Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-2-birch-et-al-1987-and-lowe-et-al-2004

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Psychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa.md) › Birch et al (1987) & Lowe et al (2004)

# Birch et al (1987) & Lowe et al (2004)

Psychology: AQA A Level, topic 13.1.2

## Birch et al (1987) - Impact of Exposure on Preferences

**Birch et al (1987)** looked at the imapct of two different types of exposure (looking and tasting) on young children’s preference for novel foods.

### Procedure

![Procedure](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/77ddd23d-5436-4c93-996c-c724aceffb0b/food-healthy.jpg)

- Laboratory experiment. 
- 51 2-5-year olds were exposed to seven novel foods, split into two groups ‘look’ or 'taste’.
 - They were exposed to 6 of the foods 5, 10 or 15 times; one remained novel.
- The children were then asked to make a judgement: do the foods look good or do they taste good?

### Results

![Results](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-09/10ef614b-dac0-491b-ae6b-411ea35f2002/graph-1302826_1920-min.jpg)

- Significant correlations were found for the visual judgments of the looked at foods (r = 0·91), the visual judgments of the tasted (and looked at) foods (r = 0·97) and the taste judgments of the tasted foods (r = 0·94). 
- The only non-significant relationship was for the taste judgments of the looked at (but never tasted) foods (r = 0·24).

### Conclusion

![Conclusion](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.1%20-%20Pathogens/abdominal-pain-2821941_640-min.jpg)

- The results support the ‘learned safety’ concept of food choice.
- As long as novel foods are not followed by negative side effects (e.g. vomiting or stomachache), the children learnt to like them.

### Evaluation

![Evaluation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/83f61af0-24e5-4ca0-9d4c-35ab6d27653f/thuumbs-up-down-.jpg)

- Strengths
 - Controlled, reliable experiment. 
 - Supports evolutionary explanations of food preferences. 
- Limitations
 - Correlations cannot show cause.

## Lowe et al (2004) - Peer-Modelling/Rewards-Based

**Lowe et al (2004)** investigated the effect of peer modelling and rewards-based intervention on fruit and vegetable consumption.

### Field experiment

![Field experiment](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/4914198f-9894-44a9-90da-f8051dc565ac/blueberry-raspberry-blackberry-fruit-.jpg)

- Field experiment. 
- 749 children aged between 5-11, in two inner city London schools, were studied.
- One group received the invention; the other group was a control.
- In the experimental group, over a four-month period children received fruit at breaktime as a snack and fruit and vegetables at lunch time. They also watched a video featuring ‘The food dudes’ promoting the consumption of fruit and vegetables and received small rewards. Consumption of fruit and vegetables was recorded at break and lunchtime and by asking parents about their habits at home.

### Results & conclusions

![Results & conclusions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/d9abeb87-aa7a-42d6-adef-7e16a3f6dc59/tick-305245_960_720.png)

- Results
 - Children in the experimental group ate more fruit and vegetables in school and at home. 
- Conclusion
 - This showed that peer-modelling and rewards-based interventions could encourage healthy eating in children.

### Evaluation

![Evaluation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-05/18db7257-a020-4f61-81ab-037f894914a3/opposite-thumb-.jpg)

- Strengths
 - Practical applications. 
- Limitations
 - Demand characteristics and social desirability from parents. 
 - Individual differences in children. 
 - Cultural and social variations.

## Test yourself on Birch et al (1987) & Lowe et al (2004)

- What was Birch et al's (1987) procedure?
- What were Birch et al's (1987) findings?
- Who participated in Lowe et al's (2004) study?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/db5cd155-3f4b-40cb-a9f9-8c314f118345/section/223ff9db-f13d-474a-b938-ff57ce2f7bb9/session)

- Previous topic: [13.1.1 Explanations for Food Preferences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-1-explanations-for-food-preferences.md)
- Next topic: [13.1.3 Control of Eating Behaviours](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-3-control-of-eating-behaviours.md)

## Psychology: AQA A Level contents

### 1 Social Influence
- 1.1 Social Influence
  - [1.1.1 Conformity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-1-conformity.md)
  - [1.1.2 Jenness' Conformity Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-2-jenness-conformity-study.md)
  - [1.1.3 Asch (1951)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-3-asch-1951.md)
  - [1.1.4 Sherif (1935)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-4-sherif-1935.md)
  - [1.1.5 Conformity to Social Roles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-5-conformity-to-social-roles.md)
  - [1.1.6 End of Topic Test - Conformity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-6-end-of-topic-test-conformity.md)
  - [1.1.7 Obedience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-7-obedience.md)
  - [1.1.8 Analysing Milgram's Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-8-analysing-milgrams-experiment.md)
  - [1.1.9 Agentic State & Legitimate Authority](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-9-agentic-state-and-legitimate-authority.md)
  - [1.1.10 Variables of Obedience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-10-variables-of-obedience.md)
  - [1.1.11 Resistance to Social Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-11-resistance-to-social-influence.md)
  - [1.1.12 Minority Influence & Social Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-12-minority-influence-and-social-change.md)
  - [1.1.13 Minority Influence & Social Impact Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-13-minority-influence-and-social-impact-theory.md)
  - [1.1.14 End of Topic Test - Social Influences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-14-end-of-topic-test-social-influences.md)
  - [1.1.15 Exam-Style Question - Conformity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-15-exam-style-question-conformity.md)
  - [1.1.16 Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Social Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/1-1-16-top-grade-ao2ao3-social-influence.md)

