Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-5-extracting-metals

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [BTEC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec.md) › [Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science.md) › [Applied Science: BTEC Level 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3.md) › Extracting Metals

# Extracting Metals

Applied Science: BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma, topic 4.2.5

## Extraction of Metals

Most metals are only found as compounds because the metal has reacted with other elements in the past. Because of this, the metal has to be extracted from the ore (rock) where the metal compound is found.

### Carbon - why

![Carbon - why](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/7.2.2%20The%20cycling%20of%20materials/coal-471903_640-min.jpg)

- Metals that are less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides (compounds with oxygen) by reducing with carbon.
- Carbon is used because it is cheap and abundant.

### Carbon - how

![Carbon - how](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/4.1.1%20The%20reactivity%20series/Coal.jpg)

- In the reduction, the metal oxide loses oxygen to form a pure metal.
- Reduction with carbon normally involves heating the metal oxide in the presence of the carbon, which is often used in the form of coal.

## Electrolysis - Extracting Metals

Electrolysis is used to extract reactive metals from molten ores (melted materials containing metals). It is used to extract metals such as aluminium, which are more reactive than carbon.

### Process

![Process](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/6c8cdea8-ac27-4630-933d-f58bd58f4120/shutterstock_674377261.jpg)

- Powdered aluminium ore (Al2O3) is first mixed with another aluminium salt called cryolite.
- This mixture has a lower melting point than pure Al2O3. This makes it cheaper as less energy is needed to melt the powder.
- Once molten, a large voltage is applied.

### At the cathode (negative electrode)

![At the cathode (negative electrode)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/4.3.1%20-%20Electrolysis/cathode-min.jpg)

- The aluminium is formed at the cathode.

### At the anode (positive electrode)

![At the anode (positive electrode)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/4.3.1%20-%20Electrolysis/anode-min.jpg)

- Carbon dioxide is formed at the anode. 
- The anode is usually made of carbon because it is a good conductor and is cheap.

### Disadvantages

![Disadvantages](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/4.3.1%20-%20Electrolysis/wire-2681887_640-min.jpg)

- Lots of energy is needed to:
 - Melt the solid ionic compound to allow the ions to flow.
 - To produce the electrical current.
- All this energy costs money, and a lot of it!

## Test yourself on Extracting Metals

- What type of reaction is used when extracting metals using carbon?
- Why is carbon used to extract metals from their oxides?
- Why are zinc, iron, and copper commonly extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon?
- Why can't potassium be extracted from its compounds by reduction with carbon?
- What aspects of using electrolysis to extract metals need lots of energy?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/83e90d6d-8d3e-4e59-a2df-b5a5e1957f6c/section/63458094-ef9e-4b70-b134-3bca08fa6518/session)

- Previous topic: [4.2.4 Electrolysis Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-4-electrolysis-examples.md)
- Next topic: [4.2.6 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-6-transition-metals.md)

