Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-3-the-labour-party [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Political Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies.md) › [Edexcel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel.md) › The Labour Party # The Labour Party Political Studies: Edexcel A Level, topic 2.2.3 ## History of Labour The Labour Party was founded in 1900, and aimed to bring working class people into parliament. ### Founding of Labour ![Founding of Labour](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/325c33f3-8d03-499f-825a-9f4553ca91f5/navvies-build-railway-worker-.jpg) - The Labour Party was established at the start of the twentieth century by the Trade Union Congress, the Independent Labour Party, the Fabians and the Social Democratic Federation. - The Labour Party was founded with the aim of representing the working class and bringing them into parliament. ### Old Labour ideas ![Old Labour ideas](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/7778e2bb-8818-4752-8843-2c5cf571945d/worker-builder-.jpg) - Old Labour is a term used to describe the Labour Party when its political ideology was based on socialism and when the party had strong links with trade unions, socialist societies and the working class. - Old Labour ideas included a belief in nationalisation, opposition to capitalism, a belief in equality and redistributing wealth to the poor from the wealthy, continually investing in welfare services and greater state control over the economy. ### Clause IV ![Clause IV](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/d5382d55-8917-48f0-b2b2-b455c3522ac4/files-evidence-paper-stack-.jpg) - Some of Old Labour's ideas were outlined in the Labour Party’s 1918 constitution - Clause IV outlined the party’s belief in the need for wealth to be redistributed and in state ownership of the main national industries. ### 1983 manifesto ![1983 manifesto](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/04098ef2-4f10-4009-b0c9-dbd54037b7f0/old-letters-.jpg) - Michael Foot, the Labour leader in the 1983 general election, proposed a manifesto which clearly demonstrated ideas of ‘Old Labour’, including policies for greater state control of industries, more workers' rights and nuclear disarmament. - The manifesto was described by Labour MP Gerald Kaufman as ‘the longest suicide note in history’ after Labour lost the election. - Some believe that the 1983 loss was because of the party’s left-wing ideas. - After 1983, the Labour Party tried to reform. ## New Labour New Labour is what the rebranded and reformed Labour Party was known as from 1994 onwards. Tony Blair had a big influence on the policies and image of New Labour. ### Rebranding the Labour Party ![Rebranding the Labour Party](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/AQA%20New%20Modules/7.3.1/ball%20and%20chain%20destruction.jpg) - After a number of general election defeats between 1979 and 1992, the Labour Party began a process of reforming to widen its appeal among the electorate. - New Labour was the label for the Labour Party under Tony Blair, used by Blair at a Labour Party conference in 1994. ### New Labour ideas ![New Labour ideas](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/e0d097d1-ba28-48f1-83d6-3734a23d8078/light-bulbs-energy-.jpg) - New Labour advocated several key ideas, including: - Reduced trade union power in the party and decreased the reliance on them for funding. - Increasing the party leader's power over areas such as candidate selection, making policy and party structure. - Moving away from traditional Labour policies on tax and spending. - Acceptance of Conservative privatisation programmes. - Acceptance of devolution and of membership of the EU and NATO. - Support for private schools and healthcare. ### Clause Four ![Clause Four](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/e96d7e91-613b-4825-9b91-60c33f326c6c/shutterstock_169575122.jpg) - Under the leadership of Tony Blair, Clause IV of the party constitution which outlined key socialist ideas was reworded. ## Recent Labour Leaders Since Tony Blair, there have been four Labour leaders. Each leader has brought about new ideas and policies that have changed the direction of the party. ### Gordon Brown ![Gordon Brown](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/8a40c096-3e40-488a-ba3d-e6996b2f9b06/gordon-brown-.jpg) - Gordon Brown succeeded Tony Blair as leader of Labour and PM in June 2007. - Under Gordon Brown, the main ideology was to increase the state’s role in both the economic market and society. - Some high street banks were nationalised. - Brown put in place an economic policy focused on managing the deficit without introducing cuts to public services. - Brown’s economic policy was similar to the ‘tax and spend’ policies of Old Labour. ### 2010 general election ![2010 general election](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/dc925582-1b6a-4f00-8735-0d47dfa9ed4a/election-ballot-.jpg) - The 2010 manifesto outlined a focus on job creating and increasing the minimum wage. - The 2010 manifesto also outlined Labour’s support for the NHS and education. - There was a focus on the need for constitutional reform in the 2010 manifesto under Brown. ### Ed Miliband ![Ed Miliband](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/61bd810b-f594-4e31-8b9b-cba73ab8b2ec/ed-miliband-.jpg) - Ed Miliband became Labour party leader in 2010, after Labour lost the election. - Miliband was labelled ‘Red Ed’ after his party leadership election victory, which was a result of the support he received from the trade unions. - Ed Miliband suffered a significant electoral defeat in the 2015 election. - This led to those on the left of the party calling for it to return to its socialist roots and those of the right stating the need to return to the principles of New Labour. ### Jeremy Corbyn ![Jeremy Corbyn](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/aef909bb-17f4-4f62-9331-c43cc1e752f3/jeremy-corbyn-.jpg) - Jeremy