### 2 Memory
- 2.1 Memory
  - [2.1.1 Multi-Store Model of Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-1-multi-store-model-of-memory.md)
  - [2.1.2 Short-Term vs Long-Term Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-2-short-term-vs-long-term-memory.md)
  - [2.1.3 Support for the Multi-Store Model of Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-3-support-for-the-multi-store-model-of-memory.md)
  - [2.1.4 Duration Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-4-duration-studies.md)
  - [2.1.5 Capacity Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-5-capacity-studies.md)
  - [2.1.6 Coding Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-6-coding-studies.md)
  - [2.1.7 The Working Memory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-7-the-working-memory-model.md)
  - [2.1.8 The Working Memory Model 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-8-the-working-memory-model-2.md)
  - [2.1.9 Support for the Working Memory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-9-support-for-the-working-memory-model.md)
  - [2.1.10 Explanations for Forgetting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-10-explanations-for-forgetting.md)
  - [2.1.11 Studies on Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-11-studies-on-interference.md)
  - [2.1.12 Cue-Dependent Forgetting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-12-cue-dependent-forgetting.md)
  - [2.1.13 Eyewitness Testimony - Loftus & Palmer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-13-eyewitness-testimony-loftus-and-palmer.md)
  - [2.1.14 Eyewitness Testimony - Loftus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-14-eyewitness-testimony-loftus.md)
  - [2.1.15 Eyewitness Testimony - Post-Event Discussion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-15-eyewitness-testimony-post-event-discussion.md)
  - [2.1.16 Eyewitness Testimony - Age & Anxiety](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-16-eyewitness-testimony-age-and-anxiety.md)
  - [2.1.17 Cognitive Interview](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-17-cognitive-interview.md)
  - [2.1.18 Cognitive Interview - Geiselman & Fisher](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-18-cognitive-interview-geiselman-and-fisher.md)
  - [2.1.19 End of Topic Test - Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-19-end-of-topic-test-memory.md)
  - [2.1.20 Exam-Style Question - Memory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/2-1-20-exam-style-question-memory.md)

### 3 Attachment
- 3.1 Attachment
  - [3.1.1 The Concept of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-1-the-concept-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.2 Animal Studies of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-2-animal-studies-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.3 Explanations of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-3-explanations-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.4 Attachment Types - Strange Situation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-4-attachment-types-strange-situation.md)
  - [3.1.5 Cultural Differences in Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-5-cultural-differences-in-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.6 Disruption of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-6-disruption-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.7 Disruption of Attachment - Privation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-7-disruption-of-attachment-privation.md)
  - [3.1.8 Overcoming the Effects of Disruption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-8-overcoming-the-effects-of-disruption.md)
  - [3.1.9 The Effects of Institutionalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-9-the-effects-of-institutionalisation.md)
  - [3.1.10 Early Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-10-early-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.11 Critical Period of Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-11-critical-period-of-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.12 End of Topic Test - Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-12-end-of-topic-test-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.13 Exam-Style Question - Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-13-exam-style-question-attachment.md)
  - [3.1.14 Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/3-1-14-top-grade-ao2ao3-attachment.md)

### 4 Clinical Psychology & Mental Health
- 4.1 Clinical Psychology & Mental Health
  - [4.1.1 Deviation from Social Norms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-1-deviation-from-social-norms.md)
  - [4.1.2 Deviation from Social Norms 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-2-deviation-from-social-norms-2.md)
  - [4.1.3 Phobias, Depression & OCD](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-3-phobias-depression-and-ocd.md)
  - [4.1.4 Phobias: Behavioural Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-4-phobias-behavioural-approach.md)
  - [4.1.5 Evaluation of Behavioural Explanations of Phobias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-5-evaluation-of-behavioural-explanations-of-phobias.md)
  - [4.1.6 Depression: Cognitive Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-6-depression-cognitive-approach.md)
  - [4.1.7 OCD: Biological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-7-ocd-biological-approach.md)
  - [4.1.8 Evidence for the Biological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-8-evidence-for-the-biological-approach.md)
  - [4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Psychopathy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-9-end-of-topic-test-psychopathy.md)
  - [4.1.10 Exam-Style Question - Phobias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-10-exam-style-question-phobias.md)
  - [4.1.11 Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Psychopathology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-11-top-grade-ao2ao3-psychopathology.md)
  - [4.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Phobia vs Fear](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-phobia-vs-fear.md)
  - [4.1.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Depression & Self-Harm](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-13-diagnostic-misconceptions-depression-and-self-harm.md)
  - [4.1.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Desensitisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/4-1-14-diagnostic-misconceptions-desensitisation.md)

