Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-3-1-social-groups-and-religion [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Sociology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa.md) › Social Groups & Religion # Social Groups & Religion Sociology: AQA A Level, topic 7.3.1 ## Social Class and Religion Statistics show different religious movements attract different social classes. ### __Lawes__ ![__Lawes__](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/cb4ef870-4637-4078-b3a9-7d833eb3455b/class-struggle-.jpg) - __Lawes__ claims that ‘lifelong theists’ are predominantly from working class backgrounds. - Lawes also found that ‘lifelong atheists’ (non-believers) were a minority but tended to be more relevant to those with a middle-class background. ### Rural areas ![Rural areas](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/d8d36105-f911-45af-9a0c-b3887bc463f9/cows_hills.jpg) - Statistics suggest that churches in more affluent, rural areas tend to have higher attendances. ### School catchment ![School catchment](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/e7150b03-c303-412d-85a9-696bd3de1192/iraq-school-children-girls-learn-read-write-.jpg) - __Voas and Watt__ point out that churches that are affiliated with successful schools tend to have high attendance statistics. - This may be due to parents attending the church to ensure that their child gains an advantage in enrolling into the best schools in the local area. - Therefore, church attendance does not always mean that a person has religious belief. ### New religious movements ![New religious movements](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/AQA%20New%20Modules/6.1.3/equals%20sign.jpg) - Trends suggest that middle class people are more likely to feel attached to traditional churches whereas working class people are drawn more to new religious movements.  - This is because new religious movements often lack hierarchy in their structures. - Hierarchies can be seen as forms of authority that working-class believers may want to distance themselves from. ## Ethnicity and Religion Ethnic minorities in the UK are more likely to hold religious beliefs and engage in religious practices than White British. ### __ Modood et al.__ ![__ Modood et al.__](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/4973d08e-bf42-4001-928f-82a7cfe80dae/old-lady-grandmother-.jpg) - Ethnic minorities in the UK are more likely to hold religious beliefs and engage in religious practices than White British.  - However __ Modood et al.__ suggest that the more generations that exist within a community, the lower their rate of religious participation. ### __Bruce__ ![__Bruce__](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/f62cc8a4-1bad-4c50-b644-208656b55292/old-woman-door-grandmother-.jpg) - __Bruce__ argues that religion can provide support and a sense of identity when ethnic minority groups come to the UK. - He argues ethnic minorities will use religion in one of two ways. ### 1. Cultural defence ![1. Cultural defence](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/7a84a14c-925d-4f69-86b8-a2353446109e/racism-sign.jpg) - Religion can be used as a way to unite a community against change or hostility from wider society.  - For example, African-Caribbean Christians who experience racism can use religion to overcome these barriers.  - Cultural defence is a way to protect and defend your heritage when it is under attack. ### 2. Cultural transition ![2. Cultural transition](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/7.1.1%20-%20Communities/Friendship_group.jpg) - Religion is used by ethnic minority groups to help them assimilate into British culture.  - This will make the individual feel part of society. ## Age and Religion Statistics on religious belief and church attendance suggest that the elderly are more religious than any other generation. ### __Voas and Crokett__ ![__Voas and Crokett__](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/68ba71f0-742a-44e4-8498-04335643516e/monk-friar-old-religion-.jpg) - Statistics on religious belief and church attendance suggest that the elderly are more religious than any other generation.  - __Voas and Crokett__ suggest that there are two different explanations behind the elderly’s greater participation in religions. ### 1. The ageing effect ![1. The ageing effect](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/64a463f8-eeec-434a-9725-a7f43737745a/heaven-gates.jpg) - The ageing effect: - As people come closer to the end of their life, their interest in spirituality and religion increases. - This may be due to a growing concern about the afterlife, seeking forgiveness for past sins or seeking company within the church community. ### 2. The generational or period effect ![2. The generational or period effect](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/b8513996-21f0-4b23-bfdd-4a51dcf92235/child-cotton-worker-factory-.jpg) - The generational or period effect: - The current elderly generation may be more religious due to their upbringing which was less secure and more religious than today’s youth. ### Young people and religion ![Young people and religion](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/6d7fe50e-aa04-4d01-bd49-dfc166bdd9b3/parents-child-swing.jpg) -  Some sociologists focus on reasons why the young are less interested in religion and the ‘virtual collapse of religious socialisation.’ ### Decline of Sunday school ![Decline of Sunday school](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/b9a3c72b-705f-4878-9439-b6a3a2247118/child-bible-bed-.jpg) - __Arweck and Beckford__ claim that it is increasingly unlikely for parents to pass their religious beliefs to their children. - For example traditional Sunday Schools which used to be widespread are now very rare in the UK. ### Increasing individualisation ![Increasing individualisation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/eea6e5fe-031d-4e75-9c7d-f0f9c5d32440/bible-cross-.jpg) - __Mayo__ suggests that religion has become a personal choice rather than an enforced aspect of our identities. -  Even faith based schools take a more liberal approach to introducing children to religious teachings and tend to focus more on the moral message of the faith.  - Therefore younger generations feel less likely obliged to affiliate with religion compared to previous generations. ## Test yourself on Social Groups & Religion - Statistics suggest that churches in which of these areas would have higher attendances? - Who pointed out that churches that are affiliated with successful schools tend to have high attendance statistics? - Why might working class people be more attracted to new religious movements? - Who suggest that there are two different explanations behind the elderly’s greater participation in religions? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/73653830-65a6-11e8-9923-5d9eaf994fae/section/d66c86a6-9a18-4a01-91e9-1b83756fc8be/session) - Previous topic: [7.2.4 Practice Exam Question - Growth of NRMs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-4-practice-exam-question-growth-of-nrms.md) - Next topic: [7.3.2 Gender & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-3-2-gender-and-religion.md) ## Sociology: AQA A Level contents ### 1 Theory & Methods - 1.1 Sociological Theories - [1.1.1 Marxism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-1-1-marxism.md) - [1.1.2 Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-1-2-feminism.md) - [1.1.3 Social Action Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-1-3-social-action-theories.md) - 1.2 Sociological Methods - [1.2.1 Types of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-1-types-of-data.md) - [1.2.2 Positivism & Interpretivism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-2-positivism-and-interpretivism.md) - [1.2.3 Research Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-3-research-design.md) - [1.2.4 Research Considerations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-4-research-considerations.md) - [1.2.5 Values in Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-5-values-in-research.md) - [1.2.6 Modernity & Post-Modernity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-6-modernity-and-post-modernity.md) - [1.2.7 Sociology as a Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-7-sociology-as-a-science.md) - [1.2.8 Sociology & Social Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-8-sociology-and-social-policy.md) - [1.2.9 End of Topic Test - Sociology Methods & Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-9-end-of-topic-test-sociology-methods-and-theories.md) - 1.3 Sources of Data - [1.3.1 Introduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-1-introduction.md) - [1.3.2 Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-2-experiments.md) - [1.3.3 Surveys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-3-surveys.md) - [1.3.4 Longitudinal Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-4-longitudinal-studies.md) - [1.3.5 Questionnaires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-5-questionnaires.md) - [1.3.6 Types of Questionnaires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-6-types-of-questionnaires.md) - [1.3.7 Interviews](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-7-interviews.md) - [1.3.8 Observation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-8-observation.md) - [1.3.9 Case Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-9-case-studies.md) - [1.3.10 Documents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-10-documents.md) - [1.3.11 Official Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-11-official-statistics.md) - [1.3.12 End of Topic Test - Sources of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-12-end-of-topic-test-sources-of-data.md) ### 2 Education with Methods in Context - 2.1 Role & Function of the Education System - [2.1.1 Introduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-1-1-introduction.md) - [2.1.2 Functionalist Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-1-2-functionalist-theories.md) - [2.1.3 Marxist & Feminist Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-1-3-marxist-and-feminist-theories.md) - [2.1.4 The New Right](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-1-4-the-new-right.md) - 2.2 Educational Achievement - [2.2.1 Social Class: Internal Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-1-social-class-internal-factors.md) - [2.2.2 Social Class: External Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-2-social-class-external-factors.md) - [2.2.3 Social Class: Attitudes to Education](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-3-social-class-attitudes-to-education.md) - [2.2.4 Social Class: Difference in Achievement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-4-social-class-difference-in-achievement.md) - [2.2.5 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-5-gender.md) - [2.2.6 Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-6-ethnicity.md) - 2.3 Relationships & Processes Within Schools - [2.3.1 Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-1-processes.md) - [2.3.2 Labelling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-2-labelling.md) - [2.3.3 Categorisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-3-categorisations.md) - [2.3.4 Student Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-4-student-experience.md) - [2.3.5 End of Topic Test -Education with Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-5-end-of-topic-test-education-with-methods.md) - 2.4 Educational Policies - [2.4.1 Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-1-equality.md) - [2.4.2 Privatisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-2-privatisation.md) - [2.4.3 Marketisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-3-marketisation.md) - [2.4.4 Government Policies by Party](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-4-government-policies-by-party.md) - [2.4.5 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-5-globalisation.md) - [2.4.6 End of Topic Test- Educational Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-6-end-of-topic-test-educational-policies.md) - [2.4.7 Practice Exam Question - Social Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-7-practice-exam-question-social-policies.md) ### 