Corbyn was elected party leader in 2015 with 59.5% of first vote preferences. - Corbyn’s election was seen as a surprise by many because he was seen to be a committed socialist and regular rebel within the party. - Corbyn regularly opposed the party elite, particularly under Tony Blair’s leadership. ### Corbyn's policies ![Corbyn's policies](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.1.1%20Measuring%20length,%20volume,%20etc.../paper-1849364_640-min.jpg) - The policies Corbyn advocated for included: - Reducing wealth inequality and promoting a more equal society. - Placing peace as the core objective of foreign policy. - National education for all. - Achieving full employment and increasing job security for workers. - Under Corbyn, Labour was greatly divided between its left and right. - There are factions such as ‘Progress’, who believe in New Labour values, and Momentum who are the campaign group in support of Jeremy Corbyn. ### Keir Starmer ![Keir Starmer](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/9ba347c3-23f9-4740-8180-6118bda64c2c/winner-1548239_1920.jpg) - Keir Starmer became Labour leader in 2020. - Starmer moved the party towards the political centre, distancing it from Corbyn’s leadership. - He emphasised electability, party unity, and economic credibility. - Labour won the 2024 general election with a large majority. - This marked a return to government after 14 years in opposition. ### Starmer’s policies and direction ![Starmer’s policies and direction](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/b3e1d730-077c-4496-9c36-c67d106ce14d/work-factory-.jpg) - Starmer’s policies: - Focusing on economic growth and stability. - Increased investment in public services, especially the NHS. - Workers’ rights reforms (e.g. stronger employment protections). - Emphasis on fiscal responsibility alongside investment. - Party direction under Starmer: - Reduced influence of left-wing factions such as Momentum. - Greater emphasis on unity and discipline within the party. - Shift towards a more moderate, social democratic position. ## Test yourself on The Labour Party - What was described as the 'longest suicide note in history'? - Which of these are NOT old labour ideas? - Why was the Labour Party founded? - Who introduced the term 'New Labour' at the party conference, and when? - Which unconventional policies did New Labour support? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/187b17d0-dbde-4633-8fc0-0a556c3291b1/section/294d3c25-875e-4d3a-a2f8-5a74245c42bf/session) - Previous topic: [2.2.2 The Conservative Party: Recent Leaders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-2-the-conservative-party-recent-leaders.md) - Next topic: [2.2.4 The Liberal Democrat Party](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-4-the-liberal-democrat-party.md) ## Political Studies: Edexcel A Level contents ### 1 Democracy & Participation - 1.1 Representative & Direct Democracy - [1.1.1 Direct Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-1-direct-democracy.md) - [1.1.2 Pros & Cons of Direct Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-2-pros-and-cons-of-direct-democracy.md) - [1.1.3 Representative Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-3-representative-democracy.md) - [1.1.4 Pros & Cons of Representative Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-4-pros-and-cons-of-representative-democracy.md) - [1.1.5 Comparing Types of Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-5-comparing-types-of-democracy.md) - [1.1.6 Case for Democratic Reform](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-6-case-for-democratic-reform.md) - [1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Types of Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-7-end-of-topic-test-types-of-democracy.md) - [1.1.8 Top Grade AO3/4 - Types of Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-8-top-grade-ao34-types-of-democracy.md) - 1.2 Wider Franchise & Suffrage - [1.2.1 History of the UK Franchise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-2-1-history-of-the-uk-franchise.md) - [1.2.2 Campaigns for Suffrage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-2-2-campaigns-for-suffrage.md) - [1.2.3 End of Topic Test - Franchise & Suffrage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-2-3-end-of-topic-test-franchise-and-suffrage.md) - 1.3 Pressure Groups & Other Influences - [1.3.1 Types of Pressure Group](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-1-types-of-pressure-group.md) - [1.3.2 Functions of Pressure Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-2-functions-of-pressure-groups.md) - [1.3.3 How Pressure Groups Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-3-how-pressure-groups-influence.md) - [1.3.4 Case-Study Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-4-case-study-examples.md) - [1.3.5 Other Collective Orgs & Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-5-other-collective-orgs-and-groups.md) - [1.3.6 End of Topic Test - Pressure Groups & Influences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-6-end-of-topic-test-pressure-groups-and-influences.md) - [1.3.7 Application Questions - Pressure Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-7-application-questions-pressure-groups.md) - 1.4 Rights in Context - [1.4.1 Development of Rights in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-4-1-development-of-rights-in-the-uk.md) - [1.4.2 The UK's Rights-Based Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-4-2-the-uks-rights-based-culture.md) - [1.4.3 End of Topic Test - Rights in Context](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-4-3-end-of-topic-test-rights-in-context.md) ### 2 Political Parties - 2.1 How Political Parties Work - [2.1.1 Functions & Features of UK Political Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-1-functions-and-features-of-uk-political-parties.md) - [2.1.2 Funding of UK