### 5 Approaches in Psychology
- 5.1 Approaches in Psychology
  - [5.1.1 The Behaviourist Approach - Classical Conditioning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-1-the-behaviourist-approach-classical-conditioning.md)
  - [5.1.2 Pavlov's Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-2-pavlovs-experiment.md)
  - [5.1.3 Little Albert Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-3-little-albert-study.md)
  - [5.1.4 The Behaviourist Approach - Operant Conditioning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-4-the-behaviourist-approach-operant-conditioning.md)
  - [5.1.5 Social Learning Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-5-social-learning-theory.md)
  - [5.1.6 The Cognitive Approach 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-6-the-cognitive-approach-1.md)
  - [5.1.7 The Cognitive Approach 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-7-the-cognitive-approach-2.md)
  - [5.1.8 The Biological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-8-the-biological-approach.md)
  - [5.1.9 The Biological Approach 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-9-the-biological-approach-2.md)
  - [5.1.10 Gottesman (1991) - Twin Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-10-gottesman-1991-twin-studies.md)
  - [5.1.11 Brain Scanning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-11-brain-scanning.md)
  - [5.1.12 Structure of Personality & Little Hans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-12-structure-of-personality-and-little-hans.md)
  - [5.1.13 The Psychodynamic Approach (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-13-the-psychodynamic-approach-a2-only.md)
  - [5.1.14 Humanistic Psychology (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-14-humanistic-psychology-a2-only.md)
  - [5.1.15 Aronoff (1957) (A2 Only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-15-aronoff-1957-a2-only.md)
  - [5.1.16 End of Topic Test - Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-1-16-end-of-topic-test-approaches.md)
- 5.2 Comparison of Approaches (A2 only)
  - [5.2.1 Psychodynamic Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-1-psychodynamic-approach.md)
  - [5.2.2 Cognitive Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-2-cognitive-approach.md)
  - [5.2.3 Biological Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-3-biological-approach.md)
  - [5.2.4 Behavioural Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-4-behavioural-approach.md)
  - [5.2.5 End of Topic Test - Comparison of Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/5-2-5-end-of-topic-test-comparison-of-approaches.md)

### 6 Biopsychology
- 6.1 Biopsychology
  - [6.1.1 Nervous System Divisions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-1-nervous-system-divisions.md)
  - [6.1.2 Neuron Structure & Function](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-2-neuron-structure-and-function.md)
  - [6.1.3 Neurotransmitters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-3-neurotransmitters.md)
  - [6.1.4 Endocrine System Function](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-4-endocrine-system-function.md)
  - [6.1.5 Fight or Flight Response](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-5-fight-or-flight-response.md)
  - [6.1.6 The Brain (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-6-the-brain-a2-only.md)
  - [6.1.7 Localisation of Brain Function (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-7-localisation-of-brain-function-a2-only.md)
  - [6.1.8 Studying the Brain (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-8-studying-the-brain-a2-only.md)
  - [6.1.9 CIMT (A2 Only) & Postmortem](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-9-cimt-a2-only-and-postmortem.md)
  - [6.1.10 Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Biopsychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-10-top-grade-ao2ao3-biopsychology.md)
  - [6.1.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plasticity & Recovery](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-plasticity-and-recovery.md)
  - [6.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Endogenous Pacemakers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-endogenous-pacemakers.md)
  - [6.1.13 End of Topic Test - Biopsychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/6-1-13-end-of-topic-test-biopsychology.md)

