Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-5-biological-explanations-for-anorexia-nervosa

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Psychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa.md) › Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa

# Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa

Psychology: AQA A Level, topic 13.1.5

## Introducing Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder. The NHS website indicates people with anorexia exercise excessively and/or eat too little in an attempt to keep their weight as low as possible. Anorexia nervosa is often driven by body-image distortion.

### Prevalence of AN

![Prevalence of AN](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/9c72069c-f7f0-4b42-a045-48928b1e6d58/scale-403585_1920.jpg)

- According to the eating disorder charity BEAT, around 1.25 million people suffer from an eating disorder in the UK. Around 10% of those suffer from AN.
- More women suffer from AN than men.
- AN is usually developed between the ages of 16 and 17.
- AN has the highest adolescent mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

### Characteristics of AN

![Characteristics of AN](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/5285205c-0c0d-4b3a-8e65-a04f55e88f27/girl-sad-hurt.jpg)

- The DSM characterises AN with three main symptoms:
 - Weight loss linked to strict restriction of calorie intake, to the point where weight is less than 85% of the expected.
 - Fear of weight gain and becoming obese.
 - Body dysmorphia: distorted perception of self-image. 
- Individuals with AN believe that they are fat even though they are very thin. They also deny that their low weight causes any serious risks to their health.

### Explanations of AN

![Explanations of AN](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/a6d65db0-77b2-4fa8-a55f-30ee6cd0e52e/woman-2609115_1920.jpg)

- AN can be explained through biological mechanisms; genetic and neural. 
- Psychological explanations have also been suggested.

## Genetic Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa

Genes may provide an explanation for the cause of anorexia nervosa (AN). Family, twin and adoption studies have been used to show this.

### **Holland et al. (1988)** - twin study

![**Holland et al. (1988)** - twin study](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/d3e88571-7070-4710-aa39-e783fd3b522f/twins-child-baby.jpg)

- **Holland et al. (1988)** studied the concordance rates of AN in twins where at least one twin had a diagnosis.
- They found that 56% of identical twins of individuals with AN developed AN themselves, while the rate was only 5% for non-identical twins did. 
- As identical twins share 100% of their genetic material, these findings suggest that AN has a strong genetic component.

### Adoption studies (**Klump et al. (2009)**)

![Adoption studies (**Klump et al. (2009)**)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/7f8c79b5-43b0-4f7a-865a-6466540521dd/sisters-cooking.jpg)

- As identical twins also share a developmental environment, adoption studies are more reliable when trying to attribute a cause to genes.
- Adoption studies of siblings have supported heritability of eating disorders, with rates of 59%-82% emerging in studies like **Klump et al. (2009)**.

### Issues with family, adoption and twin studies

![Issues with family, adoption and twin studies](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/d7445ee1-c958-48db-86cf-fa023d0aa954/children-mother-park.jpg)

- Studies have not been reliably replicated and results have been inconsistent. So actual heritability rates are not known.
- Many genetic models try to simplify causation and ignore the interaction of genes with the environment. It is far more likely that there are multiple contributing factors that differ between individuals.

## Neural Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) may have a neural explanation. Both damage to the hypothalamus and irregular functioning of neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin have been linked to AN.

### Hypothalamus

![Hypothalamus](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/061cac29-6850-453b-a920-cae0c63cfc9e/brain-mri-xray.jpg)

- AN may be caused by hypothalamic malfunctioning, particularly relating to the lateral hypothalamus (LH).
- Animal studies show lesions to this area result in a lack of eating. 
- Recent research hypothesises that people with AN may have reduced blood flow to the LH. But no causal relationship had been found.

### Serotonin

![Serotonin](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/ffadc07f-2d75-4c28-be69-9160662d28ed/anxiety-2019928_1920.jpg)

- Some people with AN have elevated levels of serotonin, which are linked to anxiety.
- Serotonin is produced when we eat food, which may explain why starvation sometimes makes people with AN feel better because it lessens their anxiety.
- The metabolites produced by serotonin breakdown have been shown to exist at low levels in AN sufferers. This suggests the serotonin mechanisms are abnormal in these individuals.
- But no causal relationship between serotonin mechanisms and AN has been discovered.

### Dopamine

![Dopamine](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/5bca6ef7-302e-41e4-997e-7d609957b432/belly-2354_1920.jpg)

- Some people with AN have been shown to have overactive dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia.
- This may explain why some people with AN have indicated that they don't find eating food pleasurable because increased levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia are linked to abnormal interpretation of rewards.
- Aversion to food, loss of weight and body dysmorphia have all been linked to increased dopaminergic activity.

### Advantages of neural explanations

![Advantages of neural explanations](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/2.3.3%20-%20Carbon%20structures/headache-1540220_640-min.jpg)

- There is a lot of stigma surrounding AN and people blame certain factors such as parents, media or the individual.
- Biological explanations can remove this blame and show that it is not 'their fault'.
- Locating specific biological mechanisms that are disrupted in AN sufferers provides a good basis for treatment. But this can also shed doubt on biological explanations.
- E.g. SSRIs - antidepressants that increase the brain’s serotonin uptake - are not effective in treating AN.

