Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-5-the-cardiac-cycle [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [BTEC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec.md) › [Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science.md) › [Applied Science: BTEC Level 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3.md) › The Cardiac Cycle # The Cardiac Cycle Applied Science: BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma, topic 4.5.5 ## The Cardiac Cycle The flow of blood from the lungs to the heart and around the body is called the cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle is the continuous relaxing and contracting of the heart. The steps involved are: ### 1) Atrial systole ![1) Atrial systole](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/2.3.2%20-%20The%20heart%20and%20circulatory%20system/2.2.7%20The%20heart%20(s1)%20(1)-min.jpg) - Blood from the body flows into the right atrium and blood from the lungs flows into the left atrium simultaneously. - The atria contract, increasing the pressure in the atria. - The blood in the atria is forced into the ventricles. - The ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood. ### 2) Ventricular systole ![2) Ventricular systole](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/2.3.2%20-%20The%20heart%20and%20circulatory%20system/2.2.7%20The%20heart%20(s1)%20(1)-min.jpg) - The atria relax and the ventricles start to contract. - Contraction of the ventricles causes the pressure inside the ventricles to increase. - The pressure shuts the atrioventricular valves so that blood does not flow back into the atria. - The blood in the ventricles is forced out of the ventricles and out of the heart through the pulmonary artery or the aorta. ### 3) Cardiac diastole ![3) Cardiac diastole](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/2.3.2%20-%20The%20heart%20and%20circulatory%20system/2.2.7%20The%20heart%20(s1)%20(1)-min.jpg) - The blood in the pulmonary artery and the aorta is at high pressure. -The pressure shuts the semi-lunar valves so that blood does not flow back into the ventricles. - Both the ventricles and the atria relax and the atrioventricular valves reopen. - Blood flows into the ventricles and the atria from the pulmonary vein and vena cava. ### 4) Repeat ![4) Repeat](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/2.3.2%20-%20The%20heart%20and%20circulatory%20system/2.2.7%20The%20heart%20(s1)%20(1)-min.jpg) - The cycle continues. ## Interpreting Data At each stage in the cardiac cycle, the pressure and volume of the atria and ventricles changes considerably. These changes can be presented as a change over time. ### Pressure in the atria ![Pressure in the atria](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/5413b9a9-7d12-4cf8-83c4-84eb2d40c619/pressure-862180_1920.jpg) - When the atria contract, the pressure in the atria increases. - When the atria relax and the ventricles contract, the pressure in the atria decreases. - When both the atria and the ventricles relax, there is a slight increase as the atria fill with blood again. ### Pressure in the ventricles ![Pressure in the ventricles](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/5413b9a9-7d12-4cf8-83c4-84eb2d40c619/pressure-862180_1920.jpg) - When the atria contract, the pressure in the ventricles is relatively low. There is a slight increase in pressure as the ventricles fill with blood. - When the ventricles contract, the pressure increases dramatically. The pressure increases considerably more than when the atria contract. - When both the atria and the ventricles relax, there is a slight increase as the ventricles fill with blood again. ### Volume in the atria ![Volume in the atria](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/5.2.2%20Characteristics%20of%20the%203%20kinds%20of%20emission/blood-1813410_640.jpg) - When the atria contract, the volume in the atria decreases. - When the atria relax and the ventricles contract, the volume in the atria increases again. - When both the atria and the ventricles relax, there is a slight decrease when blood flows into the ventricles from the atria. ### Volume in the ventricles ![Volume in the ventricles](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/5.2.2%20Characteristics%20of%20the%203%20kinds%20of%20emission/blood-1813410_640.jpg) - When the atria contract, the volume in the ventricles increases slightly as they fill with blood. - When the ventricles contract, the volume decreases dramatically. The volume decreases considerably more than when the atria contract. - When both the atria and the ventricles relax, the volume increases as the ventricles expand again. ## Test yourself on The Cardiac Cycle - Stages in the Cardiac Cycle - Where does blood flow when the atria contract? - What causes the significant decrease in volume in the ventricles? - Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle are true? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/83e90d6d-8d3e-4e59-a2df-b5a5e1957f6c/section/5766a288-38ea-4d50-b424-1a96cd33bf79/session) - Previous topic: [4.5.4 The Heart](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-4-the-heart.md) - Next topic: [4.5.6 Cardiac Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-6-cardiac-output.md) ## Applied Science: BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma contents ### 1 Principles of Science I - 1.1 Structure & Bonding - [1.