### 7 Research Methods
- 7.1 Research Methods
  - [7.1.1 Experimental Method](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-1-experimental-method.md)
  - [7.1.2 Observational Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-2-observational-techniques.md)
  - [7.1.3 Covert, Overt & Controlled Observation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-3-covert-overt-and-controlled-observation.md)
  - [7.1.4 Self-Report Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-4-self-report-techniques.md)
  - [7.1.5 Correlations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-5-correlations.md)
  - [7.1.6 Exam-Style Question - Research Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-6-exam-style-question-research-methods.md)
  - [7.1.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sign Test](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-7-diagnostic-misconceptions-sign-test.md)
  - [7.1.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Content & Thematic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-content-and-thematic.md)
  - [7.1.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Valid vs Reliable](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-valid-vs-reliable.md)
  - [7.1.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Confounding Variable](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-10-diagnostic-misconceptions-confounding-variable.md)
  - [7.1.11 End of Topic Test - Research Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-1-11-end-of-topic-test-research-methods.md)
- 7.2 Scientific Processes
  - [7.2.1 Aims, Hypotheses & Sampling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-1-aims-hypotheses-and-sampling.md)
  - [7.2.2 Pilot Studies & Design](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-2-pilot-studies-and-design.md)
  - [7.2.3 Questionnaires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-3-questionnaires.md)
  - [7.2.4 Variables & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-4-variables-and-control.md)
  - [7.2.5 Demand Characteristics & Investigator Effects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-5-demand-characteristics-and-investigator-effects.md)
  - [7.2.6 Ethics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-6-ethics.md)
  - [7.2.7 Limitations of Ethical Guidelines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-7-limitations-of-ethical-guidelines.md)
  - [7.2.8 Consent & Protection from Harm Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-8-consent-and-protection-from-harm-studies.md)
  - [7.2.9 Peer Review & The Economy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-9-peer-review-and-the-economy.md)
  - [7.2.10 Validity (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-10-validity-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.11 Reliability (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-11-reliability-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.12 Features of Science (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-12-features-of-science-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.13 Paradigms & Falsifiability (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-13-paradigms-and-falsifiability-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.14 Scientific Report (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-14-scientific-report-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.15 Scientific Report 2 (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-15-scientific-report-2-a2-only.md)
  - [7.2.16 End of Topic Test - Scientific](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-2-16-end-of-topic-test-scientific.md)
- 7.3 Data Handling & Analysis
  - [7.3.1 Types of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-1-types-of-data.md)
  - [7.3.2 Descriptive Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-2-descriptive-statistics.md)
  - [7.3.3 Correlation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-3-correlation.md)
  - [7.3.4 Evaluation of Descriptive Statistics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-4-evaluation-of-descriptive-statistics.md)
  - [7.3.5 Presentation & Display of Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-5-presentation-and-display-of-data.md)
  - [7.3.6 Levels of Measurement (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-6-levels-of-measurement-a2-only.md)
  - [7.3.7 Coding in Content Analysis (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-7-coding-in-content-analysis-a2-only.md)
  - [7.3.8 Case Studies (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-8-case-studies-a2-only.md)
  - [7.3.9 End of Topic Test - Data Handling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-3-9-end-of-topic-test-data-handling.md)
- 7.4 Inferential Testing
  - [7.4.1 Introduction to Inferential Testing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-4-1-introduction-to-inferential-testing.md)
  - [7.4.2 Sign Test](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-4-2-sign-test.md)
  - [7.4.3 Piaget Conservation Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-4-3-piaget-conservation-experiment.md)
  - [7.4.4 Non-Parametric Tests](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/7-4-4-non-parametric-tests.md)

### 8 Issues & Debates in Psychology (A2 only)
- 8.1 Issues & Debates in Psychology (A2 only)
  - [8.1.1 Culture Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-1-culture-bias.md)
  - [8.1.2 Sub-Culture Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-2-sub-culture-bias.md)
  - [8.1.3 Gender Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-3-gender-bias.md)
  - [8.1.4 Ethnocentrism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-4-ethnocentrism.md)
  - [8.1.5 Cross Cultural Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-5-cross-cultural-research.md)
  - [8.1.6 Free Will & Determinism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-6-free-will-and-determinism.md)
  - [8.1.7 Comparison of Free Will & Determinism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-7-comparison-of-free-will-and-determinism.md)
  - [8.1.8 Reductionism & Holism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-8-reductionism-and-holism.md)
  - [8.1.9 Reductionist & Holistic Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-9-reductionist-and-holistic-approaches.md)
  - [8.1.10 Nature-Nurture Debate](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-10-nature-nurture-debate.md)
  - [8.1.11 Interactionist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-11-interactionist-approach.md)
  - [8.1.12 Nature-Nurture Methods](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-12-nature-nurture-methods.md)
  - [8.1.13 Nature-Nurture Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-13-nature-nurture-approaches.md)
  - [8.1.14 Idiographic & Nomothetic Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-14-idiographic-and-nomothetic-approaches.md)
  - [8.1.15 Socially Sensitive Research](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-15-socially-sensitive-research.md)
  - [8.1.16 End of Topic Test - Issues and Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/8-1-16-end-of-topic-test-issues-and-debates.md)