## Test yourself on Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa

- What is the name for when a person perceives their body to be a different size to what it is?
- Which of the following is NOT a method of explaining anorexia nervosa?
- What percentage of genetic material is shared between identical twins?
- The malfunction of which part of the hypothalamus may be related to anorexia nervosa?
- Where are dopamine receptors located?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/db5cd155-3f4b-40cb-a9f9-8c314f118345/section/305eaf52-36b9-43b8-8054-b58c96d76f48/session)

- Previous topic: [13.1.4 Control of Eating Behaviour: Leptin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-4-control-of-eating-behaviour-leptin.md)
- Next topic: [13.1.6 Psychological Explanations: Family Systems Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-6-psychological-explanations-family-systems-theory.md)

## Psychology: AQA A Level contents

### 1 Social Influence
- 1.1 Social Influence
  - [1.1.1 Conformity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-1-conformity.md)
  - [1.1.2 Jenness' Conformity Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-2-jenness-conformity-study.md)
  - [1.1.3 Asch (1951)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-3-asch-1951.md)
  - [1.1.4 Sherif (1935)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-4-sherif-1935.md)
  - [1.1.5 Conformity to Social Roles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-5-conformity-to-social-roles.md)
  - [1.1.6 End of Topic Test - Conformity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-6-end-of-topic-test-conformity.md)
  - [1.1.7 Obedience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-7-obedience.md)
  - [1.1.8 Analysing Milgram's Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-8-analysing-milgrams-experiment.md)
  - [1.1.9 Agentic State & Legitimate Authority](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-9-agentic-state-and-legitimate-authority.md)
  - [1.1.10 Variables of Obedience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-10-variables-of-obedience.md)
  - [1.1.11 Resistance to Social Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-11-resistance-to-social-influence.md)
  - [1.1.12 Minority Influence & Social Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-12-minority-influence-and-social-change.md)
  - [1.1.13 Minority Influence & Social Impact Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-13-minority-influence-and-social-impact-theory.md)
  - [1.1.14 End of Topic Test - Social Influences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-14-end-of-topic-test-social-influences.md)
  - [1.1.15 Exam-Style Question - Conformity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-15-exam-style-question-conformity.md)
  - [1.1.16 Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Social Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-16-top-grade-ao2ao3-social-influence.md)

### 2 Memory
- 2.1 Memory
  - [2.1.1 Multi-Store Model of Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-1-multi-store-model-of-memory.md)
  - [2.1.2 Short-Term vs Long-Term Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-2-short-term-vs-long-term-memory.md)
  - [2.1.3 Support for the Multi-Store Model of Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-3-support-for-the-multi-store-model-of-memory.md)
  - [2.1.4 Duration Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-4-duration-studies.md)
  - [2.1.5 Capacity Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-5-capacity-studies.md)
  - [2.1.6 Coding Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-6-coding-studies.md)
  - [2.1.7 The Working Memory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-7-the-working-memory-model.md)
  - [2.1.8 The Working Memory Model 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-8-the-working-memory-model-2.md)
  - [2.1.9 Support for the Working Memory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-9-support-for-the-working-memory-model.md)
  - [2.1.10 Explanations for Forgetting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-10-explanations-for-forgetting.md)
  - [2.1.11 Studies on Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-11-studies-on-interference.md)
  - [2.1.12 Cue-Dependent Forgetting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-12-cue-dependent-forgetting.md)
  - [2.1.13 Eyewitness Testimony - Loftus & Palmer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-13-eyewitness-testimony-loftus-and-palmer.md)
  - [2.1.14 Eyewitness Testimony - Loftus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-14-eyewitness-testimony-loftus.md)
  - [2.1.15 Eyewitness Testimony - Post-Event Discussion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-15-eyewitness-testimony-post-event-discussion.md)
  - [2.1.16 Eyewitness Testimony - Age & Anxiety](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-16-eyewitness-testimony-age-and-anxiety.md)
  - [2.1.17 Cognitive Interview](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-17-cognitive-interview.md)
  - [2.1.18 Cognitive Interview - Geiselman & Fisher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-18-cognitive-interview-geiselman-and-fisher.md)
  - [2.1.19 End of Topic Test - Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-19-end-of-topic-test-memory.md)
  - [2.1.20 Exam-Style Question - Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-20-exam-style-question-memory.md)

