - [1.6.5 Stationary Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-5-stationary-waves-2.md)
  - [1.6.6 Applications of Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-6-applications-of-stationary-waves.md)
  - [1.6.7 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-7-interference.md)
  - [1.6.8 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-8-diffraction.md)
  - [1.6.9 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-9-diffraction-gratings.md)
  - [1.6.10 Application of Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-10-application-of-diffraction-gratings.md)
- 1.7 Waves in Communication
  - [1.7.1 Refraction at a Plane Surface](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-1-refraction-at-a-plane-surface.md)
  - [1.7.2 Internal Reflection & Fibre Optics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-2-internal-reflection-and-fibre-optics.md)
  - [1.7.3 Applications of Total Internal Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-3-applications-of-total-internal-reflection.md)
  - [1.7.4 Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-4-properties.md)
  - [1.7.5 Gamma, X-Ray & UV Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-5-gamma-x-ray-and-uv-light.md)
  - [1.7.6 Visible Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-6-visible-light.md)
  - [1.7.7 Infrared, Microwave & Radio Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-7-infrared-microwave-and-radio-waves.md)
  - [1.7.8 Intensity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-8-intensity.md)
  - [1.7.9 Digital & Analogue Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-9-digital-and-analogue-signals.md)
  - [1.7.10 Communication Channels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-10-communication-channels.md)

### 2 Practical Scientific Procedures and Techniques
- 2.1 Titration
  - [2.1.1 pH Curves & Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-1-ph-curves-and-titrations.md)
  - [2.1.2 pH Curves & Titrations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-2-ph-curves-and-titrations-2.md)
  - [2.1.3 Buffer Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-3-buffer-solutions.md)
- 2.2 Colorimetry
  - [2.2.1 Measuring Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-2-1-measuring-rates.md)
  - [2.2.2 Beer-Lambert Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-2-2-beer-lambert-law.md)
- 2.3 Chromatography
  - [2.3.1 Overview of Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-1-overview-of-chromatography.md)
  - [2.3.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-2-thin-layer-chromatography.md)
  - [2.3.3 Column Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-3-column-chromatography.md)
  - [2.3.4 Gas Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-4-gas-chromatography.md)

### 3 Science Investigation Skills
- 3.1 Scientific Processes
  - [3.1.1 Aims, Hypotheses & Sampling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-1-aims-hypotheses-and-sampling.md)
  - [3.1.2 Pilot Studies & Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-2-pilot-studies-and-design.md)
  - [3.1.3 Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-3-ethics.md)
  - [3.1.4 Variables & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-4-variables-and-control.md)
  - [3.1.5 Demand Characteristics & Investigator Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-5-demand-characteristics-and-investigator-effects.md)
  - [3.1.6 Features of Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-6-features-of-science.md)
  - [3.1.7 Scientific Report](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-7-scientific-report.md)
  - [3.1.8 Scientific Report 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-8-scientific-report-2.md)
- 3.2 Data Handling & Analysis
  - [3.2.1 Types of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-1-types-of-data.md)
  - [3.2.2 Descriptive Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-2-descriptive-statistics.md)
  - [3.2.3 Presentation & Display of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-3-presentation-and-display-of-data.md)
- 3.3 Enzymes in Action
  - [3.3.1 Overview of Protein Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-1-overview-of-protein-structure.md)
  - [3.3.2 Enzymes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-2-enzymes.md)
  - [3.3.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-3-factors-affecting-enzyme-activity.md)
  - [3.3.4 Enzyme-Controlled Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-4-enzyme-controlled-reactions.md)
- 3.4 Diffusion
  - [3.4.1 Diffusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-4-1-diffusion.md)
- 3.5 Plants & Their Environment
  - [3.5.1 Factors Affecting Plant Growth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-5-1-factors-affecting-plant-growth.md)
  - [3.5.2 Measuring Number & Distribution of Species](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-5-2-measuring-number-and-distribution-of-species.md)
- 3.6 Energy Content in Fuels
  - [3.6.1 Fractions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-1-fractions.md)
  - [3.6.2 Burning Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-2-burning-hydrocarbons.md)
  - [3.6.3 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-3-combustion.md)
  - [3.6.4 Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-4-energy.md)