### 9 Option 1: Relationships (A2 only)
- 9.1 Relationships: Sexual Relationships (A2 only)
  - [9.1.1 Factors Affecting Attraction: Self-Disclosure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-1-factors-affecting-attraction-self-disclosure.md)
  - [9.1.2 Evaluation of Self-Disclosure Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-2-evaluation-of-self-disclosure-theory.md)
  - [9.1.3 Factors Affecting Attraction: Physical Attributes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-3-factors-affecting-attraction-physical-attributes.md)
  - [9.1.4 Matching Hypothesis Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-4-matching-hypothesis-studies.md)
  - [9.1.5 Factors Affecting Physical Attraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-5-factors-affecting-physical-attraction.md)
  - [9.1.6 Factors Affecting Attraction: Filter Theory 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-6-factors-affecting-attraction-filter-theory-1.md)
  - [9.1.7 Factors Affecting Attraction: Filter Theory 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-7-factors-affecting-attraction-filter-theory-2.md)
  - [9.1.8 Evaluation of Filter Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-8-evaluation-of-filter-theory.md)
  - [9.1.9 End of Topic Test - Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-1-9-end-of-topic-test-relationships.md)
- 9.2 Relationships: Romantic Relationships (A2 only)
  - [9.2.1 Social Exchange Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-1-social-exchange-theory.md)
  - [9.2.2 Evaluation of Social Exchange Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-2-evaluation-of-social-exchange-theory.md)
  - [9.2.3 Equity Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-3-equity-theory.md)
  - [9.2.4 Evaluation of Equity Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-4-evaluation-of-equity-theory.md)
  - [9.2.5 Rusbult’s Investment Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-5-rusbults-investment-model.md)
  - [9.2.6 Evaluation of Rusbult's Investment Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-6-evaluation-of-rusbults-investment-model.md)
  - [9.2.7 Relationship Breakdown](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-7-relationship-breakdown.md)
  - [9.2.8 Studies on Relationship Breakdown](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-8-studies-on-relationship-breakdown.md)
  - [9.2.9 Evaluation of Relationship Breakdown](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-9-evaluation-of-relationship-breakdown.md)
  - [9.2.10 End of Topic Test - Romantic relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-2-10-end-of-topic-test-romantic-relationships.md)
- 9.3 Relationships: Online (A2 only)
  - [9.3.1 Online Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-1-online-relationships.md)
  - [9.3.2 Evaluation of Reduced Cues & Hyperpersonal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-2-evaluation-of-reduced-cues-and-hyperpersonal.md)
  - [9.3.3 Self Disclosure in Online Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-3-self-disclosure-in-online-relationships.md)
  - [9.3.4 Parasocial Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-4-parasocial-relationships.md)
  - [9.3.5 Attachment Theory & Parasocial Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-5-attachment-theory-and-parasocial-relationships.md)
  - [9.3.6 Evaluation of Parasocial Relationship Theories](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-6-evaluation-of-parasocial-relationship-theories.md)
  - [9.3.7 End of Topic Test - Online Relationships](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/9-3-7-end-of-topic-test-online-relationships.md)

### 10 Option 1: Gender (A2 only)
- 10.1 Gender (A2 only)
  - [10.1.1 Biological Sex](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-1-biological-sex.md)
  - [10.1.2 The Role of Hormones in Biological Sex](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-2-the-role-of-hormones-in-biological-sex.md)
  - [10.1.3 Biological Explanations of Gender Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-3-biological-explanations-of-gender-development.md)
  - [10.1.4 Gender Identities & BSRI](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-4-gender-identities-and-bsri.md)
  - [10.1.5 Kohlberg’s Theory of Gender Constancy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-5-kohlbergs-theory-of-gender-constancy.md)
  - [10.1.6 Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-6-evaluation-of-kohlbergs-theory.md)
  - [10.1.7 Gender Schema Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-7-gender-schema-theory.md)
  - [10.1.8 Social Approach to Gender Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-8-social-approach-to-gender-development.md)
  - [10.1.9 Criticisms of Social Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-9-criticisms-of-social-theory.md)
  - [10.1.10 Media Influence on Gender Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-10-media-influence-on-gender-development.md)
  - [10.1.11 Gender Incongruence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-11-gender-incongruence.md)
  - [10.1.12 End of Topic Test - Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/10-1-12-end-of-topic-test-gender.md)