### 3 Attachment
- 3.1 Attachment
  - [3.1.1 The Concept of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-1-the-concept-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.2 Animal Studies of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-2-animal-studies-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.3 Explanations of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-3-explanations-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.4 Attachment Types - Strange Situation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-4-attachment-types-strange-situation.md)
  - [3.1.5 Cultural Differences in Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-5-cultural-differences-in-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.6 Disruption of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-6-disruption-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.7 Disruption of Attachment - Privation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-7-disruption-of-attachment-privation.md)
  - [3.1.8 Overcoming the Effects of Disruption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-8-overcoming-the-effects-of-disruption.md)
  - [3.1.9 The Effects of Institutionalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-9-the-effects-of-institutionalisation.md)
  - [3.1.10 Early Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-10-early-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.11 Critical Period of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-11-critical-period-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.12 End of Topic Test - Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-12-end-of-topic-test-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.13 Exam-Style Question - Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-13-exam-style-question-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.14 Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-14-top-grade-ao2ao3-attachment.md)

### 4 Clinical Psychology & Mental Health
- 4.1 Clinical Psychology & Mental Health
  - [4.1.1 Deviation from Social Norms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-1-deviation-from-social-norms.md)
  - [4.1.2 Deviation from Social Norms 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-2-deviation-from-social-norms-2.md)
  - [4.1.3 Phobias, Depression & OCD](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-3-phobias-depression-and-ocd.md)
  - [4.1.4 Phobias: Behavioural Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-4-phobias-behavioural-approach.md)
  - [4.1.5 Evaluation of Behavioural Explanations of Phobias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-5-evaluation-of-behavioural-explanations-of-phobias.md)
  - [4.1.6 Depression: Cognitive Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-6-depression-cognitive-approach.md)
  - [4.1.7 OCD: Biological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-7-ocd-biological-approach.md)
  - [4.1.8 Evidence for the Biological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-8-evidence-for-the-biological-approach.md)
  - [4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Psychopathy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-9-end-of-topic-test-psychopathy.md)
  - [4.1.10 Exam-Style Question - Phobias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-10-exam-style-question-phobias.md)
  - [4.1.11 Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Psychopathology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-11-top-grade-ao2ao3-psychopathology.md)
  - [4.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Phobia vs Fear](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-phobia-vs-fear.md)
  - [4.1.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Depression & Self-Harm](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-13-diagnostic-misconceptions-depression-and-self-harm.md)
  - [4.1.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Desensitisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-14-diagnostic-misconceptions-desensitisation.md)

### 5 Approaches in Psychology
- 5.1 Approaches in Psychology
  - [5.1.1 The Behaviourist Approach - Classical Conditioning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-1-the-behaviourist-approach-classical-conditioning.md)
  - [5.1.2 Pavlov's Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-2-pavlovs-experiment.md)
  - [5.1.3 Little Albert Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-3-little-albert-study.md)
  - [5.1.4 The Behaviourist Approach - Operant Conditioning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-4-the-behaviourist-approach-operant-conditioning.md)
  - [5.1.5 Social Learning Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-5-social-learning-theory.md)
  - [5.1.6 The Cognitive Approach 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-6-the-cognitive-approach-1.md)
  - [5.1.7 The Cognitive Approach 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-7-the-cognitive-approach-2.md)
  - [5.1.8 The Biological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-8-the-biological-approach.md)
  - [5.1.9 The Biological Approach 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-9-the-biological-approach-2.md)
  - [5.1.10 Gottesman (1991) - Twin Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-10-gottesman-1991-twin-studies.md)
  - [5.1.11 Brain Scanning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-11-brain-scanning.md)
  - [5.1.12 Structure of Personality & Little Hans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-12-structure-of-personality-and-little-hans.md)
  - [5.1.13 The Psychodynamic Approach (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-13-the-psychodynamic-approach-a2-only.md)
  - [5.1.14 Humanistic Psychology (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-14-humanistic-psychology-a2-only.md)
  - [5.1.15 Aronoff (1957) (A2 Only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-15-aronoff-1957-a2-only.md)
  - [5.1.16 End of Topic Test - Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-16-end-of-topic-test-approaches.md)
- 5.2 Comparison of Approaches (A2 only)
  - [5.2.1 Psychodynamic Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-1-psychodynamic-approach.md)
  - [5.2.2 Cognitive Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-2-cognitive-approach.md)
  - [5.2.3 Biological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-3-biological-approach.md)
  - [5.2.4 Behavioural Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-4-behavioural-approach.md)
  - [5.2.5 End of Topic Test - Comparison of Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-5-end-of-topic-test-comparison-of-approaches.md)

### 6 Biopsychology
- 6.1 Biopsychology
  - [6.1.1 Nervous System Divisions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-1-nervous-system-divisions.md)
  - [6.1.2 Neuron Structure & Function](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-2-neuron-structure-and-function.md)
  - [6.1.3 Neurotransmitters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-3-neurotransmitters.md)
  - [6.1.4 Endocrine System Function](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-4-endocrine-system-function.md)
  - [6.1.5 Fight or Flight Response](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-5-fight-or-flight-response.md)
  - [6.1.6 The Brain (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-6-the-brain-a2-only.md)
  - [6.1.7 Localisation of Brain Function (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-7-localisation-of-brain-function-a2-only.md)
  - [6.1.8 Studying the Brain (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-8-studying-the-brain-a2-only.md)
  - [6.1.9 CIMT (A2 Only) & Postmortem](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-9-cimt-a2-only-and-postmortem.md)
  - [6.1.10 Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Biopsychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-10-top-grade-ao2ao3-biopsychology.md)
  - [6.1.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plasticity & Recovery](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-plasticity-and-recovery.md)
  - [6.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Endogenous Pacemakers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-endogenous-pacemakers.md)
  - [6.1.13 End of Topic Test - Biopsychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-13-end-of-topic-test-biopsychology.md)