3 Option 1: Culture & Identity - 3.1 Conceptions of Culture - [3.1.1 Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-1-culture.md) - [3.1.2 Dominant vs Subculture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-2-dominant-vs-subculture.md) - [3.1.3 Subcultures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-3-subcultures.md) - [3.1.4 Mass Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-4-mass-culture.md) - [3.1.5 Popular Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-5-popular-culture.md) - [3.1.6 Global Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-6-global-culture.md) - [3.1.7 End of Topic Test - Culture and Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-7-end-of-topic-test-culture-and-identity.md) - 3.2 Identity & Socialisation - [3.2.1 Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-1-identities.md) - [3.2.2 Socialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-2-socialisation.md) - [3.2.3 Secondary Socialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-3-secondary-socialisation.md) - [3.2.4 Theories of Socialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-4-theories-of-socialisation.md) - [3.2.5 End of Topic Test - Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-5-end-of-topic-test-identity.md) - [3.2.6 Practice Exam Question - Socialisation & Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-6-practice-exam-question-socialisation-and-equality.md) - 3.3 Social Identity - [3.3.1 Social Class](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-1-social-class.md) - [3.3.2 Upper & Middle Class](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-2-upper-and-middle-class.md) - [3.3.3 Working & Underclass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-3-working-and-underclass.md) - [3.3.4 Social Class Evaluation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-4-social-class-evaluation.md) - [3.3.5 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-5-gender.md) - [3.3.6 Changing Gender Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-6-changing-gender-identities.md) - [3.3.7 Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-7-ethnicity.md) - [3.3.8 Age](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-8-age.md) - [3.3.9 Disability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-9-disability.md) - [3.3.10 Nationality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-10-nationality.md) - [3.3.11 End of Topic Test - Social Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-11-end-of-topic-test-social-identity.md) - 3.4 Production, Consumption & Globalisation - [3.4.1 Production & Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-4-1-production-and-consumption.md) - [3.4.2 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-4-2-globalisation.md) - [3.4.3 Evaluation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-4-3-evaluation.md) - [3.4.4 End of Topic Test - Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-4-4-end-of-topic-test-production.md) ### 4 Option 1: Families & Households - 4.1 Families & Households - [4.1.1 Definitions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-1-definitions.md) - [4.1.2 Functionalist & New Right Perspectives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-2-functionalist-and-new-right-perspectives.md) - [4.1.3 Marxist & Feminist Perspectives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-3-marxist-and-feminist-perspectives.md) - [4.1.4 Postmodernist Perspective](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-4-postmodernist-perspective.md) - [4.1.5 End of Topic Test - Families & Households](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-5-end-of-topic-test-families-and-households.md) - [4.1.6 Practice Exam Question - Function of Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-6-practice-exam-question-function-of-family.md) - 4.2 Changing Patterns - [4.2.1 Marriage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-1-marriage.md) - [4.2.2 Divorce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-2-divorce.md) - [4.2.3 LAT Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-3-lat-relationships.md) - [4.2.4 Child-Bearing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-4-child-bearing.md) - [4.2.5 Lone Parenthood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-5-lone-parenthood.md) - [4.2.6 Diversity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-6-diversity.md) - [4.2.7 The Sociology of Personal Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-7-the-sociology-of-personal-life.md) - [4.2.8 Government Policies Post-WW2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-8-government-policies-post-ww2.md) - [4.2.9 End of Topic Test - Changing Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-9-end-of-topic-test-changing-patterns.md) - 4.3 The Symmetrical Family - [4.3.1 The Symmetrical Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-3-1-the-symmetrical-family.md) - [4.3.2 Evaluation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-3-2-evaluation.md) - 4.4 Children & Childhood - [4.4.1 Childhood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-1-childhood.md) - [4.4.2 Childhood in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-2-childhood-in-the-uk.md) - [4.4.3 Childhood as a Social Construct](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-3-childhood-as-a-social-construct.md) - [4.4.4 The Disappearance of Childhood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-4-the-disappearance-of-childhood.md) - [4.4.5 Child Abuse](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-5-child-abuse.md) - [4.4.6 Domestic Violence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-6-domestic-violence.md) - [4.4.7 End of Topic Test - Family & Childhood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-7-end-of-topic-test-family-and-childhood.md) - 4.5 Demographic Trends UK - [4.5.1 Introduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-1-introduction.md) - [4.5.2 Birth Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-2-birth-rates.md) - [4.5.3 Death Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-3-death-rates.md) - [4.5.4 