Political Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-2-funding-of-uk-political-parties.md) - [2.1.3 UK Funding Reform](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-3-uk-funding-reform.md) - [2.1.4 End of Topic Test - Political Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-4-end-of-topic-test-political-parties.md) - [2.1.5 Top Grade AO3/4 - Political Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-5-top-grade-ao34-political-parties.md) - 2.2 Established Political Parties - [2.2.1 The Conservative Party: History](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-1-the-conservative-party-history.md) - [2.2.2 The Conservative Party: Recent Leaders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-2-the-conservative-party-recent-leaders.md) - [2.2.3 The Labour Party](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-3-the-labour-party.md) - [2.2.4 The Liberal Democrat Party](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-4-the-liberal-democrat-party.md) - [2.2.5 Ideas & Policies of UK Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-5-ideas-and-policies-of-uk-parties.md) - [2.2.6 End of Topic Test - Established Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-6-end-of-topic-test-established-parties.md) - [2.2.7 Application Questions - Established Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-7-application-questions-established-parties.md) - 2.3 Emerging & Minor Political Parties - [2.3.1 Minority Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-3-1-minority-parties.md) - [2.3.2 Minority Parties Case Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-3-2-minority-parties-case-studies.md) - [2.3.3 End of Topic Test - Minor Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-3-3-end-of-topic-test-minor-parties.md) - 2.4 UK Political Parties in Context - [2.4.1 Different Party Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-1-different-party-systems.md) - [2.4.2 Political Spectrum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-2-political-spectrum.md) - [2.4.3 Factors Affecting Party Success](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-3-factors-affecting-party-success.md) - [2.4.4 End of Topic Test - Parties in Context](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-4-end-of-topic-test-parties-in-context.md) - [2.4.5 Application Questions - Parties in Context](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-5-application-questions-parties-in-context.md) ### 3 Electoral Systems - 3.1 Different Electoral Systems - [3.1.1 FPTP & STV](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-1-1-fptp-and-stv.md) - [3.1.2 AMS & SV](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-1-2-ams-and-sv.md) - [3.1.3 End of Topic Test - Electoral Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-1-3-end-of-topic-test-electoral-systems.md) - [3.1.4 Top Grade AO3/4 - Electoral Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-1-4-top-grade-ao34-electoral-systems.md) - 3.2 Referendums & How They Are Used - [3.2.1 Case For & Against Referendums](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-2-1-case-for-and-against-referendums.md) - [3.2.2 End of Topic Test - Referendums](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-2-2-end-of-topic-test-referendums.md) - [3.2.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Referendums](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-2-3-a-a-ao34-referendums.md) - 3.3 Electoral System Analysis - [3.3.1 Electoral System Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-3-1-electoral-system-analysis.md) - [3.3.2 End of Topic Test - System Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-3-2-end-of-topic-test-system-analysis.md) - [3.3.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Electoral System Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-3-3-a-a-ao34-electoral-system-analysis.md) ### 4 Voting Behaviour & the Media - 4.1 General Election Case Studies - [4.1.1 Case Studies of Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-1-1-case-studies-of-elections.md) - [4.1.2 Factors Influencing Voting in Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-1-2-factors-influencing-voting-in-elections.md) - [4.1.3 End of Topic Test - Case Studies & Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-1-3-end-of-topic-test-case-studies-and-factors.md) - [4.1.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - Case Studies & Voting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-1-4-a-a-ao34-case-studies-and-voting.md) - 4.2 Media Influence - [4.2.1 Media Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-2-1-media-influence.md) - [4.2.2 End of Topic Test - Media Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-2-2-end-of-topic-test-media-influence.md) ### 5 Conservatism - 5.1 Conservatism: Core Ideas & Principles - [5.1.1 Pragmatism & Tradition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-1-pragmatism-and-tradition.md) - [5.1.2 Human Imperfection & Organic Society/State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-2-human-imperfection-and-organic-societystate.md) - [5.1.3 Authority & Hierarchy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-3-authority-and-hierarchy.md) - [5.1.4 Paternalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-4-paternalism.md) - [5.1.5 Empiricism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-5-empiricism.md) - [5.1.6 Anti-Permissiveness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-6-anti-permissiveness.md) - [5.1.7 Radical Conservative Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-7-radical-conservative-ideas.md) - [5.1.8 End of Topic Test - Core Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-8-end-of-topic-test-core-conservatism.md) - 5.2 Conservatism: Differing Views & Tensions - [5.2.1 Traditional Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-2-1-traditional-conservatism.md) - [5.2.2 One-Nation Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-2-2-one-nation-conservatism.md) - [5.2.3 New Right Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-2-3-new-right-conservatism.md) - [5.2.4 End of Topic Test - Different Views](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-2-4-end-of-topic-test-different-views.md) - 5.3 Conservative Thinkers & Ideas - [5.3.1 Thomas Hobbes & Edmund Burke](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-1-thomas-hobbes-and-edmund-burke.md) - [5.3.2 Michael Oakeshott & Ayn Rand](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-2-michael-oakeshott-and-ayn-rand.md) - [5.3.3 Robert Nozick](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-3-robert-nozick.md) - [5.3.4 End of Topic Test - Conservative Thinkers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-4-end-of-topic-test-conservative-thinkers.md) - [5.