Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-1-dietrich-bonhoeffer-and-the-confessing-church [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Religious Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies.md) › [OCR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr.md) › Dietrich Bonhoeffer & the Confessing Church # Dietrich Bonhoeffer & the Confessing Church Religious Studies: OCR A Level, topic 3.6.1 ## Dietrich Bonhoeffer Dietrich Bonhoeffer was born in Germany on the 4th of February 1906. He was ordained in 1931. ### Christians and the Nazi Party ![Christians and the Nazi Party](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/9a8adb53-7827-4a6e-b9c1-596ded668ded/nazi-flags.jpg) - Bonhoeffer lived at a very testing time. - German Christians were divided by the rise of Hitler and the power and influence of the Nazi Party. - Some Christians joined the Nazi Party, which meant incorporating everything that Nazism embodied. Much of this went against the teachings of Jesus - in particular, Jesus’ greatest commandment to **‘love your neighbour’** (Matthew 22:37 – 39). ### German Protestants split ![German Protestants split](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/3c1c04c5-203b-43f1-9f51-36074b245326/tear-5033206_1920.png) - In 1934, there was a split in the German Protestant Churches between the Christians in the Nazi-controlled German Church and a new Confessing Church, which sought to be separate from the political ideology and, in particular, the ever-growing Nazi party. ### The Barmen Declaration ![The Barmen Declaration](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/daddc335-ad80-4186-8104-339df89b2d28/karl-barth-.jpg) - The Confessing Church gathered in 1934 at Barmen to produce the Barmen Declaration. This was written by Karl Barth. - They wanted to regain some control and reinforce true Church teachings as Hitler had taken control over much of it. - In particular, the Confessing Church rejected the move by the German hierarchy to ban anyone who was not of Aryan descent from taking on a leadership position within the Church. ### Emphasis on discipleship ![Emphasis on discipleship](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/be1d8d3f-4dbf-4626-b289-f9e005a48aa5/hitler-radio.jpg) - Bonhoeffer placed a huge emphasis on discipleship. - Discipleship involves showing exclusive obedience to the leadership of God and burning all other legal ties. - This would have been controversial at the time because it placed discipleship above the law and any human leadership, including that of Hitler and the Nazi party. - It also places discipleship above the responsibilities of citizenship. Put very simply, this meant that for Bonhoeffer, God came above Hitler and the Nazi party. ## Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the Confessing Church The Confessing Church was a breakaway church. When the Confessing Church congregated in 1934 in Barmen, they produced the Barmen declaration. It was written by Karl Barth. ### Ideas rejected by the Church ![Ideas rejected by the Church](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/51685663-0538-4089-88d0-08fbf4122f31/rejected-.jpg) - In 1934, the Church congregated and decided to reject: - The Nazi ideology of Aryan supremacy. - The anti-Jewish laws. - The identification of Hitler as a figure who fulfilled the Christian vision. ### The Barmen declaration ![The Barmen declaration](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/11d1a6e0-991e-411c-8442-a9ead7ed63aa/crucifix-christian-.jpg) - The core beliefs found in the Barmen Declaration were: 1) Jesus is the only true leader and the only way to God 2) Christians must not follow any teaching that does not come from the revelation of Jesus. 3) Other ideologies do not have authority over a person’s life. ### Religious community at Finkenwalde ![Religious community at Finkenwalde](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/1e16f7d6-071a-4784-998e-64fe6bb93089/finkenwalde-.jpg) - In 1935, the leaders of the Confessing Church asked Bonhoeffer to lead and direct a secret and illegal seminary – a place that trained new pastors. - This became the religious community at Finkenwalde. The seminary was closed in 1937 by the Gestapo. ### Bonhoeffer's unhappiness ![Bonhoeffer's unhappiness](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/2066ab9a-09d1-44f1-a398-b3fff9076f49/dietrich-bonhoeffer-.jpg) - Bonhoeffer was unhappy that the Confessing Church was not prepared to voice criticism against the treatment of the Jews and the collapse of civil rights in Germany. He felt that the Church had become too concerned with its own situation. - Bonhoeffer became hostile about the bishops’ failure to stand up to the oppression. ## Test yourself on Dietrich Bonhoeffer & the Confessing Church - Which of these are true of the Confessing Church? - What did Bonhoeffer put discipleship above? - What did the Confessing Church decide to reject in 1934? - Which of these was NOT a core belief found in the Barmen Doctrine? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/cec01fd1-7f1f-4a01-a60e-235c0527cf3e/section/7e66fb3d-8f11-4bb7-8a53-27161fa0d6d4/session) - Previous topic: [3.5.4 Discussion Points: Love & the Bible](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-4-discussion-points-love-and-the-bible.md) - Next topic: [3.6.2 Bonhoeffer & Civil Disobedience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-2-bonhoeffer-and-civil-disobedience.md) ## Religious Studies: OCR A Level contents ### 1 Philosophy of Religion - 1.1 Ancient Philosophical Influences: Plato - [1.1.1 Plato's Understanding of Reality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-1-platos-understanding-of-reality.md) - [1.1.2 Plato's Theory of Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-2-platos-theory-of-forms.md) - [1.1.3 Plato's Analogy of the Cave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-3-platos-analogy-of-the-cave.md) - [1.1.4 The Purpose of Plato's Analogy of the Cave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-4-the-purpose-of-platos-analogy-of-the-cave.md) - [1.1.5 Evaluation of Plato's Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-5-evaluation-of-platos-theories.md) - 1.2 Ancient Philosophical Influences: Aristotle - [1.2.1 Aristotle's Understanding of Reality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-2-1-aristotles-understanding-of-reality.md) - [1.2.2 Aristotle's Four Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-2-2-aristotles-four-causes.md) - [1.2.3 Aristotle's Prime Mover](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-2-3-aristotles-prime-mover.md) - 1.3 Ancient Philosophical Influences: Soul, Mind, Body - [1.3.1 Plato & Aristotle's Views of the Soul](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-3-1-plato-and-aristotles-views-of-the-soul.md) - [1.3.2 Metaphysics of Consciousness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-3-2-metaphysics-of-consciousness.md) - [1.3.3 Materialism - Ryle’s Philosophical Behaviourism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-3-3-materialism-ryles-philosophical-behaviourism.md) - [1.3.4 Materialism - Identity Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-3-4-materialism-identity-theory.md) - 1.4 The Existence of God - Arguments from Observation - [1.4.1 The Teleological Argument - Aquinas' Fifth Way](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-1-the-teleological-argument-aquinas-fifth-way.md) - [1.4.2 The Teleological Argument - Paley & Evolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-2-the-teleological-argument-paley-and-evolution.md) - [1.4.3 The Cosmological Argument](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-3-the-cosmological-argument.md) - [1.4.4 Hume's Criticisms: Teleological & Cosmological](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-4-humes-criticisms-teleological-and-cosmological.md) - 1.5 The Existence of God - Arguments from Reason - [1.5.1 The Ontological Argument](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-5-1-the-ontological-argument.md) - [1.5.2 Criticisms of the Ontological Argument](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-5-2-criticisms-of-the-ontological-argument.md) - 1.6 Religious Experience - [1.6.1 Introduction to Religious Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-1-introduction-to-religious-experience.md) - [1.6.2 Mystical Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-2-mystical-experience.md) - [1.6.3 Conversion Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-3-conversion-experience.md) - [1.6.4 Understanding Religious Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-4-understanding-religious-experience.md) - [1.6.5 Issues Relating to Religious Experience - Validity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-5-issues-relating-to-religious-experience-validity.md) - [1.6.6 Issues Relating to Religious Experiences - People](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-6-issues-relating-to-religious-experiences-people.md) - 1.7 The Problem of Evil - [1.7.1 Presentations of the Problems of Evil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-7-1-presentations-of-the-problems-of-evil.md) - [1.7.2 