### 11 Option 1: Cognition & Development (A2 only)
- 11.1 Cognition & Development (A2 only)
  - [11.1.1 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-1-piagets-theory-of-cognitive-development-1.md)
  - [11.1.2 Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-2-piagets-theory-of-cognitive-development-2.md)
  - [11.1.3 Schema Accommodation Assimilation & Equilibration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-3-schema-accommodation-assimilation-and-equilibration.md)
  - [11.1.4 Piaget & Inhelder’s Three Mountains Task (1956)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-4-piaget-and-inhelders-three-mountains-task-1956.md)
  - [11.1.5 Conservation & Class Inclusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-5-conservation-and-class-inclusion.md)
  - [11.1.6 Evaluation of Piaget](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-6-evaluation-of-piaget.md)
  - [11.1.7 Vygotsky](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-7-vygotsky.md)
  - [11.1.8 Evaluation of Vygotsky](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-8-evaluation-of-vygotsky.md)
  - [11.1.9 Baillargeon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-9-baillargeon.md)
  - [11.1.10 Baillargeon's studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-10-baillargeons-studies.md)
  - [11.1.11 Evaluation of Baillargeon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-11-evaluation-of-baillargeon.md)
  - [11.1.12 Sense of Self & Theory of Mind](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-12-sense-of-self-and-theory-of-mind.md)
  - [11.1.13 Baron-Cohen Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-13-baron-cohen-studies.md)
  - [11.1.14 Selman’s Five Levels of Perspective Taking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-14-selmans-five-levels-of-perspective-taking.md)
  - [11.1.15 Biological Basis of Social Cognition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-15-biological-basis-of-social-cognition.md)
  - [11.1.16 Evaluation of Biological Basis of Social Cognition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-16-evaluation-of-biological-basis-of-social-cognition.md)
  - [11.1.17 Issues in Social Neuroscience](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-17-issues-in-social-neuroscience.md)
  - [11.1.18 Top Grade AO2/AO3  - Cognition & Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-18-top-grade-ao2ao3-cognition-and-development.md)
  - [11.1.19 End of Topic Test - Cognition & Development 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-19-end-of-topic-test-cognition-and-development-1.md)
  - [11.1.20 End of Topic Test - Cognition & Development 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-20-end-of-topic-test-cognition-and-development-2.md)
  - [11.1.21 End of Topic Test - Cognition 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/11-1-21-end-of-topic-test-cognition-3.md)

### 12 Option 2: Schizophrenia (A2 only)
- 12.1 Schizophrenia: Diagnosis (A2 only)
  - [12.1.1 Symptoms of Schizophrenia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-1-1-symptoms-of-schizophrenia.md)
  - [12.1.2 Issues in Diagnosis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-1-2-issues-in-diagnosis.md)
  - [12.1.3 Pinto (2017) & Copeland (1971)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-1-3-pinto-2017-and-copeland-1971.md)
  - [12.1.4 End of Topic Test - Schizophrenia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-1-4-end-of-topic-test-schizophrenia.md)
- 12.2 Schizophrenia: Treatment (A2 only)
  - [12.2.1 Family-Based Psychological Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-1-family-based-psychological-explanations.md)
  - [12.2.2 Evaluation of Family-Based Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-2-evaluation-of-family-based-explanations.md)
  - [12.2.3 Cognitive Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-3-cognitive-explanations.md)
  - [12.2.4 Drug Therapies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-4-drug-therapies.md)
  - [12.2.5 Evaluation of Drug Therapies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-5-evaluation-of-drug-therapies.md)
  - [12.2.6 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-6-biological-explanations-for-schizophrenia.md)
  - [12.2.7 Dopamine Hypothesis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-7-dopamine-hypothesis.md)
  - [12.2.8 Psychological Therapies 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-8-psychological-therapies-1.md)
  - [12.2.9 Psychological Therapies 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-9-psychological-therapies-2.md)
  - [12.2.10 Interactionist Approach - Diathesis-Stress Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-10-interactionist-approach-diathesis-stress-model.md)
  - [12.2.11 Interactionist Approach - Triggers & Treatment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-11-interactionist-approach-triggers-and-treatment.md)
  - [12.2.12 Evaluation of the Interactionist Approach](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-12-evaluation-of-the-interactionist-approach.md)
  - [12.2.13 Evaluation of Psychological Therapies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-13-evaluation-of-psychological-therapies.md)
  - [12.2.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - CBT & CBTp](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-14-diagnostic-misconceptions-cbt-and-cbtp.md)
  - [12.2.15 End of Topic Test - Treatments 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-15-end-of-topic-test-treatments-1.md)
  - [12.2.16 End of Topic Test - Treatments 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/12-2-16-end-of-topic-test-treatments-2.md)