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-5-a-a-ao34-conservatism.md) ### 6 Liberalism - 6.1 Liberalism: Core Ideas & Principles - [6.1.1 Individualism & Freedom/Liberty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-1-individualism-and-freedomliberty.md) - [6.1.2 The State & Rationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-2-the-state-and-rationalism.md) - [6.1.3 Equality & Social Justice](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-3-equality-and-social-justice.md) - [6.1.4 Liberal Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-4-liberal-democracy.md) - [6.1.5 Other Important Liberal Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-5-other-important-liberal-ideas.md) - [6.1.6 End of Topic Test - Liberalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-6-end-of-topic-test-liberalism.md) - 6.2 Differing Views And Tensions Within Liberalism - [6.2.1 Classical Liberalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-2-1-classical-liberalism.md) - [6.2.2 Modern Liberalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-2-2-modern-liberalism.md) - [6.2.3 End of Topic Test - Tensions & Views](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-2-3-end-of-topic-test-tensions-and-views.md) - 6.3 Liberal Thinkers & Ideas - [6.3.1 John Locke & Mary Wollstonecraft](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-1-john-locke-and-mary-wollstonecraft.md) - [6.3.2 John Stuart Mill & John Rawls](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-2-john-stuart-mill-and-john-rawls.md) - [6.3.3 Betty Friedan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-3-betty-friedan.md) - [6.3.4 End of Topic Test - Thinkers & Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-4-end-of-topic-test-thinkers-and-ideas.md) - [6.3.5 A-A* - Liberalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-5-a-a-liberalism.md) ### 7 Socialism - 7.1 Socialism: Core Ideas & Principles - [7.1.1 Fraternity & Co-operation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-1-fraternity-and-co-operation.md) - [7.1.2 Capitalism & Common Ownership](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-2-capitalism-and-common-ownership.md) - [7.1.3 Communism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-3-communism.md) - [7.1.4 Collectivism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-4-collectivism.md) - [7.1.5 Common Humanity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-5-common-humanity.md) - [7.1.6 Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-6-equality.md) - [7.1.7 Social Class & Workers' Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-7-social-class-and-workers-control.md) - [7.1.8 End of Topic Test - Socialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-8-end-of-topic-test-socialism.md) - 7.2 Differing Views And Tensions Within Socialism - [7.2.1 Differing Views And Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-2-1-differing-views-and-tensions.md) - [7.2.2 End of Topic Test - Views & Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-2-2-end-of-topic-test-views-and-tensions.md) - 7.3 Socialist Thinkers and Their Ideas - [7.3.1 Socialist Thinkers: Marx & Engels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-1-socialist-thinkers-marx-and-engels.md) - [7.3.2 Socialist Thinkers: Webb & Luxemburg](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-2-socialist-thinkers-webb-and-luxemburg.md) - [7.3.3 Socialist Thinkers: Crosland and Giddens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-3-socialist-thinkers-crosland-and-giddens.md) - [7.3.4 End of Topic Test - Thinkers & Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-4-end-of-topic-test-thinkers-and-ideas.md) - [7.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Socialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-5-a-a-ao34-socialism.md) ### 8 The UK Constitution - 8.1 Nature & Sources of UK Constitution - [8.1.1 Development of the UK Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-1-1-development-of-the-uk-constitution.md) - [8.1.2 Nature of the UK Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-1-2-nature-of-the-uk-constitution.md) - [8.1.3 Sources of the UK Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-1-3-sources-of-the-uk-constitution.md) - [8.1.4 End of Topic Test - Nature & Sources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-1-4-end-of-topic-test-nature-and-sources.md) - 8.2 Constitutional Change since 1997 - [8.2.1 Constitutional Reform since 1997 (1)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-1-constitutional-reform-since-1997-1.md) - [8.2.2 Constitutional Reform since 1997 (2)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-2-constitutional-reform-since-1997-2.md) - [8.2.3 Constitutional Reform 2010-15 & Reforms Since 2015](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-3-constitutional-reform-2010-15-and-reforms-since-2015.md) - [8.2.4 End of Topic Test - Reform](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-4-end-of-topic-test-reform.md) - [8.2.5 Application Questions - Reform](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-5-application-questions-reform.md) - 8.3 Role & Powers of Devolved UK Bodies - [8.3.1 Devolution in England & Scotland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-3-1-devolution-in-england-and-scotland.md) - [8.3.2 Devolution in Wales & Northern Ireland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-3-2-devolution-in-wales-and-northern-ireland.md) - [8.3.3 End of Topic Test - Devolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-3-3-end-of-topic-test-devolution.md) - 8.4 Debates on Constitutional Reform - [8.4.1 Constitutional Reform & Devolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-4-1-constitutional-reform-and-devolution.md) - [8.4.2 Should the Constitution Be Codified?