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-1-atomic-model.md) - [1.1.2 Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-2-electron-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals.md) - [1.1.3 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-3-ionic-bonding.md) - [1.1.4 Representing Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-4-representing-ionic-bonds.md) - [1.1.5 Covalent Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-5-covalent-bonding.md) - [1.1.6 Representing Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-6-representing-covalent-bonds.md) - [1.1.7 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-7-metallic-bonding.md) - [1.1.8 Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-8-intermolecular-forces.md) - [1.1.9 Intermolecular Forces 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-9-intermolecular-forces-2.md) - [1.1.10 End of Topic Test - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-10-end-of-topic-test-bonding.md) - [1.1.11 Relative Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-11-relative-masses.md) - [1.1.12 The Mole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-12-the-mole.md) - [1.1.13 Molar Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-13-molar-calculations.md) - [1.1.14 Molar Calculations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-14-molar-calculations-2.md) - [1.1.15 Empirical & Molecular Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-15-empirical-and-molecular-formulae.md) - [1.1.16 Balanced Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-16-balanced-equations.md) - [1.1.17 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-17-percentage-yield.md) - [1.1.18 End of Topic Test - Amount of Substance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-18-end-of-topic-test-amount-of-substance.md) - 1.2 Properties of Substances - [1.2.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-1-the-periodic-table.md) - [1.2.2 Ionisation Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-2-ionisation-energy.md) - [1.2.3 Factors Affecting Ionisation Energies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-3-factors-affecting-ionisation-energies.md) - [1.2.4 Trends of Ionisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-4-trends-of-ionisation.md) - [1.2.5 Trends in the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-5-trends-in-the-periodic-table.md) - [1.2.6 Polarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-6-polarity.md) - [1.2.7 Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-7-metals-and-non-metals.md) - [1.2.8 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-8-alkali-metals.md) - [1.2.9 Alkaline Earth Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-9-alkaline-earth-metals.md) - [1.2.10 Reactivity of Alkaline Earth Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-10-reactivity-of-alkaline-earth-metals.md) - [1.2.11 Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-11-redox.md) - [1.2.12 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-12-transition-metals.md) - [1.2.13 Redox Reactions of Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-13-redox-reactions-of-transition-metals.md) - 1.3 Cell Structure & Function - [1.3.1 Introduction to Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-1-introduction-to-cells.md) - [1.3.2 Prokaryotes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-2-prokaryotes.md) - [1.3.3 Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-3-organelles-of-eukaryotic-cells.md) - [1.3.4 Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-4-organelles-of-eukaryotic-cells-2.md) - [1.3.5 Organelles in Plant Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-5-organelles-in-plant-cells.md) - [1.3.6 Microscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-6-microscopy.md) - [1.3.7 End of Topic Test - Cell Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-7-end-of-topic-test-cell-structure.md) - 1.4 Cell Specialisation - [1.4.1 Cell Specialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-1-cell-specialisation.md) - [1.4.2 Blood Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-2-blood-cells.md) - [1.4.3 Plant Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-3-plant-cells.md) - [1.4.4 Gametes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-4-gametes.md) - 1.5 Tissue Structure & Function - [1.5.1 Human Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-1-human-gas-exchange.md) - [1.5.2 Blood Vessels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-2-blood-vessels.md) - [1.5.3 Atherosclerosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-3-atherosclerosis.md) - [1.5.4 Skeletal Muscle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-4-skeletal-muscle.md) - [1.5.5 Slow & Fast Twitch Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-5-slow-and-fast-twitch-fibres.md) - [1.5.6 Neurones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-6-neurones.md) - [1.5.7 Speed of Transmission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-7-speed-of-transmission.md) - [1.5.8 Action Potentials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-8-action-potentials.md) - [1.5.9 End of Topic Test - Neurones & Action Potentials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-9-end-of-topic-test-neurones-and-action-potentials.md) - [1.5.10 Synapses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-10-synapses.md) - [1.5.11 Types of Synapse](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-11-types-of-synapse.md) - [1.5.12 Medical Application](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-12-medical-application.md) - [1.5.13 End of Topic Test - Synapses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-13-end-of-topic-test-synapses.md) - [1.5.14 Chemical Brain Imbalances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-14-chemical-brain-imbalances.md) - [1.5.15 Effect of Drugs on the Brain](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-15-effect-of-drugs-on-the-brain.md) - 1.6 Working with Waves - [1.6.