### 7 Research Methods
- 7.1 Research Methods
  - [7.1.1 Experimental Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-1-experimental-method.md)
  - [7.1.2 Observational Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-2-observational-techniques.md)
  - [7.1.3 Covert, Overt & Controlled Observation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-3-covert-overt-and-controlled-observation.md)
  - [7.1.4 Self-Report Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-4-self-report-techniques.md)
  - [7.1.5 Correlations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-5-correlations.md)
  - [7.1.6 Exam-Style Question - Research Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-6-exam-style-question-research-methods.md)
  - [7.1.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sign Test](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-sign-test.md)
  - [7.1.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Content & Thematic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-content-and-thematic.md)
  - [7.1.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Valid vs Reliable](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-valid-vs-reliable.md)
  - [7.1.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Confounding Variable](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-10-diagnostic-misconceptions-confounding-variable.md)
  - [7.1.11 End of Topic Test - Research Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-11-end-of-topic-test-research-methods.md)
- 7.2 Scientific Processes
  - [7.2.1 Aims, Hypotheses & Sampling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-1-aims-hypotheses-and-sampling.md)
  - [7.2.2 Pilot Studies & Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-2-pilot-studies-and-design.md)
  - [7.2.3 Questionnaires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-3-questionnaires.md)
  - [7.2.4 Variables & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-4-variables-and-control.md)
  - [7.2.5 Demand Characteristics & Investigator Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-5-demand-characteristics-and-investigator-effects.md)
  - [7.2.6 Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-6-ethics.md)
  - [7.2.7 Limitations of Ethical Guidelines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-7-limitations-of-ethical-guidelines.md)
  - [7.2.8 Consent & Protection from Harm Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-8-consent-and-protection-from-harm-studies.md)
  - [7.2.9 Peer Review & The Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-9-peer-review-and-the-economy.md)
  - [7.2.10 Validity (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-10-validity-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.11 Reliability (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-11-reliability-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.12 Features of Science (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-12-features-of-science-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.13 Paradigms & Falsifiability (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-13-paradigms-and-falsifiability-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.14 Scientific Report (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-14-scientific-report-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.15 Scientific Report 2 (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-15-scientific-report-2-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.16 End of Topic Test - Scientific](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-16-end-of-topic-test-scientific.md)
- 7.3 Data Handling & Analysis
  - [7.3.1 Types of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-1-types-of-data.md)
  - [7.3.2 Descriptive Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-2-descriptive-statistics.md)
  - [7.3.3 Correlation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-3-correlation.md)
  - [7.3.4 Evaluation of Descriptive Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-4-evaluation-of-descriptive-statistics.md)
  - [7.3.5 Presentation & Display of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-5-presentation-and-display-of-data.md)
  - [7.3.6 Levels of Measurement (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-6-levels-of-measurement-a2-only.md)
  - [7.3.7 Coding in Content Analysis (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-7-coding-in-content-analysis-a2-only.md)
  - [7.3.8 Case Studies (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-8-case-studies-a2-only.md)
  - [7.3.9 End of Topic Test - Data Handling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-9-end-of-topic-test-data-handling.md)
- 7.4 Inferential Testing
  - [7.4.1 Introduction to Inferential Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-4-1-introduction-to-inferential-testing.md)
  - [7.4.2 Sign Test](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-4-2-sign-test.md)
  - [7.4.3 Piaget Conservation Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-4-3-piaget-conservation-experiment.md)
  - [7.4.4 Non-Parametric Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-4-4-non-parametric-tests.md)

### 8 Issues & Debates in Psychology (A2 only)
- 8.1 Issues & Debates in Psychology (A2 only)
  - [8.1.1 Culture Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-1-culture-bias.md)
  - [8.1.2 Sub-Culture Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-2-sub-culture-bias.md)
  - [8.1.3 Gender Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-3-gender-bias.md)
  - [8.1.4 Ethnocentrism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-4-ethnocentrism.md)
  - [8.1.5 Cross Cultural Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-5-cross-cultural-research.md)
  - [8.1.6 Free Will & Determinism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-6-free-will-and-determinism.md)
  - [8.1.7 Comparison of Free Will & Determinism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-7-comparison-of-free-will-and-determinism.md)
  - [8.1.8 Reductionism & Holism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-8-reductionism-and-holism.md)
  - [8.1.9 Reductionist & Holistic Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-9-reductionist-and-holistic-approaches.md)
  - [8.1.10 Nature-Nurture Debate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-10-nature-nurture-debate.md)
  - [8.1.11 Interactionist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-11-interactionist-approach.md)
  - [8.1.12 Nature-Nurture Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-12-nature-nurture-methods.md)
  - [8.1.13 Nature-Nurture Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-13-nature-nurture-approaches.md)
  - [8.1.14 Idiographic & Nomothetic Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-14-idiographic-and-nomothetic-approaches.md)
  - [8.1.15 Socially Sensitive Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-15-socially-sensitive-research.md)
  - [8.1.16 End of Topic Test - Issues and Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-16-end-of-topic-test-issues-and-debates.md)

