Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-2-birth-rates

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Sociology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa.md) › Birth Rates

# Birth Rates

Sociology: AQA A Level, topic 4.5.2

## Birth Rate, Fertility Rate and Average Family Size

Since 1900 in the UK, the birth rate, the general and the total fertility rate have all been declining, resulting in smaller families.

### Definitions

![Definitions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/239c4c86-be1d-47af-a9bf-fa7ddb9e9047/shutterstock_487631260.jpg)

- The birth rate is defined as the number of births per 1,000 of the population each year.
- The general fertility rate is defined as the number of live births per 1,000 women of child-bearing age (15-44) per year. 
- The total fertility rate is defined as the average number of children a woman will have during their child-bearing years.

### UK trends

![UK trends](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/8a8c9055-7080-4912-a5c5-8d77241285b2/people-1839564_1920.jpg)

- Since 1900, the birth rate, the general fertility rate and the total fertility rate have all been declining, resulting in smaller families.
- There have been a number of periodic increases in the birth rate in the UK; these are known as ‘baby booms’.

### ‘Baby booms’

![‘Baby booms’](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/c153fb04-3dbd-42e4-b146-cd4adf09a15d/shutterstock_633855362.jpg)

- Baby booms occurred after:
  - The two world wars (as couples started families following separation).
  - In the 1960’s as living standards rose.
  - In the 2000’s as women who had delayed having children until they were older began having families.

## Explaining the Decline in Birth and Fertility Rates

There are a multitude of reasons that explain the decline in birth and fertility rates, including changes to social attitudes and values, laws, and financial situations.

### Career women

![Career women](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/be6d4770-5927-4675-8c09-ef91f1cbb575/shutterstock_398844676.jpg)

- More women are choosing to pursue their own careers rather than raising children, limiting the number of children they can have or waiting until they are older and have established a career.

### Contraception

![Contraception](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/82e6b560-63df-4e85-a8f2-c793f62a5164/contraceptive-pills-849413_1920.jpg)

- Contraception is now more effective, safer and cheaper and there is access to safe and legal abortions (since 1967).

### Financial responsibilities

![Financial responsibilities](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/eabcc4d5-7a20-4d7b-9413-8dcb46d2b23d/girl-money-finance.jpg)

- Since being barred from employment in the nineteenth century, children have become an economic liability as they can no longer contribute to the family income.
- They also need supporting during many years of compulsory education.

### Infant mortality

![Infant mortality](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/6.2.1%20-%20Variation%20and%20evolution/strong-baby.jpg)

- The declining infant mortality rate means that more children are living beyond the age of five years old, so parents don’t need to have more children in the hope that some will survive.

### Changing values

![Changing values](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/26b59c4d-5a05-4179-a4fc-227d4f1f5c8a/muslim_family_eating.jpg)

- Society has become more child-centred, meaning that parents can spend more time with fewer children.
- The introduction of the welfare state means that parents no longer require children to care for them in their old age.

### Individualisation

![Individualisation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/7b954886-6507-4203-879a-c6f096d874a7/shutterstock_281254388.jpg)

- The need for a geographically mobile workforce has lead to smaller families that can be moved easily from one part of the country to another in pursuit of work.
- Changing values and the growth of individualisation means that couples are becoming reluctant to sacrifice their way of life in order to have children.

## Consequences of a Falling Birth Rate

The falling birth rate affects people of all ages within society in the UK.

### Family structure

![Family structure](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/d467714b-128c-49f1-bbaa-3369fc0ed103/apprenticeship-school-work-job.jpg)

- As women are more likely to be in full-time employment, dual income or symmetrical families become more common.

### Dependency ratio

![Dependency ratio](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-11/7d0e74f8-12f2-45b8-8c08-7bc7f0607f1c/read-newspaper-man-old-.jpg)

- A shift in the dependency ratio.
- Fewer people are entering the workforce while more people are retiring, leading to higher levels of taxation on the working population to support the retired majority and a rise in the retirement age so that people work for longer.

### Public spending

![Public spending](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/f8c735b6-696f-4da0-bcfe-e2184ce6362c/school-children-learning.jpg)

- Less spending on public services and policies for children, so fewer schools, less spending on child benefits and less spending on healthcare.