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-1-progressive-waves.md) - [1.6.2 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-2-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md) - [1.6.3 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-3-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md) - [1.6.4 Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-4-stationary-waves.md) - [1.6.5 Stationary Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-5-stationary-waves-2.md) - [1.6.6 Applications of Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-6-applications-of-stationary-waves.md) - [1.6.7 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-7-interference.md) - [1.6.8 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-8-diffraction.md) - [1.6.9 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-9-diffraction-gratings.md) - [1.6.10 Application of Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-10-application-of-diffraction-gratings.md) - 1.7 Waves in Communication - [1.7.1 Refraction at a Plane Surface](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-1-refraction-at-a-plane-surface.md) - [1.7.2 Internal Reflection & Fibre Optics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-2-internal-reflection-and-fibre-optics.md) - [1.7.3 Applications of Total Internal Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-3-applications-of-total-internal-reflection.md) - [1.7.4 Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-4-properties.md) - [1.7.5 Gamma, X-Ray & UV Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-5-gamma-x-ray-and-uv-light.md) - [1.7.6 Visible Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-6-visible-light.md) - [1.7.7 Infrared, Microwave & Radio Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-7-infrared-microwave-and-radio-waves.md) - [1.7.8 Intensity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-8-intensity.md) - [1.7.9 Digital & Analogue Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-9-digital-and-analogue-signals.md) - [1.7.10 Communication Channels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-10-communication-channels.md) ### 2 Practical Scientific Procedures and Techniques - 2.1 Titration - [2.1.1 pH Curves & Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-1-ph-curves-and-titrations.md) - [2.1.2 pH Curves & Titrations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-2-ph-curves-and-titrations-2.md) - [2.1.3 Buffer Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-3-buffer-solutions.md) - 2.2 Colorimetry - [2.2.1 Measuring Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-2-1-measuring-rates.md) - [2.2.2 Beer-Lambert Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-2-2-beer-lambert-law.md) - 2.3 Chromatography - [2.3.1 Overview of Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-1-overview-of-chromatography.md) - [2.3.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-2-thin-layer-chromatography.md) - [2.3.3 Column Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-3-column-chromatography.md) - [2.3.4 Gas Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-4-gas-chromatography.md) ### 3 Science Investigation Skills - 3.1 Scientific Processes - [3.1.1 Aims, Hypotheses & Sampling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-1-aims-hypotheses-and-sampling.md) - [3.1.2 Pilot Studies & Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-2-pilot-studies-and-design.md) - [3.1.3 Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-3-ethics.md) - [3.1.4 Variables & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-4-variables-and-control.md) - [3.1.5 Demand Characteristics & Investigator Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-5-demand-characteristics-and-investigator-effects.md) - [3.1.6 Features of Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-6-features-of-science.md) - [3.1.7 Scientific Report](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-7-scientific-report.md) - [3.1.8 Scientific Report 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-8-scientific-report-2.md) - 3.2 Data Handling & Analysis - [3.2.1 Types of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-1-types-of-data.md) - [3.2.2 Descriptive Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-2-descriptive-statistics.md) - [3.2.3 Presentation & Display of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-3-presentation-and-display-of-data.md) - 3.3 Enzymes in Action - [3.3.1 Overview of Protein Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-1-overview-of-protein-structure.md) - [3.3.2 Enzymes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-2-enzymes.md) - [3.3.