## Applied Science: BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma contents

### 1 Principles of Science I
- 1.1 Structure & Bonding
  - [1.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-1-atomic-model.md)
  - [1.1.2 Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-2-electron-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals.md)
  - [1.1.3 Ionic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-3-ionic-bonding.md)
  - [1.1.4 Representing Ionic Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-4-representing-ionic-bonds.md)
  - [1.1.5 Covalent Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-5-covalent-bonding.md)
  - [1.1.6 Representing Covalent Bonds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-6-representing-covalent-bonds.md)
  - [1.1.7 Metallic Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-7-metallic-bonding.md)
  - [1.1.8 Intermolecular Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-8-intermolecular-forces.md)
  - [1.1.9 Intermolecular Forces 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-9-intermolecular-forces-2.md)
  - [1.1.10 End of Topic Test - Bonding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-10-end-of-topic-test-bonding.md)
  - [1.1.11 Relative Masses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-11-relative-masses.md)
  - [1.1.12 The Mole](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-12-the-mole.md)
  - [1.1.13 Molar Calculations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-13-molar-calculations.md)
  - [1.1.14 Molar Calculations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-14-molar-calculations-2.md)
  - [1.1.15 Empirical & Molecular Formulae](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-15-empirical-and-molecular-formulae.md)
  - [1.1.16 Balanced Equations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-16-balanced-equations.md)
  - [1.1.17 Percentage Yield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-17-percentage-yield.md)
  - [1.1.18 End of Topic Test - Amount of Substance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-1-18-end-of-topic-test-amount-of-substance.md)
- 1.2 Properties of Substances
  - [1.2.1 The Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-1-the-periodic-table.md)
  - [1.2.2 Ionisation Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-2-ionisation-energy.md)
  - [1.2.3 Factors Affecting Ionisation Energies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-3-factors-affecting-ionisation-energies.md)
  - [1.2.4 Trends of Ionisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-4-trends-of-ionisation.md)
  - [1.2.5 Trends in the Periodic Table](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-5-trends-in-the-periodic-table.md)
  - [1.2.6 Polarity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-6-polarity.md)
  - [1.2.7 Metals & Non-Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-7-metals-and-non-metals.md)
  - [1.2.8 Alkali Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-8-alkali-metals.md)
  - [1.2.9 Alkaline Earth Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-9-alkaline-earth-metals.md)
  - [1.2.10 Reactivity of Alkaline Earth Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-10-reactivity-of-alkaline-earth-metals.md)
  - [1.2.11 Redox](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-11-redox.md)
  - [1.2.12 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-12-transition-metals.md)
  - [1.2.13 Redox Reactions of Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-2-13-redox-reactions-of-transition-metals.md)
- 1.3 Cell Structure & Function
  - [1.3.1 Introduction to Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-1-introduction-to-cells.md)
  - [1.3.2 Prokaryotes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-2-prokaryotes.md)
  - [1.3.3 Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-3-organelles-of-eukaryotic-cells.md)
  - [1.3.4 Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-4-organelles-of-eukaryotic-cells-2.md)
  - [1.3.5 Organelles in Plant Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-5-organelles-in-plant-cells.md)
  - [1.3.6 Microscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-6-microscopy.md)
  - [1.3.7 End of Topic Test - Cell Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-3-7-end-of-topic-test-cell-structure.md)
- 1.4 Cell Specialisation
  - [1.4.1 Cell Specialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-1-cell-specialisation.md)
  - [1.4.2 Blood Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-2-blood-cells.md)
  - [1.4.3 Plant Cells](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-3-plant-cells.md)
  - [1.4.4 Gametes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-4-4-gametes.md)
- 1.5 Tissue Structure & Function
  - [1.5.1 Human Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-1-human-gas-exchange.md)
  - [1.5.2 Blood Vessels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-2-blood-vessels.md)
  - [1.5.3 Atherosclerosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-3-atherosclerosis.md)
  - [1.5.4 Skeletal Muscle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-4-skeletal-muscle.md)
  - [1.5.5 Slow & Fast Twitch Fibres](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-5-slow-and-fast-twitch-fibres.md)
  - [1.5.6 Neurones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-6-neurones.md)
  - [1.5.7 Speed of Transmission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-7-speed-of-transmission.md)
  - [1.5.8 Action Potentials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-8-action-potentials.md)
  - [1.5.9 End of Topic Test - Neurones & Action Potentials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-9-end-of-topic-test-neurones-and-action-potentials.md)
  - [1.5.10 Synapses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-10-synapses.md)
  - [1.5.11 Types of Synapse](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-11-types-of-synapse.md)
  - [1.5.12 Medical Application](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-12-medical-application.md)
  - [1.5.13 End of Topic Test - Synapses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-13-end-of-topic-test-synapses.md)
  - [1.5.14 Chemical Brain Imbalances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-14-chemical-brain-imbalances.md)
  - [1.5.15 Effect of Drugs on the Brain](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-5-15-effect-of-drugs-on-the-brain.md)
- 1.6 Working with Waves
  - [1.6.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-1-progressive-waves.md)
  - [1.6.2 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-2-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md)
  - [1.6.3 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-3-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md)
  - [1.6.4 Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-4-stationary-waves.md)
  - [1.6.5 Stationary Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-5-stationary-waves-2.md)
  - [1.6.6 Applications of Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-6-applications-of-stationary-waves.md)
  - [1.6.7 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-7-interference.md)
  - [1.6.8 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-8-diffraction.md)
  - [1.6.9 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-9-diffraction-gratings.md)
  - [1.6.10 Application of Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-6-10-application-of-diffraction-gratings.md)
- 1.7 Waves in Communication
  - [1.7.1 Refraction at a Plane Surface](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-1-refraction-at-a-plane-surface.md)
  - [1.7.2 Internal Reflection & Fibre Optics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-2-internal-reflection-and-fibre-optics.md)
  - [1.7.3 Applications of Total Internal Reflection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-3-applications-of-total-internal-reflection.md)
  - [1.7.4 Properties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-4-properties.md)
  - [1.7.5 Gamma, X-Ray & UV Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-5-gamma-x-ray-and-uv-light.md)
  - [1.7.6 Visible Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-6-visible-light.md)
  - [1.7.7 Infrared, Microwave & Radio Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-7-infrared-microwave-and-radio-waves.md)
  - [1.7.8 Intensity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-8-intensity.md)
  - [1.7.9 Digital & Analogue Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-9-digital-and-analogue-signals.md)
  - [1.7.10 Communication Channels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/1-7-10-communication-channels.md)