### 9 Option 1: Relationships (A2 only)
- 9.1 Relationships: Sexual Relationships (A2 only)
  - [9.1.1 Factors Affecting Attraction: Self-Disclosure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-1-factors-affecting-attraction-self-disclosure.md)
  - [9.1.2 Evaluation of Self-Disclosure Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-2-evaluation-of-self-disclosure-theory.md)
  - [9.1.3 Factors Affecting Attraction: Physical Attributes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-3-factors-affecting-attraction-physical-attributes.md)
  - [9.1.4 Matching Hypothesis Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-4-matching-hypothesis-studies.md)
  - [9.1.5 Factors Affecting Physical Attraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-5-factors-affecting-physical-attraction.md)
  - [9.1.6 Factors Affecting Attraction: Filter Theory 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-6-factors-affecting-attraction-filter-theory-1.md)
  - [9.1.7 Factors Affecting Attraction: Filter Theory 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-7-factors-affecting-attraction-filter-theory-2.md)
  - [9.1.8 Evaluation of Filter Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-8-evaluation-of-filter-theory.md)
  - [9.1.9 End of Topic Test - Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-9-end-of-topic-test-relationships.md)
- 9.2 Relationships: Romantic Relationships (A2 only)
  - [9.2.1 Social Exchange Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-1-social-exchange-theory.md)
  - [9.2.2 Evaluation of Social Exchange Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-2-evaluation-of-social-exchange-theory.md)
  - [9.2.3 Equity Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-3-equity-theory.md)
  - [9.2.4 Evaluation of Equity Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-4-evaluation-of-equity-theory.md)
  - [9.2.5 Rusbult’s Investment Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-5-rusbults-investment-model.md)
  - [9.2.6 Evaluation of Rusbult's Investment Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-6-evaluation-of-rusbults-investment-model.md)
  - [9.2.7 Relationship Breakdown](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-7-relationship-breakdown.md)
  - [9.2.8 Studies on Relationship Breakdown](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-8-studies-on-relationship-breakdown.md)
  - [9.2.9 Evaluation of Relationship Breakdown](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-9-evaluation-of-relationship-breakdown.md)
  - [9.2.10 End of Topic Test - Romantic relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-10-end-of-topic-test-romantic-relationships.md)
- 9.3 Relationships: Online (A2 only)
  - [9.3.1 Online Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-1-online-relationships.md)
  - [9.3.2 Evaluation of Reduced Cues & Hyperpersonal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-2-evaluation-of-reduced-cues-and-hyperpersonal.md)
  - [9.3.3 Self Disclosure in Online Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-3-self-disclosure-in-online-relationships.md)
  - [9.3.4 Parasocial Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-4-parasocial-relationships.md)
  - [9.3.5 Attachment Theory & Parasocial Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-5-attachment-theory-and-parasocial-relationships.md)
  - [9.3.6 Evaluation of Parasocial Relationship Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-6-evaluation-of-parasocial-relationship-theories.md)
  - [9.3.7 End of Topic Test - Online Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-7-end-of-topic-test-online-relationships.md)

### 10 Option 1: Gender (A2 only)
- 10.1 Gender (A2 only)
  - [10.1.1 Biological Sex](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-1-biological-sex.md)
  - [10.1.2 The Role of Hormones in Biological Sex](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-2-the-role-of-hormones-in-biological-sex.md)
  - [10.1.3 Biological Explanations of Gender Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-3-biological-explanations-of-gender-development.md)
  - [10.1.4 Gender Identities & BSRI](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-4-gender-identities-and-bsri.md)
  - [10.1.5 Kohlberg’s Theory of Gender Constancy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-5-kohlbergs-theory-of-gender-constancy.md)
  - [10.1.6 Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-6-evaluation-of-kohlbergs-theory.md)
  - [10.1.7 Gender Schema Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-7-gender-schema-theory.md)
  - [10.1.8 Social Approach to Gender Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-8-social-approach-to-gender-development.md)
  - [10.1.9 Criticisms of Social Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-9-criticisms-of-social-theory.md)
  - [10.1.10 Media Influence on Gender Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-10-media-influence-on-gender-development.md)
  - [10.1.11 Gender Incongruence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-11-gender-incongruence.md)
  - [10.1.12 End of Topic Test - Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-12-end-of-topic-test-gender.md)