## Test yourself on Birth Rates

- When was abortion legalised in the UK?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/73653830-65a6-11e8-9923-5d9eaf994fae/section/e0827506-7eee-4841-86ae-d1d0569ffade/session)

- Previous topic: [4.5.1 Introduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-1-introduction.md)
- Next topic: [4.5.3 Death Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-3-death-rates.md)

## Sociology: AQA A Level contents

### 1 Theory & Methods
- 1.1 Sociological Theories
  - [1.1.1 Marxism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-1-1-marxism.md)
  - [1.1.2 Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-1-2-feminism.md)
  - [1.1.3 Social Action Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-1-3-social-action-theories.md)
- 1.2 Sociological Methods
  - [1.2.1 Types of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-1-types-of-data.md)
  - [1.2.2 Positivism & Interpretivism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-2-positivism-and-interpretivism.md)
  - [1.2.3 Research Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-3-research-design.md)
  - [1.2.4 Research Considerations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-4-research-considerations.md)
  - [1.2.5 Values in Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-5-values-in-research.md)
  - [1.2.6 Modernity & Post-Modernity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-6-modernity-and-post-modernity.md)
  - [1.2.7 Sociology as a Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-7-sociology-as-a-science.md)
  - [1.2.8 Sociology & Social Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-8-sociology-and-social-policy.md)
  - [1.2.9 End of Topic Test - Sociology Methods & Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-2-9-end-of-topic-test-sociology-methods-and-theories.md)
- 1.3 Sources of Data
  - [1.3.1 Introduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-1-introduction.md)
  - [1.3.2 Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-2-experiments.md)
  - [1.3.3 Surveys](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-3-surveys.md)
  - [1.3.4 Longitudinal Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-4-longitudinal-studies.md)
  - [1.3.5 Questionnaires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-5-questionnaires.md)
  - [1.3.6 Types of Questionnaires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-6-types-of-questionnaires.md)
  - [1.3.7 Interviews](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-7-interviews.md)
  - [1.3.8 Observation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-8-observation.md)
  - [1.3.9 Case Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-9-case-studies.md)
  - [1.3.10 Documents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-10-documents.md)
  - [1.3.11 Official Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-11-official-statistics.md)
  - [1.3.12 End of Topic Test - Sources of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/1-3-12-end-of-topic-test-sources-of-data.md)

### 2 Education with Methods in Context
- 2.1 Role & Function of the Education System
  - [2.1.1 Introduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-1-1-introduction.md)
  - [2.1.2 Functionalist Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-1-2-functionalist-theories.md)
  - [2.1.3 Marxist & Feminist Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-1-3-marxist-and-feminist-theories.md)
  - [2.1.4 The New Right](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-1-4-the-new-right.md)
- 2.2 Educational Achievement
  - [2.2.1 Social Class: Internal Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-1-social-class-internal-factors.md)
  - [2.2.2 Social Class: External Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-2-social-class-external-factors.md)
  - [2.2.3 Social Class: Attitudes to Education](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-3-social-class-attitudes-to-education.md)
  - [2.2.4 Social Class: Difference in Achievement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-4-social-class-difference-in-achievement.md)
  - [2.2.5 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-5-gender.md)
  - [2.2.6 Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-2-6-ethnicity.md)
- 2.3 Relationships & Processes Within Schools
  - [2.3.1 Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-1-processes.md)
  - [2.3.2 Labelling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-2-labelling.md)
  - [2.3.3 Categorisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-3-categorisations.md)
  - [2.3.4 Student Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-4-student-experience.md)
  - [2.3.5 End of Topic Test -Education with Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-3-5-end-of-topic-test-education-with-methods.md)
- 2.4 Educational Policies
  - [2.4.1 Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-1-equality.md)
  - [2.4.2 Privatisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-2-privatisation.md)
  - [2.4.3 Marketisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-3-marketisation.md)
  - [2.4.4 Government Policies by Party](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-4-government-policies-by-party.md)
  - [2.4.5 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-5-globalisation.md)
  - [2.4.6 End of Topic Test- Educational Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-6-end-of-topic-test-educational-policies.md)
  - [2.4.7 Practice Exam Question - Social Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/2-4-7-practice-exam-question-social-policies.md)