### 13 Option 2: Eating Behaviour (A2 only)
- 13.1 Eating Behaviour (A2 only)
  - [13.1.1 Explanations for Food Preferences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-1-explanations-for-food-preferences.md)
  - [13.1.2 Birch et al (1987) & Lowe et al (2004)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-2-birch-et-al-1987-and-lowe-et-al-2004.md)
  - [13.1.3 Control of Eating Behaviours](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-3-control-of-eating-behaviours.md)
  - [13.1.4 Control of Eating Behaviour: Leptin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-4-control-of-eating-behaviour-leptin.md)
  - [13.1.5 Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-5-biological-explanations-for-anorexia-nervosa.md)
  - [13.1.6 Psychological Explanations: Family Systems Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-6-psychological-explanations-family-systems-theory.md)
  - [13.1.7 Psychological Explanations: Social Learning Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-7-psychological-explanations-social-learning-theory.md)
  - [13.1.8 Psychological Explanations: Cognitive Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-8-psychological-explanations-cognitive-theory.md)
  - [13.1.9 Biological Explanations for Obesity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-9-biological-explanations-for-obesity.md)
  - [13.1.10 Biological Explanations: Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-10-biological-explanations-studies.md)
  - [13.1.11 Psychological Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-11-psychological-explanations.md)
  - [13.1.12 Psychological Explanations: Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-12-psychological-explanations-studies.md)
  - [13.1.13 End of Topic Test - Eating Behaviour](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/13-1-13-end-of-topic-test-eating-behaviour.md)

### 14 Option 2: Stress (A2 only)
- 14.1 Stress (A2 only)
  - [14.1.1 Physiology of Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-1-physiology-of-stress.md)
  - [14.1.2 Role of Stress in Illness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-2-role-of-stress-in-illness.md)
  - [14.1.3 Role of Stress in Illness: Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-3-role-of-stress-in-illness-studies.md)
  - [14.1.4 Social Readjustment Rating Scales](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-4-social-readjustment-rating-scales.md)
  - [14.1.5 Hassles & Uplifts Scales](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-5-hassles-and-uplifts-scales.md)
  - [14.1.6 Stress, Workload & Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-6-stress-workload-and-control.md)
  - [14.1.7 Stress Level Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-7-stress-level-studies.md)
  - [14.1.8 Physiological Measures of Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-8-physiological-measures-of-stress.md)
  - [14.1.9 Individual Differences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-9-individual-differences.md)
  - [14.1.10 Stress & Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-10-stress-and-gender.md)
  - [14.1.11 Drug Therapy & Biofeedback for Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-11-drug-therapy-and-biofeedback-for-stress.md)
  - [14.1.12 Stress Inoculation Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-12-stress-inoculation-therapy.md)
  - [14.1.13 Social Support & Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-13-social-support-and-stress.md)
  - [14.1.14 End of Topic Test - Stress 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-14-end-of-topic-test-stress-1.md)
  - [14.1.15 End of Topic Test - Stress 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/14-1-15-end-of-topic-test-stress-2.md)

### 15 Option 3: Aggression (A2 only)
- 15.1 Aggression: Physiological (A2 only)
  - [15.1.1 Neural Mechanisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-1-neural-mechanisms.md)
  - [15.1.2 Serotonin](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-2-serotonin.md)
  - [15.1.3 Hormonal Mechanisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-3-hormonal-mechanisms.md)
  - [15.1.4 Genetic Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-4-genetic-factors.md)
  - [15.1.5 Genetic Factors 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-5-genetic-factors-2.md)
  - [15.1.6 Ethological Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-6-ethological-explanation.md)
  - [15.1.7 Innate Releasing Mechanisms & Fixed Action Pattern](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-7-innate-releasing-mechanisms-and-fixed-action-pattern.md)
  - [15.1.8 Evolutionary Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-8-evolutionary-explanations.md)
  - [15.1.9 Buss et al (1992) - Sex Differences in Jealousy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-9-buss-et-al-1992-sex-differences-in-jealousy.md)
  - [15.1.10 Evaluation of Evolutionary Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-10-evaluation-of-evolutionary-explanations.md)
  - [15.1.11 End of Topic Test - Aggression: Physiological 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-11-end-of-topic-test-aggression-physiological-1.md)
  - [15.1.12 End of Topic Test - Aggression: Physiological 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-1-12-end-of-topic-test-aggression-physiological-2.md)
- 15.2 Aggression: Social Psychological (A2 only)
  - [15.2.1 Social Psychological Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-1-social-psychological-explanation.md)
  - [15.2.2 Buss (1963) - Frustration/Aggression](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-2-buss-1963-frustrationaggression.md)
  - [15.2.3 Social Psychological Explanation 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-3-social-psychological-explanation-2.md)
  - [15.2.4 Social Learning Theory (SLT) 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-4-social-learning-theory-slt-1.md)
  - [15.2.5 Social Learning Theory (SLT) 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-5-social-learning-theory-slt-2.md)
  - [15.2.6 Limitations of Social Learning Theory (SLT)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-6-limitations-of-social-learning-theory-slt.md)
  - [15.2.7 Deindividuation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-7-deindividuation.md)
  - [15.2.8 Deindividuation 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-8-deindividuation-2.md)
  - [15.2.9 Deindividuation - Diener et al (1976)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-9-deindividuation-diener-et-al-1976.md)
  - [15.2.10 End of Topic Test - Aggression: Social Psychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-10-end-of-topic-test-aggression-social-psychology.md)
  - [15.2.11 Institutional Aggression: Prisons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-11-institutional-aggression-prisons.md)
  - [15.2.12 Evaluation of Dispositional & Situational](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-12-evaluation-of-dispositional-and-situational.md)
  - [15.2.13 Influence of Computer Games](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-13-influence-of-computer-games.md)
  - [15.2.14 Influence of Television](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-14-influence-of-television.md)
  - [15.2.15 Evaluation of Studies on Media](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-15-evaluation-of-studies-on-media.md)
  - [15.2.16 Desensitisation & Disinhibition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-16-desensitisation-and-disinhibition.md)
  - [15.2.17 Cognitive Priming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-17-cognitive-priming.md)
  - [15.2.18 End of Topic Test - Aggression: Social Psychology](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/15-2-18-end-of-topic-test-aggression-social-psychology.md)