  - [3.6.5 Energy at Home](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-5-energy-at-home.md)
  - [3.6.6 Calorimetry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-6-calorimetry.md)
- 3.7 Electrical Circuits
  - [3.7.1 Circuit Diagrams & Components](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-1-circuit-diagrams-and-components.md)
  - [3.7.2 Diodes, LDRs & Thermistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-2-diodes-ldrs-and-thermistors.md)
  - [3.7.3 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-3-resistance.md)
  - [3.7.4 Electrical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-4-electrical-work.md)
  - [3.7.5 Ohm's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-5-ohms-law.md)
  - [3.7.6 Domestic Uses of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-6-domestic-uses-of-electricity.md)
  - [3.7.7 Fuses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-7-fuses.md)

### 4 Principles of Science II
- 4.1 Extracting Elements
  - [4.1.1 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-1-1-atom-economy.md)
- 4.2 Relating Properties to use of Substances
  - [4.2.1 Group 2 Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-1-group-2-chemistry.md)
  - [4.2.2 End of Topic Test - Group 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-2-end-of-topic-test-group-2.md)
  - [4.2.3 Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-3-electrolysis.md)
  - [4.2.4 Electrolysis Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-4-electrolysis-examples.md)
  - [4.2.5 Extracting Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-5-extracting-metals.md)
  - [4.2.6 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-6-transition-metals.md)
  - [4.2.7 Variable Oxidation States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-7-variable-oxidation-states.md)
  - [4.2.8 Heterogeneous Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-8-heterogeneous-catalysts.md)
  - [4.2.9 Homogeneous Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-9-homogeneous-catalysts.md)
- 4.3 Organic Chemistry
  - [4.3.1 Naming Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-1-naming-compounds.md)
  - [4.3.2 Functional Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-2-functional-groups.md)
  - [4.3.3 Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-3-isomerism.md)
  - [4.3.4 Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-4-hydrocarbons.md)
  - [4.3.5 Structure of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-5-structure-of-alkanes.md)
  - [4.3.6 Boiling Points of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-6-boiling-points-of-alkanes.md)
  - [4.3.7 Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-7-alkenes.md)
  - [4.3.8 Curly Arrows & Mechanisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-8-curly-arrows-and-mechanisms.md)
  - [4.3.9 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-9-cracking.md)
  - [4.3.10 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-10-combustion.md)
  - [4.3.11 Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-11-free-radical-substitution-of-alkanes.md)
  - [4.3.12 Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-12-electrophilic-addition-of-alkenes.md)
- 4.4 Energy Changes in Industry
  - [4.4.1 The Kelvin Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-1-the-kelvin-scale.md)
  - [4.4.2 Enthalpy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-2-enthalpy-changes.md)
  - [4.4.3 Calorimetry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-3-calorimetry.md)
  - [4.4.4 Bond Enthalpies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-4-bond-enthalpies.md)
  - [4.4.5 Hess' Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-5-hess-law.md)
- 4.5 The Circulatory System
  - [4.5.1 The Circulatory System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-1-the-circulatory-system.md)
  - [4.5.2 Blood Vessels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-2-blood-vessels.md)
  - [4.5.3 Blood Transfusion & the ABO Rhesus System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-3-blood-transfusion-and-the-abo-rhesus-system.md)
  - [4.5.4 The Heart](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-4-the-heart.md)
  - [4.5.5 The Cardiac Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-5-the-cardiac-cycle.md)
  - [4.5.6 Cardiac Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-6-cardiac-output.md)
  - [4.5.7 Coordination of Heart Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-7-coordination-of-heart-action.md)
  - [4.5.8 Heart Dissection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-8-heart-dissection.md)
  - [4.5.9 Controlling Heart Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-9-controlling-heart-rate.md)
  - [4.5.10 Electrocardiograms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-10-electrocardiograms.md)
  - [4.5.11 Cardiovascular Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-11-cardiovascular-disease.md)
  - [4.5.12 Investigating Heart Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-12-investigating-heart-rates.md)
- 4.6 Ventilation & Gas Exchange
  - [4.6.1 Human Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-1-human-gas-exchange.md)
  - [4.6.2 Ventilation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-2-ventilation.md)