### 2 Practical Scientific Procedures and Techniques
- 2.1 Titration
  - [2.1.1 pH Curves & Titrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-1-ph-curves-and-titrations.md)
  - [2.1.2 pH Curves & Titrations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-2-ph-curves-and-titrations-2.md)
  - [2.1.3 Buffer Solutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-1-3-buffer-solutions.md)
- 2.2 Colorimetry
  - [2.2.1 Measuring Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-2-1-measuring-rates.md)
  - [2.2.2 Beer-Lambert Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-2-2-beer-lambert-law.md)
- 2.3 Chromatography
  - [2.3.1 Overview of Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-1-overview-of-chromatography.md)
  - [2.3.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-2-thin-layer-chromatography.md)
  - [2.3.3 Column Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-3-column-chromatography.md)
  - [2.3.4 Gas Chromatography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/2-3-4-gas-chromatography.md)

### 3 Science Investigation Skills
- 3.1 Scientific Processes
  - [3.1.1 Aims, Hypotheses & Sampling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-1-aims-hypotheses-and-sampling.md)
  - [3.1.2 Pilot Studies & Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-2-pilot-studies-and-design.md)
  - [3.1.3 Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-3-ethics.md)
  - [3.1.4 Variables & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-4-variables-and-control.md)
  - [3.1.5 Demand Characteristics & Investigator Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-5-demand-characteristics-and-investigator-effects.md)
  - [3.1.6 Features of Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-6-features-of-science.md)
  - [3.1.7 Scientific Report](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-7-scientific-report.md)
  - [3.1.8 Scientific Report 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-1-8-scientific-report-2.md)
- 3.2 Data Handling & Analysis
  - [3.2.1 Types of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-1-types-of-data.md)
  - [3.2.2 Descriptive Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-2-descriptive-statistics.md)
  - [3.2.3 Presentation & Display of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-2-3-presentation-and-display-of-data.md)
- 3.3 Enzymes in Action
  - [3.3.1 Overview of Protein Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-1-overview-of-protein-structure.md)
  - [3.3.2 Enzymes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-2-enzymes.md)
  - [3.3.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-3-factors-affecting-enzyme-activity.md)
  - [3.3.4 Enzyme-Controlled Reactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-3-4-enzyme-controlled-reactions.md)
- 3.4 Diffusion
  - [3.4.1 Diffusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-4-1-diffusion.md)
- 3.5 Plants & Their Environment
  - [3.5.1 Factors Affecting Plant Growth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-5-1-factors-affecting-plant-growth.md)
  - [3.5.2 Measuring Number & Distribution of Species](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-5-2-measuring-number-and-distribution-of-species.md)
- 3.6 Energy Content in Fuels
  - [3.6.1 Fractions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-1-fractions.md)
  - [3.6.2 Burning Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-2-burning-hydrocarbons.md)
  - [3.6.3 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-3-combustion.md)
  - [3.6.4 Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-4-energy.md)
  - [3.6.5 Energy at Home](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-5-energy-at-home.md)
  - [3.6.6 Calorimetry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-6-6-calorimetry.md)
- 3.7 Electrical Circuits
  - [3.7.1 Circuit Diagrams & Components](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-1-circuit-diagrams-and-components.md)
  - [3.7.2 Diodes, LDRs & Thermistors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-2-diodes-ldrs-and-thermistors.md)
  - [3.7.3 Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-3-resistance.md)
  - [3.7.4 Electrical Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-4-electrical-work.md)
  - [3.7.5 Ohm's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-5-ohms-law.md)
  - [3.7.6 Domestic Uses of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-6-domestic-uses-of-electricity.md)
  - [3.7.7 Fuses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/3-7-7-fuses.md)