The Ageing Population](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-4-the-ageing-population.md) - [4.5.5 Studies on the Ageing Population](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-5-studies-on-the-ageing-population.md) - [4.5.6 Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-6-migration.md) - [4.5.7 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-7-globalisation.md) - [4.5.8 End of Topic Test - Demographics UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-8-end-of-topic-test-demographics-uk.md) ### 5 Option 1: Health - 5.1 Social Constructions - [5.1.1 The Body](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-1-the-body.md) - [5.1.2 Health, Illness & Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-2-health-illness-and-disease.md) - [5.1.3 Disability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-3-disability.md) - [5.1.4 Models of Health & Illness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-4-models-of-health-and-illness.md) - [5.1.5 End of Topic Test - Social Constructions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-5-end-of-topic-test-social-constructions.md) - 5.2 Social Distribution of Healthcare - [5.2.1 Social Class](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-2-1-social-class.md) - [5.2.2 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-2-2-gender.md) - [5.2.3 Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-2-3-ethnicity.md) - [5.2.4 Regional](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-2-4-regional.md) - 5.3 Provision & Access to Healthcare - [5.3.1 The NHS](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-1-the-nhs.md) - [5.3.2 Inequalities in Provision](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-2-inequalities-in-provision.md) - [5.3.3 Sociological Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-3-sociological-explanations.md) - [5.3.4 Inequalities in Access](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-4-inequalities-in-access.md) - [5.3.5 Inequalities in Access 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-5-inequalities-in-access-2.md) - [5.3.6 End of Topic Test - Distribution Health](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-6-end-of-topic-test-distribution-health.md) - 5.4 Mental Health - [5.4.1 The Biomedical Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-4-1-the-biomedical-approach.md) - [5.4.2 Social Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-4-2-social-patterns.md) - [5.4.3 Social Constructionist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-4-3-social-constructionist-approach.md) - 5.5 The Globalised Health Industry - [5.5.1 The Functionalist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-5-1-the-functionalist-approach.md) - [5.5.2 The Postmodernist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-5-2-the-postmodernist-approach.md) - [5.5.3 The Globalised Health Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-5-3-the-globalised-health-industry.md) - [5.5.4 End of Topic Test - Mental Health & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-5-4-end-of-topic-test-mental-health-and-globalisation.md) ### 6 Option 1: Work, Poverty & Welfare - 6.1 Poverty & Wealth - [6.1.1 Types of Poverty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-1-types-of-poverty.md) - [6.1.2 Types of Poverty 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-2-types-of-poverty-2.md) - [6.1.3 Distribution of Wealth UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-3-distribution-of-wealth-uk.md) - [6.1.4 Sociological Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-4-sociological-theories.md) - [6.1.5 Sociological Theories 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-5-sociological-theories-2.md) - [6.1.6 Distribution of Poverty UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-6-distribution-of-poverty-uk.md) - [6.1.7 End of Topic Test - Poverty & Wealth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-7-end-of-topic-test-poverty-and-wealth.md) - 6.2 Welfare - [6.2.1 The Welfare State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-2-1-the-welfare-state.md) - [6.2.2 Theoretical Approaches to Welfare](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-2-2-theoretical-approaches-to-welfare.md) - 6.3 Labour Process - [6.3.1 Nature of Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-1-nature-of-work.md) - [6.3.2 Technology & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-2-technology-and-control.md) - [6.3.3 Work & Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-3-work-and-life.md) - [6.3.4 The Effects of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-4-the-effects-of-globalisation.md) - [6.3.5 Globalisation & Worklessness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-5-globalisation-and-worklessness.md) - [6.3.6 End of Topic Test - Welfare & Labour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-6-end-of-topic-test-welfare-and-labour.md) ### 7 Option 2: Beliefs in Society - 7.1 Ideology, Science & Religion - [7.1.1 Types of Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-1-types-of-religion.md) - [7.1.2 Ideology & Belief Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-2-ideology-and-belief-systems.md) - [7.1.3 Social Stability & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-3-social-stability-and-religion.md) - [7.1.4 Social Change & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-4-social-change-and-religion.md) - [7.1.5 End of Topic Test - Ideology, Science & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-5-end-of-topic-test-ideology-science-and-religion.md) - 7.2 Religious Movements - [7.2.1 Religious Organisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-1-religious-organisations.md) - [7.2.2 New Religious Movements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-2-new-religious-movements.md) - [7.2.3 New Age Movements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-3-new-age-movements.md) - [7.2.4 Practice Exam Question - Growth of NRMs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-4-practice-exam-question-growth-of-nrms.md) - 7.3 