### 3 Option 1: Culture & Identity
- 3.1 Conceptions of Culture
  - [3.1.1 Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-1-culture.md)
  - [3.1.2 Dominant vs Subculture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-2-dominant-vs-subculture.md)
  - [3.1.3 Subcultures](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-3-subcultures.md)
  - [3.1.4 Mass Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-4-mass-culture.md)
  - [3.1.5 Popular Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-5-popular-culture.md)
  - [3.1.6 Global Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-6-global-culture.md)
  - [3.1.7 End of Topic Test - Culture and Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-1-7-end-of-topic-test-culture-and-identity.md)
- 3.2 Identity & Socialisation
  - [3.2.1 Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-1-identities.md)
  - [3.2.2 Socialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-2-socialisation.md)
  - [3.2.3 Secondary Socialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-3-secondary-socialisation.md)
  - [3.2.4 Theories of Socialisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-4-theories-of-socialisation.md)
  - [3.2.5 End of Topic Test - Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-5-end-of-topic-test-identity.md)
  - [3.2.6 Practice Exam Question - Socialisation & Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-2-6-practice-exam-question-socialisation-and-equality.md)
- 3.3 Social Identity
  - [3.3.1 Social Class](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-1-social-class.md)
  - [3.3.2 Upper & Middle Class](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-2-upper-and-middle-class.md)
  - [3.3.3 Working & Underclass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-3-working-and-underclass.md)
  - [3.3.4 Social Class Evaluation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-4-social-class-evaluation.md)
  - [3.3.5 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-5-gender.md)
  - [3.3.6 Changing Gender Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-6-changing-gender-identities.md)
  - [3.3.7 Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-7-ethnicity.md)
  - [3.3.8 Age](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-8-age.md)
  - [3.3.9 Disability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-9-disability.md)
  - [3.3.10 Nationality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-10-nationality.md)
  - [3.3.11 End of Topic Test - Social Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-3-11-end-of-topic-test-social-identity.md)
- 3.4 Production, Consumption & Globalisation
  - [3.4.1 Production & Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-4-1-production-and-consumption.md)
  - [3.4.2 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-4-2-globalisation.md)
  - [3.4.3 Evaluation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-4-3-evaluation.md)
  - [3.4.4 End of Topic Test - Production](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/3-4-4-end-of-topic-test-production.md)

### 4 Option 1: Families & Households
- 4.1 Families & Households
  - [4.1.1 Definitions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-1-definitions.md)
  - [4.1.2 Functionalist & New Right Perspectives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-2-functionalist-and-new-right-perspectives.md)
  - [4.1.3 Marxist & Feminist Perspectives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-3-marxist-and-feminist-perspectives.md)
  - [4.1.4 Postmodernist Perspective](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-4-postmodernist-perspective.md)
  - [4.1.5 End of Topic Test - Families & Households](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-5-end-of-topic-test-families-and-households.md)
  - [4.1.6 Practice Exam Question - Function of Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-1-6-practice-exam-question-function-of-family.md)
- 4.2 Changing Patterns
  - [4.2.1 Marriage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-1-marriage.md)
  - [4.2.2 Divorce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-2-divorce.md)
  - [4.2.3 LAT Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-3-lat-relationships.md)
  - [4.2.4 Child-Bearing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-4-child-bearing.md)
  - [4.2.5 Lone Parenthood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-5-lone-parenthood.md)
  - [4.2.6 Diversity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-6-diversity.md)
  - [4.2.7 The Sociology of Personal Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-7-the-sociology-of-personal-life.md)
  - [4.2.8 Government Policies Post-WW2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-8-government-policies-post-ww2.md)
  - [4.2.9 End of Topic Test - Changing Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-2-9-end-of-topic-test-changing-patterns.md)
- 4.3 The Symmetrical Family
  - [4.3.1 The Symmetrical Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-3-1-the-symmetrical-family.md)
  - [4.3.2 Evaluation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-3-2-evaluation.md)
- 4.4 Children & Childhood
  - [4.4.1 Childhood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-1-childhood.md)
  - [4.4.2 Childhood in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-2-childhood-in-the-uk.md)
  - [4.4.3 Childhood as a Social Construct](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-3-childhood-as-a-social-construct.md)
  - [4.4.4 The Disappearance of Childhood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-4-the-disappearance-of-childhood.md)
  - [4.4.5 Child Abuse](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-5-child-abuse.md)
  - [4.4.6 Domestic Violence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-6-domestic-violence.md)
  - [4.4.7 End of Topic Test - Family & Childhood](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-4-7-end-of-topic-test-family-and-childhood.md)
- 4.5 Demographic Trends UK
  - [4.5.1 Introduction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-1-introduction.md)
  - [4.5.2 Birth Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-2-birth-rates.md)
  - [4.5.3 Death Rates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-3-death-rates.md)
  - [4.5.4 The Ageing Population](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-4-the-ageing-population.md)
  - [4.5.5 Studies on the Ageing Population](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-5-studies-on-the-ageing-population.md)
  - [4.5.6 Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-6-migration.md)
  - [4.5.7 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-7-globalisation.md)
  - [4.5.8 End of Topic Test - Demographics UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/4-5-8-end-of-topic-test-demographics-uk.md)