### 4 Principles of Science II
- 4.1 Extracting Elements
  - [4.1.1 Atom Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-1-1-atom-economy.md)
- 4.2 Relating Properties to use of Substances
  - [4.2.1 Group 2 Chemistry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-1-group-2-chemistry.md)
  - [4.2.2 End of Topic Test - Group 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-2-end-of-topic-test-group-2.md)
  - [4.2.3 Electrolysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-3-electrolysis.md)
  - [4.2.4 Electrolysis Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-4-electrolysis-examples.md)
  - [4.2.5 Extracting Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-5-extracting-metals.md)
  - [4.2.6 Transition Metals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-6-transition-metals.md)
  - [4.2.7 Variable Oxidation States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-7-variable-oxidation-states.md)
  - [4.2.8 Heterogeneous Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-8-heterogeneous-catalysts.md)
  - [4.2.9 Homogeneous Catalysts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-2-9-homogeneous-catalysts.md)
- 4.3 Organic Chemistry
  - [4.3.1 Naming Compounds](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-1-naming-compounds.md)
  - [4.3.2 Functional Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-2-functional-groups.md)
  - [4.3.3 Isomerism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-3-isomerism.md)
  - [4.3.4 Hydrocarbons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-4-hydrocarbons.md)
  - [4.3.5 Structure of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-5-structure-of-alkanes.md)
  - [4.3.6 Boiling Points of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-6-boiling-points-of-alkanes.md)
  - [4.3.7 Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-7-alkenes.md)
  - [4.3.8 Curly Arrows & Mechanisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-8-curly-arrows-and-mechanisms.md)
  - [4.3.9 Cracking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-9-cracking.md)
  - [4.3.10 Combustion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-10-combustion.md)
  - [4.3.11 Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-11-free-radical-substitution-of-alkanes.md)
  - [4.3.12 Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-3-12-electrophilic-addition-of-alkenes.md)
- 4.4 Energy Changes in Industry
  - [4.4.1 The Kelvin Scale](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-1-the-kelvin-scale.md)
  - [4.4.2 Enthalpy Changes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-2-enthalpy-changes.md)
  - [4.4.3 Calorimetry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-3-calorimetry.md)
  - [4.4.4 Bond Enthalpies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-4-bond-enthalpies.md)
  - [4.4.5 Hess' Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-4-5-hess-law.md)
- 4.5 The Circulatory System
  - [4.5.1 The Circulatory System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-1-the-circulatory-system.md)
  - [4.5.2 Blood Vessels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-2-blood-vessels.md)
  - [4.5.3 Blood Transfusion & the ABO Rhesus System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-3-blood-transfusion-and-the-abo-rhesus-system.md)
  - [4.5.4 The Heart](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-4-the-heart.md)
  - [4.5.5 The Cardiac Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-5-the-cardiac-cycle.md)
  - [4.5.6 Cardiac Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-6-cardiac-output.md)
  - [4.5.7 Coordination of Heart Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-7-coordination-of-heart-action.md)
  - [4.5.8 Heart Dissection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-8-heart-dissection.md)
  - [4.5.9 Controlling Heart Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-9-controlling-heart-rate.md)
  - [4.5.10 Electrocardiograms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-10-electrocardiograms.md)
  - [4.5.11 Cardiovascular Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-11-cardiovascular-disease.md)
  - [4.5.12 Investigating Heart Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-5-12-investigating-heart-rates.md)
- 4.6 Ventilation & Gas Exchange
  - [4.6.1 Human Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-1-human-gas-exchange.md)
  - [4.6.2 Ventilation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-2-ventilation.md)
  - [4.6.3 Measuring Gas Exchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-3-measuring-gas-exchange.md)
  - [4.6.4 Controlling Ventilation Rate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-4-controlling-ventilation-rate.md)
  - [4.6.5 Lung Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-5-lung-disease.md)
  - [4.6.6 Lung Disease Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-6-6-lung-disease-data.md)
- 4.7 Urinary System