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-4-2-should-the-constitution-be-codified.md) - [8.4.3 End of Topic Test - Reform Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-4-3-end-of-topic-test-reform-debates.md) - [8.4.4 Application Questions - Codification & Devolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-4-4-application-questions-codification-and-devolution.md) ### 9 The UK Parliament - 9.1 Houses of Parliament - [9.1.1 Houses of Parliament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-1-houses-of-parliament.md) - [9.1.2 Functions of the House of Commons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-2-functions-of-the-house-of-commons.md) - [9.1.3 Functions of the House of Lords](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-3-functions-of-the-house-of-lords.md) - [9.1.4 End of Topic Test - Parliament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-4-end-of-topic-test-parliament.md) - [9.1.5 Top Grade AO3/4 - Parliament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-5-top-grade-ao34-parliament.md) - 9.2 Comparative Powers - [9.2.1 Comparative Powers of the Houses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-2-1-comparative-powers-of-the-houses.md) - [9.2.2 End of Topic Test - Comparative Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-2-2-end-of-topic-test-comparative-powers.md) - 9.3 Legislative Process - [9.3.1 Legislative Stages](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-3-1-legislative-stages.md) - [9.3.2 Law-Making in the two Houses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-3-2-law-making-in-the-two-houses.md) - [9.3.3 End of Topic Test - Legislative Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-3-3-end-of-topic-test-legislative-process.md) - 9.4 Parliament & Executive Interactions - [9.4.1 Backbenchers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-1-backbenchers.md) - [9.4.2 Select Committees](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-2-select-committees.md) - [9.4.3 The Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-3-the-opposition.md) - [9.4.4 Ministerial Question Time](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-4-ministerial-question-time.md) - [9.4.5 End of Topic Test - Parliament & Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-5-end-of-topic-test-parliament-and-executive.md) - [9.4.6 Application Questions - Parliament & Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-6-application-questions-parliament-and-executive.md) ### 10 The Prime Minister & the Executive - 10.1 The Executive - [10.1.1 Structure of the Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-1-1-structure-of-the-executive.md) - [10.1.2 Roles of the Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-1-2-roles-of-the-executive.md) - [10.1.3 Powers of the Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-1-3-powers-of-the-executive.md) - [10.1.4 End of Topic Test - PM & Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-1-4-end-of-topic-test-pm-and-executive.md) - 10.2 Ministerial Responsibility - [10.2.1 Individual Ministerial Responsibility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-2-1-individual-ministerial-responsibility.md) - [10.2.2 Collective Ministerial Responsibility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-2-2-collective-ministerial-responsibility.md) - [10.2.3 End of Topic Test - Ministerial Responsibility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-2-3-end-of-topic-test-ministerial-responsibility.md) - 10.3 Prime Minister & the Cabinet - [10.3.1 Role of the Prime Minister](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-1-role-of-the-prime-minister.md) - [10.3.2 Prime Minister's Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-2-prime-ministers-powers.md) - [10.3.3 Limits on the Prime Minister's Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-3-limits-on-the-prime-ministers-powers.md) - [10.3.4 Role of the Cabinet](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-4-role-of-the-cabinet.md) - [10.3.5 Prime Minister & Cabinet: Relations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-5-prime-minister-and-cabinet-relations.md) - [10.3.6 Prime Minister & Cabinet: Balance of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-6-prime-minister-and-cabinet-balance-of-power.md) - [10.3.7 Prime Minister & Cabinet: Case Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-7-prime-minister-and-cabinet-case-studies.md) - [10.3.8 End of Topic Test - PM & Cabinet](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-8-end-of-topic-test-pm-and-cabinet.md) - [10.3.9 Top Grade AO3/4 - PM & Cabinet](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-9-top-grade-ao34-pm-and-cabinet.md) ### 11 Relationships Between Government Branches - 11.1 The Supreme Court - [11.1.1 Role & Composition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-1-1-role-and-composition.md) - [11.1.2 Principles & Influence of the Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-1-2-principles-and-influence-of-the-supreme-court.md) - [11.1.3 End of Topic Test - Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-1-3-end-of-topic-test-supreme-court.md) - 11.2 Parliament & Executive Relations - [11.2.1 Parliament & Executive: Questions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-1-parliament-and-executive-questions.md) - [11.2.2 