### 5 Option 1: Health
- 5.1 Social Constructions
  - [5.1.1 The Body](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-1-the-body.md)
  - [5.1.2 Health, Illness & Disease](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-2-health-illness-and-disease.md)
  - [5.1.3 Disability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-3-disability.md)
  - [5.1.4 Models of Health & Illness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-4-models-of-health-and-illness.md)
  - [5.1.5 End of Topic Test - Social Constructions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-1-5-end-of-topic-test-social-constructions.md)
- 5.2 Social Distribution of Healthcare
  - [5.2.1 Social Class](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-2-1-social-class.md)
  - [5.2.2 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-2-2-gender.md)
  - [5.2.3 Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-2-3-ethnicity.md)
  - [5.2.4 Regional](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-2-4-regional.md)
- 5.3 Provision & Access to Healthcare
  - [5.3.1 The NHS](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-1-the-nhs.md)
  - [5.3.2 Inequalities in Provision](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-2-inequalities-in-provision.md)
  - [5.3.3 Sociological Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-3-sociological-explanations.md)
  - [5.3.4 Inequalities in Access](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-4-inequalities-in-access.md)
  - [5.3.5 Inequalities in Access 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-5-inequalities-in-access-2.md)
  - [5.3.6 End of Topic Test - Distribution Health](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-3-6-end-of-topic-test-distribution-health.md)
- 5.4 Mental Health
  - [5.4.1 The Biomedical Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-4-1-the-biomedical-approach.md)
  - [5.4.2 Social Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-4-2-social-patterns.md)
  - [5.4.3 Social Constructionist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-4-3-social-constructionist-approach.md)
- 5.5 The Globalised Health Industry
  - [5.5.1 The Functionalist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-5-1-the-functionalist-approach.md)
  - [5.5.2 The Postmodernist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-5-2-the-postmodernist-approach.md)
  - [5.5.3 The Globalised Health Industry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-5-3-the-globalised-health-industry.md)
  - [5.5.4 End of Topic Test - Mental Health & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/5-5-4-end-of-topic-test-mental-health-and-globalisation.md)

### 6 Option 1: Work, Poverty & Welfare
- 6.1 Poverty & Wealth
  - [6.1.1 Types of Poverty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-1-types-of-poverty.md)
  - [6.1.2 Types of Poverty 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-2-types-of-poverty-2.md)
  - [6.1.3 Distribution of Wealth UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-3-distribution-of-wealth-uk.md)
  - [6.1.4 Sociological Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-4-sociological-theories.md)
  - [6.1.5 Sociological Theories 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-5-sociological-theories-2.md)
  - [6.1.6 Distribution of Poverty UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-6-distribution-of-poverty-uk.md)
  - [6.1.7 End of Topic Test - Poverty & Wealth](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-1-7-end-of-topic-test-poverty-and-wealth.md)
- 6.2 Welfare
  - [6.2.1 The Welfare State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-2-1-the-welfare-state.md)
  - [6.2.2 Theoretical Approaches to Welfare](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-2-2-theoretical-approaches-to-welfare.md)
- 6.3 Labour Process
  - [6.3.1 Nature of Work](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-1-nature-of-work.md)
  - [6.3.2 Technology & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-2-technology-and-control.md)
  - [6.3.3 Work & Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-3-work-and-life.md)
  - [6.3.4 The Effects of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-4-the-effects-of-globalisation.md)
  - [6.3.5 Globalisation & Worklessness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-5-globalisation-and-worklessness.md)
  - [6.3.6 End of Topic Test - Welfare & Labour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/6-3-6-end-of-topic-test-welfare-and-labour.md)

### 7 Option 2: Beliefs in Society
- 7.1 Ideology, Science & Religion
  - [7.1.1 Types of Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-1-types-of-religion.md)
  - [7.1.2 Ideology & Belief Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-2-ideology-and-belief-systems.md)
  - [7.1.3 Social Stability & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-3-social-stability-and-religion.md)
  - [7.1.4 Social Change & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-4-social-change-and-religion.md)
  - [7.1.5 End of Topic Test - Ideology, Science & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-1-5-end-of-topic-test-ideology-science-and-religion.md)
- 7.2 Religious Movements
  - [7.2.1 Religious Organisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-1-religious-organisations.md)
  - [7.2.2 New Religious Movements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-2-new-religious-movements.md)
  - [7.2.3 New Age Movements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-3-new-age-movements.md)
  - [7.2.4 Practice Exam Question - Growth of NRMs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-2-4-practice-exam-question-growth-of-nrms.md)
- 7.3 Society & Religion
  - [7.3.1 Social Groups & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-3-1-social-groups-and-religion.md)
  - [7.3.2 Gender & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-3-2-gender-and-religion.md)
  - [7.3.3 End of Topic Test- Religious Movements & Society](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-3-3-end-of-topic-test-religious-movements-and-society.md)
- 7.4 Contemporary Religion
  - [7.4.1 Secularisation UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-1-secularisation-uk.md)
  - [7.4.2 Against Secularisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-2-against-secularisation.md)
  - [7.4.3 Secularisation US](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-3-secularisation-us.md)
  - [7.4.4 Fundamentalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-4-fundamentalism.md)
  - [7.4.5 Economic Development & Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-5-economic-development-and-religion.md)
  - [7.4.6 End of Topic - Contemporary Religion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/7-4-6-end-of-topic-contemporary-religion.md)