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-3-factors-affecting-enzyme-activity.md) - [3.3.4 Enzyme-Controlled Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-4-enzyme-controlled-reactions.md) - 3.4 Diffusion - [3.4.1 Diffusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-4-1-diffusion.md) - 3.5 Plants & Their Environment - [3.5.1 Factors Affecting Plant Growth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-5-1-factors-affecting-plant-growth.md) - [3.5.2 Measuring Number & Distribution of Species](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-5-2-measuring-number-and-distribution-of-species.md) - 3.6 Energy Content in Fuels - [3.6.1 Fractions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-1-fractions.md) - [3.6.2 Burning Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-2-burning-hydrocarbons.md) - [3.6.3 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-3-combustion.md) - [3.6.4 Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-4-energy.md) - [3.6.5 Energy at Home](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-5-energy-at-home.md) - [3.6.6 Calorimetry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-6-calorimetry.md) - 3.7 Electrical Circuits - [3.7.1 Circuit Diagrams & Components](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-1-circuit-diagrams-and-components.md) - [3.7.2 Diodes, LDRs & Thermistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-2-diodes-ldrs-and-thermistors.md) - [3.7.3 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-3-resistance.md) - [3.7.4 Electrical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-4-electrical-work.md) - [3.7.5 Ohm's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-5-ohms-law.md) - [3.7.6 Domestic Uses of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-6-domestic-uses-of-electricity.md) - [3.7.7 Fuses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-7-fuses.md) ### 4 Principles of Science II - 4.1 Extracting Elements - [4.1.1 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-1-1-atom-economy.md) - 4.2 Relating Properties to use of Substances - [4.2.1 Group 2 Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-1-group-2-chemistry.md) - [4.2.2 End of Topic Test - Group 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-2-end-of-topic-test-group-2.md) - [4.2.3 Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-3-electrolysis.md) - [4.2.4 Electrolysis Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-4-electrolysis-examples.md) - [4.2.5 Extracting Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-5-extracting-metals.md) - [4.2.6 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-6-transition-metals.md) - [4.2.7 Variable Oxidation States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-7-variable-oxidation-states.md) - [4.2.8 Heterogeneous Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-8-heterogeneous-catalysts.md) - [4.2.9 Homogeneous Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-9-homogeneous-catalysts.md) - 4.3 Organic Chemistry - [4.3.1 Naming Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-1-naming-compounds.md) - [4.3.2 Functional Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-2-functional-groups.md) - [4.3.3 Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-3-isomerism.md) - [4.3.4 Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-4-hydrocarbons.md) - [4.3.5 Structure of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-5-structure-of-alkanes.md) - [4.3.6 Boiling Points of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-6-boiling-points-of-alkanes.md) - [4.3.7 Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-7-alkenes.md) - [4.3.8 Curly Arrows & Mechanisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-8-curly-arrows-and-mechanisms.md) - [4.3.9 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-9-cracking.md) - [4.3.10 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-10-combustion.md) - [4.3.11 Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-11-free-radical-substitution-of-alkanes.md) - [4.3.12 Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-12-electrophilic-addition-of-alkenes.md) - 4.4 Energy Changes in Industry - [4.4.1 The Kelvin Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-1-the-kelvin-scale.md) - [4.4.2 Enthalpy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-2-enthalpy-changes.md) - [4.4.3 Calorimetry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-3-calorimetry.md) - [4.4.4 Bond Enthalpies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-4-bond-enthalpies.md) - [4.4.5 Hess' Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-5-hess-law.md) - 4.5 The Circulatory System - [4.5.1 The Circulatory System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-1-the-circulatory-system.md) - [4.5.2 Blood Vessels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-2-blood-vessels.md) - [4.5.3 Blood Transfusion & the ABO Rhesus System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-3-blood-transfusion-and-the-abo-rhesus-system.md) - [4.5.4 The Heart](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-4-the-heart.md) - [4.5.5 The Cardiac Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-5-the-cardiac-cycle.md) - [4.5.6 Cardiac Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-6-cardiac-output.md) - [4.5.7 Coordination of Heart Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-7-coordination-of-heart-action.md) - [4.5.8 Heart Dissection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-8-heart-dissection.md) - [4.5.9 Controlling Heart Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-9-controlling-heart-rate.md) - [4.5.10 Electrocardiograms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-10-electrocardiograms.md) - [4.5.11 Cardiovascular Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-11-cardiovascular-disease.md) - [4.5.12 Investigating