### 11 Option 1: Cognition & Development (A2 only)
- 11.1 Cognition & Development (A2 only)
  - [11.1.1 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-1-piagets-theory-of-cognitive-development-1.md)
  - [11.1.2 Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-2-piagets-theory-of-cognitive-development-2.md)
  - [11.1.3 Schema Accommodation Assimilation & Equilibration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-3-schema-accommodation-assimilation-and-equilibration.md)
  - [11.1.4 Piaget & Inhelder’s Three Mountains Task (1956)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-4-piaget-and-inhelders-three-mountains-task-1956.md)
  - [11.1.5 Conservation & Class Inclusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-5-conservation-and-class-inclusion.md)
  - [11.1.6 Evaluation of Piaget](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-6-evaluation-of-piaget.md)
  - [11.1.7 Vygotsky](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-7-vygotsky.md)
  - [11.1.8 Evaluation of Vygotsky](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-8-evaluation-of-vygotsky.md)
  - [11.1.9 Baillargeon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-9-baillargeon.md)
  - [11.1.10 Baillargeon's studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-10-baillargeons-studies.md)
  - [11.1.11 Evaluation of Baillargeon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-11-evaluation-of-baillargeon.md)
  - [11.1.12 Sense of Self & Theory of Mind](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-12-sense-of-self-and-theory-of-mind.md)
  - [11.1.13 Baron-Cohen Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-13-baron-cohen-studies.md)
  - [11.1.14 Selman’s Five Levels of Perspective Taking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-14-selmans-five-levels-of-perspective-taking.md)
  - [11.1.15 Biological Basis of Social Cognition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-15-biological-basis-of-social-cognition.md)
  - [11.1.16 Evaluation of Biological Basis of Social Cognition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-16-evaluation-of-biological-basis-of-social-cognition.md)
  - [11.1.17 Issues in Social Neuroscience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-17-issues-in-social-neuroscience.md)
  - [11.1.18 Top Grade AO2/AO3  - Cognition & Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-18-top-grade-ao2ao3-cognition-and-development.md)
  - [11.1.19 End of Topic Test - Cognition & Development 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-19-end-of-topic-test-cognition-and-development-1.md)
  - [11.1.20 End of Topic Test - Cognition & Development 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-20-end-of-topic-test-cognition-and-development-2.md)
  - [11.1.21 End of Topic Test - Cognition 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-21-end-of-topic-test-cognition-3.md)

### 12 Option 2: Schizophrenia (A2 only)
- 12.1 Schizophrenia: Diagnosis (A2 only)
  - [12.1.1 Symptoms of Schizophrenia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-1-1-symptoms-of-schizophrenia.md)
  - [12.1.2 Issues in Diagnosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-1-2-issues-in-diagnosis.md)
  - [12.1.3 Pinto (2017) & Copeland (1971)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-1-3-pinto-2017-and-copeland-1971.md)
  - [12.1.4 End of Topic Test - Schizophrenia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-1-4-end-of-topic-test-schizophrenia.md)
- 12.2 Schizophrenia: Treatment (A2 only)
  - [12.2.1 Family-Based Psychological Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-1-family-based-psychological-explanations.md)
  - [12.2.2 Evaluation of Family-Based Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-2-evaluation-of-family-based-explanations.md)
  - [12.2.3 Cognitive Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-3-cognitive-explanations.md)
  - [12.2.4 Drug Therapies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-4-drug-therapies.md)
  - [12.2.5 Evaluation of Drug Therapies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-5-evaluation-of-drug-therapies.md)
  - [12.2.6 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-6-biological-explanations-for-schizophrenia.md)
  - [12.2.7 Dopamine Hypothesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-7-dopamine-hypothesis.md)
  - [12.2.8 Psychological Therapies 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-8-psychological-therapies-1.md)
  - [12.2.9 Psychological Therapies 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-9-psychological-therapies-2.md)
  - [12.2.10 Interactionist Approach - Diathesis-Stress Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-10-interactionist-approach-diathesis-stress-model.md)
  - [12.2.11 Interactionist Approach - Triggers & Treatment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-11-interactionist-approach-triggers-and-treatment.md)
  - [12.2.12 Evaluation of the Interactionist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-12-evaluation-of-the-interactionist-approach.md)
  - [12.2.13 Evaluation of Psychological Therapies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-13-evaluation-of-psychological-therapies.md)
  - [12.2.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - CBT & CBTp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-14-diagnostic-misconceptions-cbt-and-cbtp.md)
  - [12.2.15 End of Topic Test - Treatments 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-15-end-of-topic-test-treatments-1.md)
  - [12.2.16 End of Topic Test - Treatments 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-16-end-of-topic-test-treatments-2.md)

