Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-4-humes-criticisms-teleological-and-cosmological [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Religious Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies.md) › [OCR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr.md) › Hume's Criticisms: Teleological & Cosmological # Hume's Criticisms: Teleological & Cosmological Religious Studies: OCR A Level, topic 1.4.4 ## Hume's Criticisms of the Teleological Argument David Hume saw the following faults in the teleological argument. ### Unsound analogy ![Unsound analogy](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-11/1478dc75-e515-438b-bb9f-ea2d8866c482/stop-clock-apple-watch.jpg) - Analogies are stronger the more alike the two things being compared are. - In the case of the design argument, Hume claims that the world and the watch are very unlike each other. - The world is composed of organic and mineral matter, so it is not like a machine and more like an organism. ### One of many argument ![One of many argument](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/b7d76d5a-ea1d-4ff7-87ac-0f838d627420/gravity-.jpg) - Hume says that the governing principle of the world could be one of many - such as generation or gravity - and that these would work equally as well as intelligence. - There might not even be one supreme governing principle but many, each in charge of their own domain. ### Problems with man-made analogy ![Problems with man-made analogy](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/e779b959-f1fb-4204-80fb-0cd90f2ffac3/designer-.jpg) - The analogy of a man-made thing is bound to lead to the conclusion that the universe was designed. But Hume points out that we already have experience or knowledge of watches or houses being made, and so this just begs the question when it comes to the universe. - The analogy of a man-made thing also implies a human-like God (like effects imply like causes), but this causes problems as God is meant to be infinite in His qualities. ### Imperfect & immoral God ![Imperfect & immoral God](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/6c05811f-40b1-4b00-b9a3-804ff2ba1f67/Wrong-Incorrect-Not-No.jpg) - A perfect God cannot be inferred from the state of the universe. - As Hume says: **“The world is very faulty and imperfect, and was only the first rude essay of some infant deity who abandoned it”**. - Analogy leads to a non-moral God. - One should judge the craftsman on the quality of the work they produce – earthquakes and illness do not imply a just God. There could be two gods or forces: a good and an evil. That would explain far better the state of the universe. ## Hume's Criticisms of the Cosmological Argument David Hume saw the following faults in the cosmological argument. ### Against sufficient reason ![Against sufficient reason](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/f2fd9095-82b1-4ab9-a038-7e25010c29b3/cross-wrong-.png) - Hume attacks the principle of sufficient reason on which Aquinas' third way is founded. - This principle states that there should be a total explanation rather than a partial one for any phenomenon. ### The fallacy of composition ![The fallacy of composition](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/97554d92-a685-44ca-a3b2-1310872ec600/square-tiles-.jpg) - Hume argues that you cannot move from saying individual elements of the universe require an explanation to the whole universe requires one. - This is to commit the fallacy of composition. This is to assume that just because all the individual members of a group of things have a certain property, the group itself has that property. - For instance, just because all the tiles on a floor are square, this does not mean that the whole floor has to be square – it could be many other shapes. ### Limitation: fallacy of composition ![Limitation: fallacy of composition](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/6d8a2231-585c-4161-b4ec-b76aab6e2325/red-tiles-.jpg) - But the fallacy of composition is not formal and does not always hold. - If you substitute colour for shape in the floor tile example, the fallacy doesn’t work (if every floor tile is red, then the whole floor WILL be red). - So the question is whether contingency is more like shape or colour in the floor tile analogy. It is difficult to see, if everything in the universe is dependent on other things for existence, how the universe as a whole could not also be dependent on something else for existence. ### Reality of the 'whole' ![Reality of the 'whole'](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-11/57f169f7-6272-4b71-bcfc-1a0cc72af3c1/united-kingdom-constituency-region-.jpg) - Hume questions the reality of the ‘whole’ that people refer to, saying that ‘whole’ things are usually created by **“arbitrary acts of the mind”**. - E.g. When we unite several counties into one kingdom, this has no influence on the nature of things. It is simply a human perception. ## Hume's Criticisms of the Cosmological Argument David Hume saw the following faults in the cosmological argument. ### 'Universe' - a convenient word !