Parliament & Executive: Committees](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-2-parliament-and-executive-committees.md) - [11.2.3 Parliament & Executive: Voting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-3-parliament-and-executive-voting.md) - [11.2.4 Executive Dominance Over Parliament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-4-executive-dominance-over-parliament.md) - [11.2.5 Balance of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-5-balance-of-power.md) - [11.2.6 End of Topic Test - Parliament & Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-6-end-of-topic-test-parliament-and-executive.md) - [11.2.7 A-A* (AO3/4) - Relationships Between Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-7-a-a-ao34-relationships-between-government.md) - 11.3 The European Union & the UK - [11.3.1 Aims & Policymaking of the European Union](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-3-1-aims-and-policymaking-of-the-european-union.md) - [11.3.2 End of Topic Test - EU & UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-3-2-end-of-topic-test-eu-and-uk.md) - 11.4 Sovereignty in the UK Political System - [11.4.1 Sovereignty in the UK Political System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-4-1-sovereignty-in-the-uk-political-system.md) - [11.4.2 End of Topic Test - Sovereignty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-4-2-end-of-topic-test-sovereignty.md) ### 12 US Constitution & Federalism - 12.1 Nature of the US Constitution - [12.1.1 Nature of the US Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-1-nature-of-the-us-constitution.md) - [12.1.2 Nature: Positives & Negatives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-2-nature-positives-and-negatives.md) - [12.1.3 Constitutional Framework](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-3-constitutional-framework.md) - [12.1.4 The Amendment Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-4-the-amendment-process.md) - [12.1.5 End of Topic Test - Nature US Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-5-end-of-topic-test-nature-us-constitution.md) - 12.2 Principles of the US Constitution - [12.2.1 Federalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-1-federalism.md) - [12.2.2 Separation of Powers/Checks & Balances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-2-separation-of-powerschecks-and-balances.md) - [12.2.3 Bipartisanship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-3-bipartisanship.md) - [12.2.4 Limited Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-4-limited-government.md) - [12.2.5 End of Topic Test - Constitutional Principles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-5-end-of-topic-test-constitutional-principles.md) - 12.3 Federalism - [12.3.1 Main Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-3-1-main-characteristics.md) - [12.3.2 Federal Government and the States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-3-2-federal-government-and-the-states.md) - [12.3.3 End of Topic Test - Federalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-3-3-end-of-topic-test-federalism.md) - 12.4 Interpretations & Debates - [12.4.1 Democracy in the Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-4-1-democracy-in-the-constitution.md) - [12.4.2 Federalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-4-2-federalism.md) - [12.4.3 End of Topic Test - Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-4-3-end-of-topic-test-debates.md) - [12.4.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - US Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-4-4-a-a-ao34-us-constitution.md) ### 13 US Congress - 13.1 Structure of Congress - [13.1.1 Structure of Congress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-1-1-structure-of-congress.md) - [13.1.2 Distribution of Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-1-2-distribution-of-powers.md) - [13.1.3 End of Topic Test - Congress Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-1-3-end-of-topic-test-congress-structure.md) - 13.2 Functions of Congress - [13.2.1 Representation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-2-1-representation.md) - [13.2.2 Legislative](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-2-2-legislative.md) - [13.2.3 Oversight](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-2-3-oversight.md) - [13.2.4 End of Topic Test - Functions of Congress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-2-4-end-of-topic-test-functions-of-congress.md) - 13.3 Interpretations & Debates - [13.3.1 Changing Roles & Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-3-1-changing-roles-and-powers.md) - [13.3.2 Changing Significance of Parties & of Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-3-2-changing-significance-of-parties-and-of-powers.md) - [13.3.3 End of Topic Test - Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-3-3-end-of-topic-test-debates.md) - [13.3.4 Application Questions - US Congress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-3-4-application-questions-us-congress.md) ### 14 US Presidency - 14.1 Presidential Power - [14.1.1 Formal Sources of Presidential Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-1-1-formal-sources-of-presidential-power.md) - [14.1.2 Informal Sources of Presidential Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-1-2-informal-sources-of-presidential-power.md) - [14.1.3 Powers of Persuasion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-1-3-powers-of-persuasion.md) - [14.1.4 End of Topic Test - Presidential Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-1-4-end-of-topic-test-presidential-power.md) - 14.2 The Presidency - [14.2.1 President Relationship with Other Institutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-2-1-president-relationship-with-other-institutions.md) - [14.2.2 Limitations on Presidential Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-2-2-limitations-on-presidential-power.md) - [14.2.3 US Presidents Achieving Their Aims](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-2-3-us-presidents-achieving-their-aims.md) - [14.2.4 End of Topic Test - Presidency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-2-4-end-of-topic-test-presidency.md) - 14.3 Interpretations & Debates of the US Presidency - [14.3.1 The Imperial Presidency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-3-1-the-imperial-presidency.md) - [14.3.2 The President in Foreign Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-3-2-the-president-in-foreign-policy.md) - [14.3.3 End of Topic Test - Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-3-3-end-of-topic-test-debates.md) - [14.3.