### 13 Option 2: Eating Behaviour (A2 only)
- 13.1 Eating Behaviour (A2 only)
  - [13.1.1 Explanations for Food Preferences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-1-explanations-for-food-preferences.md)
  - [13.1.2 Birch et al (1987) & Lowe et al (2004)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-2-birch-et-al-1987-and-lowe-et-al-2004.md)
  - [13.1.3 Control of Eating Behaviours](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-3-control-of-eating-behaviours.md)
  - [13.1.4 Control of Eating Behaviour: Leptin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-4-control-of-eating-behaviour-leptin.md)
  - [13.1.5 Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-5-biological-explanations-for-anorexia-nervosa.md)
  - [13.1.6 Psychological Explanations: Family Systems Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-6-psychological-explanations-family-systems-theory.md)
  - [13.1.7 Psychological Explanations: Social Learning Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-7-psychological-explanations-social-learning-theory.md)
  - [13.1.8 Psychological Explanations: Cognitive Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-8-psychological-explanations-cognitive-theory.md)
  - [13.1.9 Biological Explanations for Obesity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-9-biological-explanations-for-obesity.md)
  - [13.1.10 Biological Explanations: Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-10-biological-explanations-studies.md)
  - [13.1.11 Psychological Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-11-psychological-explanations.md)
  - [13.1.12 Psychological Explanations: Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-12-psychological-explanations-studies.md)
  - [13.1.13 End of Topic Test - Eating Behaviour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-13-end-of-topic-test-eating-behaviour.md)

### 14 Option 2: Stress (A2 only)
- 14.1 Stress (A2 only)
  - [14.1.1 Physiology of Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-1-physiology-of-stress.md)
  - [14.1.2 Role of Stress in Illness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-2-role-of-stress-in-illness.md)
  - [14.1.3 Role of Stress in Illness: Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-3-role-of-stress-in-illness-studies.md)
  - [14.1.4 Social Readjustment Rating Scales](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-4-social-readjustment-rating-scales.md)
  - [14.1.5 Hassles & Uplifts Scales](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-5-hassles-and-uplifts-scales.md)
  - [14.1.6 Stress, Workload & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-6-stress-workload-and-control.md)
  - [14.1.7 Stress Level Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-7-stress-level-studies.md)
  - [14.1.8 Physiological Measures of Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-8-physiological-measures-of-stress.md)
  - [14.1.9 Individual Differences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-9-individual-differences.md)
  - [14.1.10 Stress & Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-10-stress-and-gender.md)
  - [14.1.11 Drug Therapy & Biofeedback for Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-11-drug-therapy-and-biofeedback-for-stress.md)
  - [14.1.12 Stress Inoculation Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-12-stress-inoculation-therapy.md)
  - [14.1.13 Social Support & Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-13-social-support-and-stress.md)
  - [14.1.14 End of Topic Test - Stress 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-14-end-of-topic-test-stress-1.md)
  - [14.1.15 End of Topic Test - Stress 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-15-end-of-topic-test-stress-2.md)

### 15 Option 3: Aggression (A2 only)
- 15.1 Aggression: Physiological (A2 only)
  - [15.1.1 Neural Mechanisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-1-neural-mechanisms.md)
  - [15.1.2 Serotonin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-2-serotonin.md)
  - [15.1.3 Hormonal Mechanisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-3-hormonal-mechanisms.md)
  - [15.1.4 Genetic Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-4-genetic-factors.md)
  - [15.1.5 Genetic Factors 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-5-genetic-factors-2.md)
  - [15.1.6 Ethological Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-6-ethological-explanation.md)
  - [15.1.7 Innate Releasing Mechanisms & Fixed Action Pattern](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-7-innate-releasing-mechanisms-and-fixed-action-pattern.md)
  - [15.1.8 Evolutionary Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-8-evolutionary-explanations.md)
  - [15.1.9 Buss et al (1992) - Sex Differences in Jealousy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-9-buss-et-al-1992-sex-differences-in-jealousy.md)
  - [15.1.10 Evaluation of Evolutionary Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-10-evaluation-of-evolutionary-explanations.md)
  - [15.1.11 End of Topic Test - Aggression: Physiological 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-11-end-of-topic-test-aggression-physiological-1.md)
  - [15.1.12 End of Topic Test - Aggression: Physiological 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-12-end-of-topic-test-aggression-physiological-2.md)
- 15.2 Aggression: Social Psychological (A2 only)
  - [15.2.1 Social Psychological Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-1-social-psychological-explanation.md)
  - [15.2.2 Buss (1963) - Frustration/Aggression](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-2-buss-1963-frustrationaggression.md)
  - [15.2.3 Social Psychological Explanation 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-3-social-psychological-explanation-2.md)
  - [15.2.4 Social Learning Theory (SLT) 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-4-social-learning-theory-slt-1.md)
  - [15.2.5 Social Learning Theory (SLT) 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-5-social-learning-theory-slt-2.md)
  - [15.2.6 Limitations of Social Learning Theory (SLT)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-6-limitations-of-social-learning-theory-slt.md)
  - [15.2.7 Deindividuation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-7-deindividuation.md)
  - [15.2.8 Deindividuation 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-8-deindividuation-2.md)
  - [15.2.9 Deindividuation - Diener et al (1976)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-9-deindividuation-diener-et-al-1976.md)
  - [15.2.10 End of Topic Test - Aggression: Social Psychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-10-end-of-topic-test-aggression-social-psychology.md)
  - [15.2.11 Institutional Aggression: Prisons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-11-institutional-aggression-prisons.md)
  - [15.2.12 Evaluation of Dispositional & Situational](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-12-evaluation-of-dispositional-and-situational.md)
  - [15.2.13 Influence of Computer Games](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-13-influence-of-computer-games.md)
  - [15.2.14 Influence of Television](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-14-influence-of-television.md)
  - [15.2.15 Evaluation of Studies on Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-15-evaluation-of-studies-on-media.md)
  - [15.2.16 Desensitisation & Disinhibition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-16-desensitisation-and-disinhibition.md)
  - [15.2.17 Cognitive Priming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-17-cognitive-priming.md)
  - [15.2.18 End of Topic Test - Aggression: Social Psychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-18-end-of-topic-test-aggression-social-psychology.md)