Discussion Points -](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-7-2-discussion-points.md) - 1.8 The Nature & Attributes of God - [1.8.1 Omnipotence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-1-omnipotence.md) - [1.8.2 Omniscience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-2-omniscience.md) - [1.8.3 Boethius - Divine Knowledge, Free Will & Eternity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-3-boethius-divine-knowledge-free-will-and-eternity.md) - [1.8.4 (Omni)benevolence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-4-omnibenevolence.md) - [1.8.5 Eternity & Free Will](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-5-eternity-and-free-will.md) - 1.9 Religious Language: Negative, Analogical, Symbolic - [1.9.1 Apophatic & Cataphatic Way](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-9-1-apophatic-and-cataphatic-way.md) - [1.9.2 Symbol](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-9-2-symbol.md) - [1.9.3 Discussion Points: Religious Language](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-9-3-discussion-points-religious-language.md) - 1.10 Religious Language: 20th Century Perspective - [1.10.1 Logical Positivism & Verification Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-1-logical-positivism-and-verification-principle.md) - [1.10.2 Wittgenstein](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-2-wittgenstein.md) - [1.10.3 Falsification Symposium: Flew & Hare](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-3-falsification-symposium-flew-and-hare.md) - [1.10.4 Falsification Symposium: Mitchell](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-4-falsification-symposium-mitchell.md) - [1.10.5 Discussion Points: Verification & Falsification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-5-discussion-points-verification-and-falsification.md) - [1.10.6 Discussion Points: Aquinas vs Wittgenstein](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-6-discussion-points-aquinas-vs-wittgenstein.md) ### 2 Religion & Ethics - 2.1 Natural Law - [2.1.1 St Thomas Aquinas - Telos & Four Tiers of Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-1-st-thomas-aquinas-telos-and-four-tiers-of-law.md) - [2.1.2 St Thomas Aquinas - Precepts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-2-st-thomas-aquinas-precepts.md) - [2.1.3 St Thomas Aquinas - Real & Apparent Goods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-3-st-thomas-aquinas-real-and-apparent-goods.md) - [2.1.4 Discussion Points - Natural Law & Doing Good](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-4-discussion-points-natural-law-and-doing-good.md) - [2.1.5 Discussion Points - Telos & Double Effect Doctrine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-5-discussion-points-telos-and-double-effect-doctrine.md) - 2.2 Situation Ethics - [2.2.1 Fletcher's Situation Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-2-1-fletchers-situation-ethics.md) - [2.2.2 Fletcher's Concept of Conscience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-2-2-fletchers-concept-of-conscience.md) - [2.2.3 Discussion Points: Moral Decision-Making](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-2-3-discussion-points-moral-decision-making.md) - [2.2.4 Discussion Points - Agape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-2-4-discussion-points-agape.md) - 2.3 Kantian Ethics - [2.3.1 Introduction to Kantian Ethics & Duty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-3-1-introduction-to-kantian-ethics-and-duty.md) - [2.3.2 Hypothetical & Categorical Imperative](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-3-2-hypothetical-and-categorical-imperative.md) - [2.3.3 Summum Bonum & Three Postulates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-3-3-summum-bonum-and-three-postulates.md) - [2.3.4 Discussion Points: Kantian Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-3-4-discussion-points-kantian-ethics.md) - 2.4 Utilitarianism - [2.4.1 The Utility Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-4-1-the-utility-principle.md) - [2.4.2 Act & Rule Utilitarianism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-4-2-act-and-rule-utilitarianism.md) - [2.4.3 Discussion Points: Utilitarianism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-4-3-discussion-points-utilitarianism.md) - 2.5 Euthanasia - [2.5.1 Key Concepts for Euthanasia Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-5-1-key-concepts-for-euthanasia-debates.md) - [2.5.2 Discussion Points: Natural Law & Situation Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-5-2-discussion-points-natural-law-and-situation-ethics.md) - [2.5.3 Discussion Points: Sanctity of Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-5-3-discussion-points-sanctity-of-life.md) - [2.5.4 Discussion Points: Autonomy & Medical Intervention](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-5-4-discussion-points-autonomy-and-medical-intervention.md) - 2.6 Business Ethics - [2.6.1 Corporate Social Responsibility & Whistle-Blowing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-6-1-corporate-social-responsibility-and-whistle-blowing.md) - [2.6.2 Good Ethics & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-6-2-good-ethics-and-globalisation.md) - [2.6.3 Discussion Points: Utilitarianism & Kantian Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-6-3-discussion-points-utilitarianism-and-kantian-ethics.md) - [2.6.4 Discussion Points: CSR, Globalisation & Capitalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-6-4-discussion-points-csr-globalisation-and-capitalism.md) - 2.7 Meta-Ethical Theories - [2.7.1 Naturalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-7-1-naturalism.md) - [2.7.2 Intuitionism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-7-2-intuitionism.md) - [2.7.3 Emotivism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-7-3-emotivism.md) - [2.7.4 Meta-Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-7-4-meta-ethics.md) - 2.8 Conscience - [2.8.1 Aquinas' Theological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-8-1-aquinas-theological-approach.md) - [2.8.2 Freud's Psychological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-8-2-freuds-psychological-approach.md) - [2.8.3 Comparing Aquinas & Freud](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-8-3-comparing-aquinas-and-freud.md) - 2.9 Sexual Ethics - [2.9.1 Sexual Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-9-1-sexual-ethics.md) - [2.9.2 Development of Religious Beliefs on Sexual Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-9-2-development-of-religious-beliefs-on-sexual-ethics.md) - [2.9.3 Application of Sexual Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-9-3-application-of-sexual-ethics.md) - [2.9.4 Examining Sexual Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-9-4-examining-sexual-ethics.md) ### 3 Developments in Christian Thought - 3.1 Saint Augustine's Teachings - [3.1.1 Human Nature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-1-1-human-nature.md) - [3.1.2 Original Sin & God's Grace](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-1-2-original-sin-and-gods-grace.md) - 3.2 Death & the Afterlife - [3.2.1 Heaven, Hell, & Purgatory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-1-heaven-hell-and-purgatory.md) - [3.2.2 Different Interpretations of the Afterlife](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-2-different-interpretations-of-the-afterlife.md) - [3.2.3 Election](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-3-election.md) - [3.2.4 The Final Judgement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-4-the-final-judgement.md) - [3.2.5 Discussion Points: Heaven, Hell & Purgatory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-5-discussion-points-heaven-hell-and-purgatory.md) - 3.3 Knowledge of God's Existence - [3.3.1 Natural Knowledge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-1-natural-knowledge.md) - [3.3.2 Revealed Knowledge in Faith, Grace, & Jesus Christ](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-2-revealed-knowledge-in-faith-grace-and-jesus-christ.md) - [3.3.3 Revealed Knowledge in the Bible & Church](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-3-revealed-knowledge-in-the-bible-and-church.md) - [3.3.4 Discussion Points: Reason & Belief in God](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-4-discussion-points-reason-and-belief-in-god.md) - [3.3.5 Discussion Points: The Fall & Trust in God](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-5-discussion-points-the-fall-and-trust-in-god.md) - 3.4 The Person of Jesus Christ - [3.4.1 Jesus Christ’s Authority as the Son of God](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-4-1-jesus-christs-authority-as-the-son-of-god.md) - [3.4.2 Jesus Christ’s Authority as a Teacher of Wisdom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-4-2-jesus-christs-authority-as-a-teacher-of-wisdom.md) - [3.4.3 Jesus Christ’s Authority as a Liberator](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-4-3-jesus-christs-authority-as-a-liberator.md) - 3.5 Christian Moral Principles - [3.5.1 The Bible & Love](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-1-the-bible-and-love.md) - [3.5.2 Bible, Church & Reason](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-2-bible-church-and-reason.md) - [3.5.3 Discussion Points: Christian Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-3-discussion-points-christian-ethics.md) - [3.5.4 Discussion Points: Love & the Bible](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-4-discussion-points-love-and-the-bible.md) - 3.6 Christian Moral Action - [3.6.1 Dietrich Bonhoeffer & the Confessing Church](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-1-dietrich-bonhoeffer-and-the-confessing-church.md) - [3.6.2 Bonhoeffer & Civil Disobedience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-2-bonhoeffer-and-civil-disobedience.md) - [3.6.3 Bonhoeffer's Teaching on Ethics as Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-3-bonhoeffers-teaching-on-ethics-as-action.md) - [3.6.4 Discussion Points: Civil Disobedience & Bonhoeffer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-4-discussion-points-civil-disobedience-and-bonhoeffer.md) - 3.7 Development - Pluralism & Theology - [3.7.1 Pluralism & Theology: Exclusivism & Inclusivism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-7-1-pluralism-and-theology-exclusivism-and-inclusivism.md) - [3.7.2 Pluralism & Theology: Pluralism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-7-2-pluralism-and-theology-pluralism.md) - [3.7.3 Discussion Points: Salvation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-7-3-discussion-points-salvation.md) - [3.7.4 Discussion Points: Pluralism Undermining Beliefs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-7-4-discussion-points-pluralism-undermining-beliefs.md) - 3.8 Development - Pluralism & Society - [3.8.1 Development of Multi-Faith Societies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-1-development-of-multi-faith-societies.md) - [3.8.2 Responses to Inter-Faith Dialogue](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-2-responses-to-inter-faith-dialogue.md) - [3.8.3 The Scriptural Reasoning Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-3-the-scriptural-reasoning-movement.md) - [3.8.4 Discussion Points: Social Cohesion & Scripture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-4-discussion-points-social-cohesion-and-scripture.md) - [3.8.5 Discussion Points: Conversion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-5-discussion-points-conversion.md) - 3.9 Gender & Society - [3.9.1 Waves of Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-1-waves-of-feminism.md) - [3.9.2 Traditional Christian Views on Gender Roles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-2-traditional-christian-views-on-gender-roles.md) - [3.9.3 Christian Views on Gender Roles & Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-3-christian-views-on-gender-roles-and-family.md) - [3.9.4 Discussion Points: Secular Views of Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-4-discussion-points-secular-views-of-gender.md) - [3.9.5 Discussion Points: Motherhood & Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-5-discussion-points-motherhood-and-family.md) - 3.10 Gender & Theology - [3.10.1 Rosemary Radford Ruether](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-10-1-rosemary-radford-ruether.md) - [3.10.2 Mary Daly](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-10-2-mary-daly.md) - [3.10.3 Discussion Points: Ruether & Daly](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-10-3-discussion-points-ruether-and-daly.md) - [3.10.4 Discussion Points: Male Saviour & Female God](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-10-4-discussion-points-male-saviour-and-female-god.md) - 3.11 Challenges - [3.11.1 Secularism - Sigmund Freud](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-1-secularism-sigmund-freud.md) - [3.11.2 Secularism - Richard Dawkins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-2-secularism-richard-dawkins.md) - [3.11.3 Christianity & Public Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-3-christianity-and-public-life.md) - [3.11.4 Discussion Points: Spiritual Values](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-4-discussion-points-spiritual-values.md) - [3.11.5 Discussion Points: Social Values & Opportunities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-5-discussion-points-social-values-and-opportunities.md) - [3.11.6 Karl Marx](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-6-karl-marx.md) - [3.11.7 Liberation Theology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-7-liberation-theology.md)