  - [4.6.3 Measuring Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-3-measuring-gas-exchange.md)
  - [4.6.4 Controlling Ventilation Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-4-controlling-ventilation-rate.md)
  - [4.6.5 Lung Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-5-lung-disease.md)
  - [4.6.6 Lung Disease Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-6-lung-disease-data.md)
- 4.7 Urinary System
  - [4.7.1 Kidneys & Control of Water Balance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-1-kidneys-and-control-of-water-balance.md)
  - [4.7.2 Kidneys & Osmoregulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-2-kidneys-and-osmoregulation.md)
  - [4.7.3 Kidneys & Blood Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-3-kidneys-and-blood-pressure.md)
  - [4.7.4 Urine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-4-urine.md)
  - [4.7.5 Kidney Failure & Urinalysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-5-kidney-failure-and-urinalysis.md)
  - [4.7.6 Dialysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-6-dialysis.md)
  - [4.7.7 Transplants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-7-transplants.md)
- 4.8 Cell Transport
  - [4.8.1 Cell Membrane Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-1-cell-membrane-structure.md)
  - [4.8.2 Diffusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-2-diffusion.md)
  - [4.8.3 Osmosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-3-osmosis.md)
  - [4.8.4 Active Transport](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-4-active-transport.md)
- 4.9 Thermal Physics
  - [4.9.1 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-1-power-and-efficiency.md)
  - [4.9.2 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-2-work-and-energy.md)
  - [4.9.3 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-3-conservation-of-energy.md)
  - [4.9.4 Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-4-pressure.md)
  - [4.9.5 First Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-5-first-law-of-thermodynamics.md)
  - [4.9.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-6-second-law-of-thermodynamics.md)
  - [4.9.7 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps & Refrigerators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-7-heat-engines-heat-pumps-and-refrigerators.md)
  - [4.9.8 Non-Flow Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-8-non-flow-processes.md)
  - [4.9.9 p-V Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-9-p-v-diagrams.md)
  - [4.9.10 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-10-ideal-gases.md)
  - [4.9.11 Ideal Gases 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-11-ideal-gases-2.md)
  - [4.9.12 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-12-thermal-energy-transfer.md)
  - [4.9.13 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-13-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md)
- 4.10 Materials
  - [4.10.1 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-1-density.md)
  - [4.10.2 Stress & Strain](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-2-stress-and-strain.md)
  - [4.10.3 Properties of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-3-properties-of-materials.md)
  - [4.10.4 Elasticity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-4-elasticity.md)
  - [4.10.5 Plasticity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-5-plasticity.md)
  - [4.10.6 Energy in Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-6-energy-in-materials.md)
  - [4.10.7 Young Modulus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-7-young-modulus.md)
- 4.11 Fluids
  - [4.11.1 Fluid Flow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-1-fluid-flow.md)
  - [4.11.2 Viscosity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-2-viscosity.md)
  - [4.11.3 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-3-density.md)
  - [4.11.4 Continuity Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-4-continuity-equation.md)
  - [4.11.5 Bernoulli's Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-5-bernoullis-equation.md)
  - [4.11.6 Non-Newtonian Fluids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-6-non-newtonian-fluids.md)

### 5 Contemporary Issues in Science
- 5.1 Contemporary Issues in Science
  - [5.1.1 Sustainability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-1-sustainability.md)
  - [5.1.2 Genetic Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-2-genetic-engineering.md)
  - [5.1.3 Uses of Genetic Modification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-3-uses-of-genetic-modification.md)
  - [5.1.4 Stem Cell Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-4-stem-cell-therapy.md)
  - [5.1.5 Cloning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-5-cloning.md)
  - [5.1.6 Cloning 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-6-cloning-2.md)
  - [5.1.7 Nanotechnology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-7-nanotechnology.md)
  - [5.1.8 Ecosystems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-8-ecosystems.md)
- 5.2 Analysing Scientific Information
  - [5.2.1 Validity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-2-1-validity.md)
  - [5.2.2 Peer Review](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-2-2-peer-review.md)