Society & Religion - [7.3.1 Social Groups & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-3-1-social-groups-and-religion.md) - [7.3.2 Gender & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-3-2-gender-and-religion.md) - [7.3.3 End of Topic Test- Religious Movements & Society](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-3-3-end-of-topic-test-religious-movements-and-society.md) - 7.4 Contemporary Religion - [7.4.1 Secularisation UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-1-secularisation-uk.md) - [7.4.2 Against Secularisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-2-against-secularisation.md) - [7.4.3 Secularisation US](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-3-secularisation-us.md) - [7.4.4 Fundamentalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-4-fundamentalism.md) - [7.4.5 Economic Development & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-5-economic-development-and-religion.md) - [7.4.6 End of Topic - Contemporary Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-6-end-of-topic-contemporary-religion.md) ### 8 Option 2: Global Development - 8.1 Development, Underdevelopment & Global Inequality - [8.1.1 Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-1-1-development.md) - [8.1.2 Underdevelopment & Global Inequality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-1-2-underdevelopment-and-global-inequality.md) - 8.2 Globalisation & Global Organisations - [8.2.1 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-2-1-globalisation.md) - [8.2.2 Transnational Corporations & International Agency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-2-2-transnational-corporations-and-international-agency.md) - [8.2.3 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-2-3-non-governmental-organisations-ngos.md) - 8.3 Aid, Trade, Industrialisation, Urbanisation - [8.3.1 Development: Aid & Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-3-1-development-aid-and-trade.md) - [8.3.2 Development: Industrialisation & Urbanisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-3-2-development-industrialisation-and-urbanisation.md) - [8.3.3 Development: Environment & War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-3-3-development-environment-and-war.md) ### 9 Option 2: The Media - 9.1 Contemporary Media - [9.1.1 New Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-1-new-media.md) - [9.1.2 Control of the Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-2-control-of-the-media.md) - [9.1.3 Sociological Approaches: New Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-3-sociological-approaches-new-media.md) - [9.1.4 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-4-globalisation.md) - [9.1.5 News Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-5-news-selection.md) - [9.1.6 Moral Panics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-6-moral-panics.md) - [9.1.7 End of Topic Test - Contemporary Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-7-end-of-topic-test-contemporary-media.md) - 9.2 Media Representations - [9.2.1 Age](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-1-age.md) - [9.2.2 Social Class & Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-2-social-class-and-ethnicity.md) - [9.2.3 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-3-gender.md) - [9.2.4 Sexuality & Disability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-4-sexuality-and-disability.md) - [9.2.5 Practice Exam Questions - Presentation of Women](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-5-practice-exam-questions-presentation-of-women.md) - 9.3 Audiences - [9.3.1 Media Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-3-1-media-theories.md) - [9.3.2 Media Theories 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-3-2-media-theories-2.md) - [9.3.3 Media Representations & Audiences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-3-3-media-representations-and-audiences.md) ### 10 Crime & Deviance - 10.1 Crime & Society - [10.1.1 Functionalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-1-functionalism.md) - [10.1.2 Subcultural Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-2-subcultural-theory.md) - [10.1.3 Marxism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-3-marxism.md) - [10.1.4 Moral Entrepreneurs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-4-moral-entrepreneurs.md) - [10.1.5 Labelling Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-5-labelling-theory.md) - [10.1.6 Realism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-6-realism.md) - [10.1.7 Other Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-7-other-approaches.md) - [10.1.8 End of Topic Test - Crime & Society](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-8-end-of-topic-test-crime-and-society.md) - [10.1.9 Practice Exam Questions - Social Construction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-9-practice-exam-questions-social-construction.md) - 10.2 Social Distribution of Crime - [10.2.1 Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-1-ethnicity.md) - [10.2.2 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-2-gender.md) - [10.2.3 Globalisation & Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-3-globalisation-and-crime.md) - [10.2.4 Media & Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-4-media-and-crime.md) - [10.2.5 Types of Crimes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-5-types-of-crimes.md) - [10.2.6 End of Topic Test - Social Distribution of Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-6-end-of-topic-test-social-distribution-of-crime.md) - 10.3 Prevention & Punishment - [10.3.1 Surveillance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-1-surveillance.md) - [10.3.2 Prevention](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-2-prevention.md) - [10.3.3 Punishment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-3-punishment.md) - [10.3.4 Victimology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-4-victimology.md) - [10.3.5 End of Topic Test - Prevention & Punishment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-5-end-of-topic-test-prevention-and-punishment.md)