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - US Presidency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-3-4-a-a-ao34-us-presidency.md) ### 15 US Supreme Court & Civil Rights - 15.1 Nature & Role of Supreme Court - [15.1.1 Nature & Role of the Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-1-1-nature-and-role-of-the-supreme-court.md) - [15.1.2 End of Topic Test - Nature & Role](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-1-2-end-of-topic-test-nature-and-role.md) - 15.2 Supreme Court Appointment Process - [15.2.1 Appointment Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-2-1-appointment-process.md) - [15.2.2 Supreme Court Membership](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-2-2-supreme-court-membership.md) - [15.2.3 End of Topic Test - Appointments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-2-3-end-of-topic-test-appointments.md) - 15.3 The Supreme Court & Public Policy - [15.3.1 Supreme Court & Public Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-3-1-supreme-court-and-public-policy.md) - [15.3.2 End of Topic Test - Public Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-3-2-end-of-topic-test-public-policy.md) - 15.4 Protection of Civil Liberties & Rights - [15.4.1 Protection of Civil Liberties & Rights](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-4-1-protection-of-civil-liberties-and-rights.md) - [15.4.2 Race & Rights in Contemporary US Politics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-4-2-race-and-rights-in-contemporary-us-politics.md) - [15.4.3 End of Topic Test - Rights & Liberties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-4-3-end-of-topic-test-rights-and-liberties.md) - 15.5 Debates & Interpretations of the Supreme Court - [15.5.1 Political Nature of the Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-1-political-nature-of-the-supreme-court.md) - [15.5.2 Judicial Interpretation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-2-judicial-interpretation.md) - [15.5.3 Supreme Court Checks & Balances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-3-supreme-court-checks-and-balances.md) - [15.5.4 End of Topic Test - Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-4-end-of-topic-test-debates.md) - [15.5.5 Application Questions - The Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-5-application-questions-the-supreme-court.md) ### 16 US Democracy & Participation - 16.1 Presidential Elections - [16.1.1 Presidential Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-1-1-presidential-elections.md) - [16.1.2 Primaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-1-2-primaries.md) - [16.1.3 National Party Conventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-1-3-national-party-conventions.md) - [16.1.4 End of Topic Test - Presidential Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-1-4-end-of-topic-test-presidential-elections.md) - 16.2 Electoral College - [16.2.1 Electoral College System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-2-1-electoral-college-system.md) - [16.2.2 Reforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-2-2-reforms.md) - [16.2.3 End of Topic Test - Electoral College](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-2-3-end-of-topic-test-electoral-college.md) - 16.3 Electoral Campaigns - [16.3.1 Issues in Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-3-1-issues-in-elections.md) - [16.3.2 End of Topic Test - Campaigns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-3-2-end-of-topic-test-campaigns.md) - 16.4 Incumbency - [16.4.1 Elections & Incumbency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-4-1-elections-and-incumbency.md) - [16.4.2 End of Topic Test - Incumbency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-4-2-end-of-topic-test-incumbency.md) - [16.4.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Elections & Electoral College](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-4-3-a-a-ao34-elections-and-electoral-college.md) - 16.5 Democrats & Republicans - [16.5.1 National & State Level Organisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-5-1-national-and-state-level-organisation.md) - [16.5.2 Democratic & Republican Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-5-2-democratic-and-republican-policies.md) - [16.5.3 Changing Party Significance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-5-3-changing-party-significance.md) - [16.5.4 End of Topic Test - Democrats & Republicans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-5-4-end-of-topic-test-democrats-and-republicans.md) - 16.6 Internal Conflict & Ideology - [16.6.1 Types of Democrats](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-6-1-types-of-democrats.md) - [16.6.2 Types of Republicans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-6-2-types-of-republicans.md) - [16.6.3 End of Topic Test - Internal Conflict](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-6-3-end-of-topic-test-internal-conflict.md) - 16.7 Support & Demographics - [16.7.1 Coalition of Supporters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-7-1-coalition-of-supporters.md) - [16.7.2 End of Topic Test - Party Support](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-7-2-end-of-topic-test-party-support.md) - 16.8 