### 16 Option 3: Forensic Psychology (A2 only)
- 16.1 Forensic Psychology (A2 only)
  - [16.1.1 Defining Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-1-defining-crime.md)
  - [16.1.2 Measuring Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-2-measuring-crime.md)
  - [16.1.3 Offender Profiling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-3-offender-profiling.md)
  - [16.1.4 Evaluation of Offender Profiling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-4-evaluation-of-offender-profiling.md)
  - [16.1.5 John Duffy Case Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-5-john-duffy-case-study.md)
  - [16.1.6 Biological Explanations 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-6-biological-explanations-1.md)
  - [16.1.7 Biological Explanations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-7-biological-explanations-2.md)
  - [16.1.8 Evaluation- Biological Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-8-evaluation-biological-explanations.md)
  - [16.1.9 Cognitive Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-9-cognitive-explanations.md)
  - [16.1.10 Moral Reasoning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-10-moral-reasoning.md)
  - [16.1.11 Differential Association Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-11-differential-association-theory.md)
  - [16.1.12 Custodial Sentencing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-12-custodial-sentencing.md)
  - [16.1.13 Effects of Prison](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-13-effects-of-prison.md)
  - [16.1.14 Evaluation of the Effects of Prison](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-14-evaluation-of-the-effects-of-prison.md)
  - [16.1.15 Behavioural Treatments & Therapies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-15-behavioural-treatments-and-therapies.md)
  - [16.1.16 Effectiveness of Behavioural Treatments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-16-effectiveness-of-behavioural-treatments.md)
  - [16.1.17 Restorative Justice](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-17-restorative-justice.md)
  - [16.1.18 End of Topic Test - Forensic 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-18-end-of-topic-test-forensic-1.md)
  - [16.1.19 End of Topic Test - Forensic 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-19-end-of-topic-test-forensic-2.md)

### 17 Option 3: Addiction (A2 only)
- 17.1 Addiction (A2 only)
  - [17.1.1 Definition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-1-definition.md)
  - [17.1.2 Brain Neurochemistry Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-2-brain-neurochemistry-explanation.md)
  - [17.1.3 Learning Theory Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-3-learning-theory-explanation.md)
  - [17.1.4 Evaluation of a Learning Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-4-evaluation-of-a-learning-theory.md)
  - [17.1.5 Cognitive Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-5-cognitive-bias.md)
  - [17.1.6 Griffiths on Cognitive Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-6-griffiths-on-cognitive-bias.md)
  - [17.1.7 Evaluation of Cognitive Theory (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-7-evaluation-of-cognitive-theory-a2-only.md)
  - [17.1.8 Gambling Addiction & Learning Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-8-gambling-addiction-and-learning-theory.md)
  - [17.1.9 Social Influences on Addiction 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-9-social-influences-on-addiction-1.md)
  - [17.1.10 Social Influences on Addiction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-10-social-influences-on-addiction-2.md)
  - [17.1.11 Personal Influences  on Addiction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-11-personal-influences-on-addiction.md)
  - [17.1.12 Genetic Explanations of Addiction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-12-genetic-explanations-of-addiction.md)
  - [17.1.13 End of Topic Test - Addiction 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-13-end-of-topic-test-addiction-1.md)
  - [17.1.14 End of Topic Test - Addiction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-14-end-of-topic-test-addiction-2.md)
- 17.2 Treating Addiction (A2 only)
  - [17.2.1 Drug Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-1-drug-therapy.md)
  - [17.2.2 Behavioural Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-2-behavioural-interventions.md)
  - [17.2.3 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-3-cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md)
  - [17.2.4 Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-4-six-stage-model-of-behaviour-change.md)
  - [17.2.5 End of Topic Test - Treating](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-5-end-of-topic-test-treating.md)