  - [4.7.1 Kidneys & Control of Water Balance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-1-kidneys-and-control-of-water-balance.md)
  - [4.7.2 Kidneys & Osmoregulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-2-kidneys-and-osmoregulation.md)
  - [4.7.3 Kidneys & Blood Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-3-kidneys-and-blood-pressure.md)
  - [4.7.4 Urine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-4-urine.md)
  - [4.7.5 Kidney Failure & Urinalysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-5-kidney-failure-and-urinalysis.md)
  - [4.7.6 Dialysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-6-dialysis.md)
  - [4.7.7 Transplants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-7-7-transplants.md)
- 4.8 Cell Transport
  - [4.8.1 Cell Membrane Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-1-cell-membrane-structure.md)
  - [4.8.2 Diffusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-2-diffusion.md)
  - [4.8.3 Osmosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-3-osmosis.md)
  - [4.8.4 Active Transport](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-8-4-active-transport.md)
- 4.9 Thermal Physics
  - [4.9.1 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-1-power-and-efficiency.md)
  - [4.9.2 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-2-work-and-energy.md)
  - [4.9.3 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-3-conservation-of-energy.md)
  - [4.9.4 Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-4-pressure.md)
  - [4.9.5 First Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-5-first-law-of-thermodynamics.md)
  - [4.9.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-6-second-law-of-thermodynamics.md)
  - [4.9.7 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps & Refrigerators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-7-heat-engines-heat-pumps-and-refrigerators.md)
  - [4.9.8 Non-Flow Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-8-non-flow-processes.md)
  - [4.9.9 p-V Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-9-p-v-diagrams.md)
  - [4.9.10 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-10-ideal-gases.md)
  - [4.9.11 Ideal Gases 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-11-ideal-gases-2.md)
  - [4.9.12 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-12-thermal-energy-transfer.md)
  - [4.9.13 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-9-13-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md)
- 4.10 Materials
  - [4.10.1 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-1-density.md)
  - [4.10.2 Stress & Strain](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-2-stress-and-strain.md)
  - [4.10.3 Properties of Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-3-properties-of-materials.md)
  - [4.10.4 Elasticity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-4-elasticity.md)
  - [4.10.5 Plasticity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-5-plasticity.md)
  - [4.10.6 Energy in Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-6-energy-in-materials.md)
  - [4.10.7 Young Modulus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-10-7-young-modulus.md)
- 4.11 Fluids
  - [4.11.1 Fluid Flow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-1-fluid-flow.md)
  - [4.11.2 Viscosity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-2-viscosity.md)
  - [4.11.3 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-3-density.md)
  - [4.11.4 Continuity Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-4-continuity-equation.md)
  - [4.11.5 Bernoulli's Equation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-5-bernoullis-equation.md)
  - [4.11.6 Non-Newtonian Fluids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/4-11-6-non-newtonian-fluids.md)

### 5 Contemporary Issues in Science
- 5.1 Contemporary Issues in Science
  - [5.1.1 Sustainability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-1-sustainability.md)
  - [5.1.2 Genetic Engineering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-2-genetic-engineering.md)
  - [5.1.3 Uses of Genetic Modification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-3-uses-of-genetic-modification.md)
  - [5.1.4 Stem Cell Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-4-stem-cell-therapy.md)
  - [5.1.5 Cloning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-5-cloning.md)
  - [5.1.6 Cloning 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-6-cloning-2.md)
  - [5.1.7 Nanotechnology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-7-nanotechnology.md)
  - [5.1.8 Ecosystems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-1-8-ecosystems.md)
- 5.2 Analysing Scientific Information
  - [5.2.1 Validity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-2-1-validity.md)
  - [5.2.2 Peer Review](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/btec/science/applied-science-btec-level-3/5-2-2-peer-review.md)