['Universe' - a convenient word](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/9fd84c40-75c0-4195-9371-0284a01b1216/universe-space-.jpg) - The word ‘universe’ could be just a convenient term for our own perceptions, rather than referring to any reality. - Modern physics seem to provide some support for this – with the view of ‘pocket universes’ which exist within larger ones. To look for a ‘whole’ gets very difficult in this view. ### No cause/always existed ![No cause/always existed](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-04/1ea3d385-61d6-4616-9302-5bc9a5ce3f72/shutterstock_368546525.jpg) - Hume says that it is not inconceivable that the world had no cause or just always existed. - He says **“it is neither intuitively nor demonstratively certain”** that every object that begins to exist owes its existence to a cause. ### Like causes produce like effects ![Like causes produce like effects](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/2.4.1/rabbit-2940275_640-min.jpg) - Hume says that like causes produce like effects. - For example, parent rabbits produce baby rabbits. - So as many things in the universe seem to be the offspring of two parents, why should we assume that there is one male ‘parent’ of the universe – wouldn’t it make more sense to postulate a male and female creator God? ### Causation - psychological effect ![Causation - psychological effect](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-05/aa2164d7-6686-4224-8bca-1b7d8a4a1866/brain-1787622_1920-min.jpg) - To base an argument on causation is foolish as we can never be sure that causation is anything other than a psychological effect. - In fact, it is more foolish in the case of the universe, because as we lack past experience of formation of universes, we haven’t even got anything to base our ‘habit of mind’ on. ### Existential propositions ![Existential propositions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/94dce3fa-fd49-461f-9451-2af29753c121/question-2736480_1920.jpg) - Any being that exists can also not exist, and there is no contradiction implied in conceiving its non-existence. But this is exactly what would have to be the case if its existence were necessary. - So the term ‘necessary being’ makes no sense *a posteriori* – any being claimed to exist may or may not exist. - In Hume’s own words: **“all existential propositions are synthetic.”** ## Test yourself on Hume's Criticisms: Teleological & Cosmological - Why did Hume think the design argument was an unsound analogy? - Hume's criticisms of the design argument. - What does Hume say 'whole' things are usually created by? - What does Hume imply using offspring as potential evidence? - Why did Hume think it was foolish to base an argument about the creation of the universe on causation? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/cec01fd1-7f1f-4a01-a60e-235c0527cf3e/section/38b76bef-9f09-4dac-a820-5ed4a4a0a259/session) - Previous topic: [1.4.3 The Cosmological Argument](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-3-the-cosmological-argument.md) - Next topic: [1.5.1 The Ontological Argument](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-5-1-the-ontological-argument.md) ## Religious Studies: OCR A Level contents ### 1 Philosophy of Religion - 1.1 Ancient Philosophical Influences: Plato - [1.1.1 Plato's Understanding of Reality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-1-platos-understanding-of-reality.md) - [1.1.2 Plato's Theory of Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-2-platos-theory-of-forms.md) - [1.1.3 Plato's Analogy of the Cave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-3-platos-analogy-of-the-cave.md) - [1.1.4 The Purpose of Plato's Analogy of the Cave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-4-the-purpose-of-platos-analogy-of-the-cave.md) - [1.1.5 Evaluation of Plato's Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-1-5-evaluation-of-platos-theories.md) - 1.2 Ancient Philosophical Influences: Aristotle - [1.2.1 Aristotle's Understanding of Reality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-2-1-aristotles-understanding-of-reality.md) - [1.2.2 Aristotle's Four Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-2-2-aristotles-four-causes.md) - [1.2.3 Aristotle's Prime Mover](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-2-3-aristotles-prime-mover.md) - 1.3 Ancient Philosophical Influences: Soul, Mind, Body - [1.3.1 Plato & Aristotle's Views of the Soul](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-3-1-plato-and-aristotles-views-of-the-soul.md) - [1.3.2 Metaphysics of Consciousness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-3-2-metaphysics-of-consciousness.md) - [1.3.3 Materialism - Ryle’s Philosophical Behaviourism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-3-3-materialism-ryles-philosophical-behaviourism.md) - [1.3.4 Materialism - Identity Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-3-4-materialism-identity-theory.md) - 1.4 The Existence of God - Arguments from Observation - [1.4.1 The Teleological Argument - Aquinas' Fifth Way](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-1-the-teleological-argument-aquinas-fifth-way.md) - [1.4.2 The Teleological Argument - Paley & Evolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-2-the-teleological-argument-paley-and-evolution.md) - [1.4.3 The Cosmological Argument](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-3-the-cosmological-argument.md) - [1.4.4 Hume's Criticisms: Teleological & Cosmological](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-4-4-humes-criticisms-teleological-and-cosmological.md) - 1.5 The Existence of God - Arguments from Reason - [1.5.1 The Ontological Argument](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-5-1-the-ontological-argument.md) - [1.5.2 Criticisms of the Ontological Argument](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-5-2-criticisms-of-the-ontological-argument.md) - 1.6 Religious Experience - [1.6.1 Introduction to Religious Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-1-introduction-to-religious-experience.md) - [1.6.2 Mystical Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-2-mystical-experience.md) - [1.6.3 Conversion Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-3-conversion-experience.md) - [1.6.4 Understanding Religious Experience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-4-understanding-religious-experience.md) - [1.6.5 Issues Relating to Religious Experience - Validity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-5-issues-relating-to-religious-experience-validity.md) - [1.6.6 Issues Relating to Religious Experiences - People](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-6-6-issues-relating-to-religious-experiences-people.md) - 1.7 The Problem of Evil - [1.7.1 Presentations of the Problems of Evil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-7-1-presentations-of-the-problems-of-evil.md) - [1.7.2 Discussion Points -](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-7-2-discussion-points.md) - 1.8 The Nature & Attributes of God - [1.8.1 Omnipotence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-1-omnipotence.md) - [1.8.2 Omniscience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-2-omniscience.md) - [1.8.3 Boethius - Divine Knowledge, Free Will & Eternity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-3-boethius-divine-knowledge-free-will-and-eternity.md) - [1.8.4 (Omni)benevolence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-4-omnibenevolence.md) - [1.8.5 Eternity & Free Will](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-8-5-eternity-and-free-will.md) - 1.9 Religious Language: Negative, Analogical, Symbolic - [1.9.1 Apophatic & Cataphatic Way](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-9-1-apophatic-and-cataphatic-way.md) - [1.9.2 Symbol](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-9-2-symbol.md) - [1.9.3 Discussion Points: Religious Language](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-9-3-discussion-points-religious-language.md) - 1.10 Religious Language: 20th Century Perspective - [1.10.1 Logical Positivism & Verification Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-1-logical-positivism-and-verification-principle.md) - [1.10.2 Wittgenstein](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-2-wittgenstein.md) - [1.10.3 Falsification Symposium: Flew & Hare](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-3-falsification-symposium-flew-and-hare.md) - [1.10.4 Falsification Symposium: Mitchell](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-4-falsification-symposium-mitchell.md) - [1.10.5 Discussion Points: Verification & Falsification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-5-discussion-points-verification-and-falsification.md) - [1.10.6 Discussion Points: Aquinas vs Wittgenstein](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/1-10-6-discussion-points-aquinas-vs-wittgenstein.md) ### 2 Religion & Ethics - 2.1 Natural Law - [2.1.1 St Thomas Aquinas - Telos & Four Tiers of Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-1-st-thomas-aquinas-telos-and-four-tiers-of-law.md) - [2.1.2 St Thomas Aquinas - Precepts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-2-st-thomas-aquinas-precepts.md) - [2.1.3 St Thomas Aquinas - Real & Apparent Goods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-3-st-thomas-aquinas-real-and-apparent-goods.md) - [2.1.4 Discussion Points - Natural Law & Doing Good](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-4-discussion-points-natural-law-and-doing-good.md) - [2.1.5 Discussion Points - Telos & Double Effect Doctrine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-1-5-discussion-points-telos-and-double-effect-doctrine.md) - 2.2 Situation Ethics - [2.2.1 Fletcher's Situation Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-2-1-fletchers-situation-ethics.md) - [2.2.2 Fletcher's Concept of Conscience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-2-2-fletchers-concept-of-conscience.md) - [2.2.3 Discussion Points: Moral Decision-Making](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-2-3-discussion-points-moral-decision-making.md) - [2.2.4 Discussion Points - Agape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-2-4-discussion-points-agape.md) - 2.3 Kantian Ethics - [2.3.1 Introduction to Kantian Ethics & Duty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-3-1-introduction-to-kantian-ethics-and-duty.md) - [2.3.2 Hypothetical & Categorical Imperative](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-3-2-hypothetical-and-categorical-imperative.md) - [2.3.3 Summum Bonum & Three Postulates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-3-3-summum-bonum-and-three-postulates.md) - [2.3.4 Discussion Points: Kantian Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-3-4-discussion-points-kantian-ethics.md) - 2.4 Utilitarianism - [2.4.1 The Utility Principle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-4-1-the-utility-principle.md) - [2.4.2 Act & Rule Utilitarianism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-4-2-act-and-rule-utilitarianism.md) - [2.4.3 Discussion Points: Utilitarianism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-4-3-discussion-points-utilitarianism.md) - 2.5 Euthanasia - [2.5.1 Key Concepts for Euthanasia Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-5-1-key-concepts-for-euthanasia-debates.md) - [2.5.2 Discussion Points: Natural Law & Situation Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-5-2-discussion-points-natural-law-and-situation-ethics.md) - [2.5.3 Discussion Points: Sanctity of Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-5-3-discussion-points-sanctity-of-life.md) - [2.5.4 Discussion Points: Autonomy & Medical Intervention](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-5-4-discussion-points-autonomy-and-medical-intervention.md) - 2.6 Business Ethics - [2.6.1 Corporate Social Responsibility & Whistle-Blowing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-6-1-corporate-social-responsibility-and-whistle-blowing.md) - [2.6.2 Good Ethics & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-6-2-good-ethics-and-globalisation.md) - [2.6.3 Discussion Points: Utilitarianism & Kantian Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-6-3-discussion-points-utilitarianism-and-kantian-ethics.md) - [2.6.4 Discussion Points: CSR, Globalisation & Capitalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-6-4-discussion-points-csr-globalisation-and-capitalism.md) - 2.7 Meta-Ethical Theories - [2.7.1 Naturalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-7-1-naturalism.md) - [2.7.2 Intuitionism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-7-2-intuitionism.md) - [2.7.3 Emotivism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-7-3-emotivism.md) - [2.7.4 Meta-Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-7-4-meta-ethics.md) - 2.8 Conscience - [2.8.1 Aquinas' Theological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-8-1-aquinas-theological-approach.md) - [2.8.2 Freud's Psychological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-8-2-freuds-psychological-approach.md) - [2.8.3 Comparing Aquinas & Freud](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-8-3-comparing-aquinas-and-freud.md) - 2.9 Sexual Ethics - [2.9.1 Sexual Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-9-1-sexual-ethics.md) - [2.9.2 Development of Religious Beliefs on Sexual Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-9-2-development-of-religious-beliefs-on-sexual-ethics.md) - [2.9.3 Application of Sexual Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-9-3-application-of-sexual-ethics.md) - [2.9.4 Examining Sexual Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/2-9-4-examining-sexual-ethics.md) ### 3 Developments in Christian Thought - 3.1 Saint Augustine's Teachings - [3.1.1 Human Nature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-1-1-human-nature.md) - [3.1.2 Original Sin & God's Grace](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-1-2-original-sin-and-gods-grace.md) - 3.2 Death & the Afterlife - [3.2.1 Heaven, Hell, & Purgatory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-1-heaven-hell-and-purgatory.md) - [3.2.2 Different Interpretations of the Afterlife](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-2-different-interpretations-of-the-afterlife.md) - [3.2.3 Election](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-3-election.md) - [3.2.4 The Final Judgement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-4-the-final-judgement.md) - [3.2.5 Discussion Points: Heaven, Hell & Purgatory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-2-5-discussion-points-heaven-hell-and-purgatory.md) - 3.3 Knowledge of God's Existence - [3.3.1 Natural Knowledge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-1-natural-knowledge.md) - [3.3.2 Revealed Knowledge in Faith, Grace, & Jesus Christ](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-2-revealed-knowledge-in-faith-grace-and-jesus-christ.md) - [3.3.3 Revealed Knowledge in the Bible & Church](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-3-revealed-knowledge-in-the-bible-and-church.md) - [3.3.4 Discussion Points: Reason & Belief in God](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-4-discussion-points-reason-and-belief-in-god.md) - [3.3.5 Discussion Points: The Fall & Trust in God](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-3-5-discussion-points-the-fall-and-trust-in-god.md) - 3.4 The Person of Jesus