Heart Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-12-investigating-heart-rates.md) - 4.6 Ventilation & Gas Exchange - [4.6.1 Human Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-1-human-gas-exchange.md) - [4.6.2 Ventilation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-2-ventilation.md) - [4.6.3 Measuring Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-3-measuring-gas-exchange.md) - [4.6.4 Controlling Ventilation Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-4-controlling-ventilation-rate.md) - [4.6.5 Lung Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-5-lung-disease.md) - [4.6.6 Lung Disease Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-6-lung-disease-data.md) - 4.7 Urinary System - [4.7.1 Kidneys & Control of Water Balance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-1-kidneys-and-control-of-water-balance.md) - [4.7.2 Kidneys & Osmoregulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-2-kidneys-and-osmoregulation.md) - [4.7.3 Kidneys & Blood Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-3-kidneys-and-blood-pressure.md) - [4.7.4 Urine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-4-urine.md) - [4.7.5 Kidney Failure & Urinalysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-5-kidney-failure-and-urinalysis.md) - [4.7.6 Dialysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-6-dialysis.md) - [4.7.7 Transplants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-7-transplants.md) - 4.8 Cell Transport - [4.8.1 Cell Membrane Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-1-cell-membrane-structure.md) - [4.8.2 Diffusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-2-diffusion.md) - [4.8.3 Osmosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-3-osmosis.md) - [4.8.4 Active Transport](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-4-active-transport.md) - 4.9 Thermal Physics - [4.9.1 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-1-power-and-efficiency.md) - [4.9.2 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-2-work-and-energy.md) - [4.9.3 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-3-conservation-of-energy.md) - [4.9.4 Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-4-pressure.md) - [4.9.5 First Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-5-first-law-of-thermodynamics.md) - [4.9.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-6-second-law-of-thermodynamics.md) - [4.9.7 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps & Refrigerators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-7-heat-engines-heat-pumps-and-refrigerators.md) - [4.9.8 Non-Flow Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-8-non-flow-processes.md) - [4.9.9 p-V Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-9-p-v-diagrams.md) - [4.9.10 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-10-ideal-gases.md) - [4.9.11 Ideal Gases 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-11-ideal-gases-2.md) - [4.9.12 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-12-thermal-energy-transfer.md) - [4.9.13 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-13-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md) - 4.10 Materials - [4.10.1 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-1-density.md) - [4.10.2 Stress & Strain](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-2-stress-and-strain.md) - [4.10.3 Properties of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-3-properties-of-materials.md) - [4.10.4 Elasticity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-4-elasticity.md) - [4.10.5 Plasticity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-5-plasticity.md) - [4.10.6 Energy in Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-6-energy-in-materials.md) - [4.10.7 Young Modulus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-7-young-modulus.md) - 4.11 Fluids - [4.11.1 Fluid Flow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-1-fluid-flow.md) - [4.11.2 Viscosity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-2-viscosity.md) - [4.11.3 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-3-density.md) - [4.11.4 Continuity Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-4-continuity-equation.md) - [4.11.5 Bernoulli's Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-5-bernoullis-equation.md) - [4.11.6 Non-Newtonian Fluids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-6-non-newtonian-fluids.md) ### 5 Contemporary Issues in Science - 5.1 Contemporary Issues in Science - [5.1.1 Sustainability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-1-sustainability.md) - [5.1.2 Genetic Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-2-genetic-engineering.md) - [5.1.3 Uses of Genetic Modification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-3-uses-of-genetic-modification.md) - [5.1.4 Stem Cell Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-4-stem-cell-therapy.md) - [5.1.5 Cloning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-5-cloning.md) - [5.1.6 Cloning 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-6-cloning-2.md) - [5.1.7 Nanotechnology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-7-nanotechnology.md) - [5.1.8 Ecosystems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-8-ecosystems.md) - 5.2 Analysing Scientific Information - [5.2.1 Validity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-2-1-validity.md) - [5.2.2 Peer Review](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-2-2-peer-review.md)