### 16 Option 3: Forensic Psychology (A2 only)
- 16.1 Forensic Psychology (A2 only)
  - [16.1.1 Defining Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-1-defining-crime.md)
  - [16.1.2 Measuring Crime](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-2-measuring-crime.md)
  - [16.1.3 Offender Profiling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-3-offender-profiling.md)
  - [16.1.4 Evaluation of Offender Profiling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-4-evaluation-of-offender-profiling.md)
  - [16.1.5 John Duffy Case Study](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-5-john-duffy-case-study.md)
  - [16.1.6 Biological Explanations 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-6-biological-explanations-1.md)
  - [16.1.7 Biological Explanations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-7-biological-explanations-2.md)
  - [16.1.8 Evaluation- Biological Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-8-evaluation-biological-explanations.md)
  - [16.1.9 Cognitive Explanations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-9-cognitive-explanations.md)
  - [16.1.10 Moral Reasoning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-10-moral-reasoning.md)
  - [16.1.11 Differential Association Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-11-differential-association-theory.md)
  - [16.1.12 Custodial Sentencing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-12-custodial-sentencing.md)
  - [16.1.13 Effects of Prison](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-13-effects-of-prison.md)
  - [16.1.14 Evaluation of the Effects of Prison](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-14-evaluation-of-the-effects-of-prison.md)
  - [16.1.15 Behavioural Treatments & Therapies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-15-behavioural-treatments-and-therapies.md)
  - [16.1.16 Effectiveness of Behavioural Treatments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-16-effectiveness-of-behavioural-treatments.md)
  - [16.1.17 Restorative Justice](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-17-restorative-justice.md)
  - [16.1.18 End of Topic Test - Forensic 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-18-end-of-topic-test-forensic-1.md)
  - [16.1.19 End of Topic Test - Forensic 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/16-1-19-end-of-topic-test-forensic-2.md)

### 17 Option 3: Addiction (A2 only)
- 17.1 Addiction (A2 only)
  - [17.1.1 Definition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-1-definition.md)
  - [17.1.2 Brain Neurochemistry Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-2-brain-neurochemistry-explanation.md)
  - [17.1.3 Learning Theory Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-3-learning-theory-explanation.md)
  - [17.1.4 Evaluation of a Learning Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-4-evaluation-of-a-learning-theory.md)
  - [17.1.5 Cognitive Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-5-cognitive-bias.md)
  - [17.1.6 Griffiths on Cognitive Bias](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-6-griffiths-on-cognitive-bias.md)
  - [17.1.7 Evaluation of Cognitive Theory (A2 only)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-7-evaluation-of-cognitive-theory-a2-only.md)
  - [17.1.8 Gambling Addiction & Learning Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-8-gambling-addiction-and-learning-theory.md)
  - [17.1.9 Social Influences on Addiction 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-9-social-influences-on-addiction-1.md)
  - [17.1.10 Social Influences on Addiction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-10-social-influences-on-addiction-2.md)
  - [17.1.11 Personal Influences  on Addiction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-11-personal-influences-on-addiction.md)
  - [17.1.12 Genetic Explanations of Addiction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-12-genetic-explanations-of-addiction.md)
  - [17.1.13 End of Topic Test - Addiction 1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-13-end-of-topic-test-addiction-1.md)
  - [17.1.14 End of Topic Test - Addiction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-1-14-end-of-topic-test-addiction-2.md)
- 17.2 Treating Addiction (A2 only)
  - [17.2.1 Drug Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-1-drug-therapy.md)
  - [17.2.2 Behavioural Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-2-behavioural-interventions.md)
  - [17.2.3 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-3-cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md)
  - [17.2.4 Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-4-six-stage-model-of-behaviour-change.md)
  - [17.2.5 End of Topic Test - Treating](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/psychology/aqa/17-2-5-end-of-topic-test-treating.md)