Christ - [3.4.1 Jesus Christ’s Authority as the Son of God](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-4-1-jesus-christs-authority-as-the-son-of-god.md) - [3.4.2 Jesus Christ’s Authority as a Teacher of Wisdom](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-4-2-jesus-christs-authority-as-a-teacher-of-wisdom.md) - [3.4.3 Jesus Christ’s Authority as a Liberator](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-4-3-jesus-christs-authority-as-a-liberator.md) - 3.5 Christian Moral Principles - [3.5.1 The Bible & Love](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-1-the-bible-and-love.md) - [3.5.2 Bible, Church & Reason](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-2-bible-church-and-reason.md) - [3.5.3 Discussion Points: Christian Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-3-discussion-points-christian-ethics.md) - [3.5.4 Discussion Points: Love & the Bible](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-5-4-discussion-points-love-and-the-bible.md) - 3.6 Christian Moral Action - [3.6.1 Dietrich Bonhoeffer & the Confessing Church](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-1-dietrich-bonhoeffer-and-the-confessing-church.md) - [3.6.2 Bonhoeffer & Civil Disobedience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-2-bonhoeffer-and-civil-disobedience.md) - [3.6.3 Bonhoeffer's Teaching on Ethics as Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-3-bonhoeffers-teaching-on-ethics-as-action.md) - [3.6.4 Discussion Points: Civil Disobedience & Bonhoeffer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-6-4-discussion-points-civil-disobedience-and-bonhoeffer.md) - 3.7 Development - Pluralism & Theology - [3.7.1 Pluralism & Theology: Exclusivism & Inclusivism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-7-1-pluralism-and-theology-exclusivism-and-inclusivism.md) - [3.7.2 Pluralism & Theology: Pluralism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-7-2-pluralism-and-theology-pluralism.md) - [3.7.3 Discussion Points: Salvation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-7-3-discussion-points-salvation.md) - [3.7.4 Discussion Points: Pluralism Undermining Beliefs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-7-4-discussion-points-pluralism-undermining-beliefs.md) - 3.8 Development - Pluralism & Society - [3.8.1 Development of Multi-Faith Societies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-1-development-of-multi-faith-societies.md) - [3.8.2 Responses to Inter-Faith Dialogue](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-2-responses-to-inter-faith-dialogue.md) - [3.8.3 The Scriptural Reasoning Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-3-the-scriptural-reasoning-movement.md) - [3.8.4 Discussion Points: Social Cohesion & Scripture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-4-discussion-points-social-cohesion-and-scripture.md) - [3.8.5 Discussion Points: Conversion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-8-5-discussion-points-conversion.md) - 3.9 Gender & Society - [3.9.1 Waves of Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-1-waves-of-feminism.md) - [3.9.2 Traditional Christian Views on Gender Roles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-2-traditional-christian-views-on-gender-roles.md) - [3.9.3 Christian Views on Gender Roles & Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-3-christian-views-on-gender-roles-and-family.md) - [3.9.4 Discussion Points: Secular Views of Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-4-discussion-points-secular-views-of-gender.md) - [3.9.5 Discussion Points: Motherhood & Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-9-5-discussion-points-motherhood-and-family.md) - 3.10 Gender & Theology - [3.10.1 Rosemary Radford Ruether](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-10-1-rosemary-radford-ruether.md) - [3.10.2 Mary Daly](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-10-2-mary-daly.md) - [3.10.3 Discussion Points: Ruether & Daly](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-10-3-discussion-points-ruether-and-daly.md) - [3.10.4 Discussion Points: Male Saviour & Female God](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-10-4-discussion-points-male-saviour-and-female-god.md) - 3.11 Challenges - [3.11.1 Secularism - Sigmund Freud](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-1-secularism-sigmund-freud.md) - [3.11.2 Secularism - Richard Dawkins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-2-secularism-richard-dawkins.md) - [3.11.3 Christianity & Public Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-3-christianity-and-public-life.md) - [3.11.4 Discussion Points: Spiritual Values](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-4-discussion-points-spiritual-values.md) - [3.11.5 Discussion Points: Social Values & Opportunities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-5-discussion-points-social-values-and-opportunities.md) - [3.11.6 Karl Marx](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-6-karl-marx.md) - [3.11.7 Liberation Theology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/religious-studies/ocr/3-11-7-liberation-theology.md)