### 8 Option 2: Global Development
- 8.1 Development, Underdevelopment & Global Inequality
  - [8.1.1 Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-1-1-development.md)
  - [8.1.2 Underdevelopment & Global Inequality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-1-2-underdevelopment-and-global-inequality.md)
- 8.2 Globalisation & Global Organisations
  - [8.2.1 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-2-1-globalisation.md)
  - [8.2.2 Transnational Corporations & International Agency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-2-2-transnational-corporations-and-international-agency.md)
  - [8.2.3 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-2-3-non-governmental-organisations-ngos.md)
- 8.3 Aid, Trade, Industrialisation, Urbanisation
  - [8.3.1 Development: Aid & Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-3-1-development-aid-and-trade.md)
  - [8.3.2 Development: Industrialisation & Urbanisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-3-2-development-industrialisation-and-urbanisation.md)
  - [8.3.3 Development: Environment & War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/8-3-3-development-environment-and-war.md)

### 9 Option 2: The Media
- 9.1 Contemporary Media
  - [9.1.1 New Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-1-new-media.md)
  - [9.1.2 Control of the Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-2-control-of-the-media.md)
  - [9.1.3 Sociological Approaches: New Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-3-sociological-approaches-new-media.md)
  - [9.1.4 Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-4-globalisation.md)
  - [9.1.5 News Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-5-news-selection.md)
  - [9.1.6 Moral Panics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-6-moral-panics.md)
  - [9.1.7 End of Topic Test - Contemporary Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-1-7-end-of-topic-test-contemporary-media.md)
- 9.2 Media Representations
  - [9.2.1 Age](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-1-age.md)
  - [9.2.2 Social Class & Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-2-social-class-and-ethnicity.md)
  - [9.2.3 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-3-gender.md)
  - [9.2.4 Sexuality & Disability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-4-sexuality-and-disability.md)
  - [9.2.5 Practice Exam Questions - Presentation of Women](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-2-5-practice-exam-questions-presentation-of-women.md)
- 9.3 Audiences
  - [9.3.1 Media Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-3-1-media-theories.md)
  - [9.3.2 Media Theories 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-3-2-media-theories-2.md)
  - [9.3.3 Media Representations & Audiences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/9-3-3-media-representations-and-audiences.md)

### 10 Crime & Deviance
- 10.1 Crime & Society
  - [10.1.1 Functionalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-1-functionalism.md)
  - [10.1.2 Subcultural Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-2-subcultural-theory.md)
  - [10.1.3 Marxism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-3-marxism.md)
  - [10.1.4 Moral Entrepreneurs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-4-moral-entrepreneurs.md)
  - [10.1.5 Labelling Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-5-labelling-theory.md)
  - [10.1.6 Realism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-6-realism.md)
  - [10.1.7 Other Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-7-other-approaches.md)
  - [10.1.8 End of Topic Test - Crime & Society](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-8-end-of-topic-test-crime-and-society.md)
  - [10.1.9 Practice Exam Questions - Social Construction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-1-9-practice-exam-questions-social-construction.md)
- 10.2 Social Distribution of Crime
  - [10.2.1 Ethnicity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-1-ethnicity.md)
  - [10.2.2 Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-2-gender.md)
  - [10.2.3 Globalisation & Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-3-globalisation-and-crime.md)
  - [10.2.4 Media & Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-4-media-and-crime.md)
  - [10.2.5 Types of Crimes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-5-types-of-crimes.md)
  - [10.2.6 End of Topic Test - Social Distribution of Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-2-6-end-of-topic-test-social-distribution-of-crime.md)
- 10.3 Prevention & Punishment
  - [10.3.1 Surveillance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-1-surveillance.md)
  - [10.3.2 Prevention](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-2-prevention.md)
  - [10.3.3 Punishment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-3-punishment.md)
  - [10.3.4 Victimology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-4-victimology.md)
  - [10.3.5 End of Topic Test - Prevention & Punishment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/sociology/aqa/10-3-5-end-of-topic-test-prevention-and-punishment.md)