Interest Groups - [16.8.1 Political Significance of Interest Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-8-1-political-significance-of-interest-groups.md) - [16.8.2 Interest Group Influence & Impact on Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-8-2-interest-group-influence-and-impact-on-democracy.md) - [16.8.3 End of Topic Test - Interest Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-8-3-end-of-topic-test-interest-groups.md) - [16.8.4 Application Questions - Parties, Ideology & Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-8-4-application-questions-parties-ideology-and-groups.md) ### 17 Comparing Democracies - 17.1 Theoretical Approaches - [17.1.1 Theoretical Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-1-1-theoretical-approaches.md) - [17.1.2 End of Topic Test - Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-1-2-end-of-topic-test-approaches.md) - 17.2 UK & USA Similarities & Differences - [17.2.1 Constitution: Nature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-1-constitution-nature.md) - [17.2.2 Constitution: Provisions & Principles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-2-constitution-provisions-and-principles.md) - [17.2.3 Federal System & Devolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-3-federal-system-and-devolution.md) - [17.2.4 Legislative: Lower Houses of Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-4-legislative-lower-houses-of-government.md) - [17.2.5 Legislative: Upper Houses of Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-5-legislative-upper-houses-of-government.md) - [17.2.6 Legislative: Powers & Functions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-6-legislative-powers-and-functions.md) - [17.2.7 Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-7-executive.md) - [17.2.8 Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-8-supreme-court.md) - [17.2.9 Supreme Court: Judicial Independence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-9-supreme-court-judicial-independence.md) - [17.2.10 Civil Rights](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-10-civil-rights.md) - [17.2.11 Civil Rights: Interest Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-11-civil-rights-interest-groups.md) - [17.2.12 Party Systems & Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-12-party-systems-and-parties.md) - [17.2.13 Campaign Finance & Pressure Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-13-campaign-finance-and-pressure-groups.md) - [17.2.14 End of Topic Test - Comparing UK & US](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-14-end-of-topic-test-comparing-uk-and-us.md) - [17.2.15 Application Questions - UK & USA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-15-application-questions-uk-and-usa.md) ### 18 Feminism - 18.1 Feminism: Core Ideas & Principles - [18.1.1 Context of Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-1-context-of-feminism.md) - [18.1.2 Sex & Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-2-sex-and-gender.md) - [18.1.3 Patriarchy & The Personal is the Political](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-3-patriarchy-and-the-personal-is-the-political.md) - [18.1.4 Difference, Egalitarian & Intersectionality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-4-difference-egalitarian-and-intersectionality.md) - [18.1.5 Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-5-key-themes.md) - [18.1.6 End of Topic Test - Core Ideas & Principles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-6-end-of-topic-test-core-ideas-and-principles.md) - 18.2 Different Types of Feminism - [18.2.1 The Waves of Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-2-1-the-waves-of-feminism.md) - [18.2.2 Socialist & Radical Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-2-2-socialist-and-radical-feminism.md) - [18.2.3 Post-Modern Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-2-3-post-modern-feminism.md) - [18.2.4 End of Topic Test - Different Types of Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-2-4-end-of-topic-test-different-types-of-feminism.md) - 18.3 Feminist Thinkers & Their Ideas - [18.3.1 Charlotte Gilman & Simone de Beauvoir](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-1-charlotte-gilman-and-simone-de-beauvoir.md) - [18.3.2 Kate Millett](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-2-kate-millett.md) - [18.3.3 Sheila Rowbotham & bell hooks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-3-sheila-rowbotham-and-bell-hooks.md) - [18.3.4 End of Topic Test - Feminist Thinkers & Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-4-end-of-topic-test-feminist-thinkers-and-ideas.md) - [18.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-5-a-a-ao34-feminism.md) ### 19 Nationalism - 19.1 Nationalism: Core Ideas & Principles - [19.1.1 Nations & Self-Determination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-1-nations-and-self-determination.md) - [19.1.2 Nation-States & Culturalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-2-nation-states-and-culturalism.md) - [19.1.3 Racialism & Internationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-3-racialism-and-internationalism.md) - [19.1.4 Civic & Ethnic Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-4-civic-and-ethnic-nationalism.md) - [19.1.5 Liberal & Socialist Internationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-5-liberal-and-socialist-internationalism.md) - [19.1.6 Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-6-key-themes.md) - [19.1.7 End of Topic Test - Core Ideas & Principles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-7-end-of-topic-test-core-ideas-and-principles.md) - 19.2 Different Types of Nationalism - [19.2.1 Liberal & Conservative Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-1-liberal-and-conservative-nationalism.md) - [19.2.2 Post-Colonial & Expansionist Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-2-post-colonial-and-expansionist-nationalism.md) - [19.2.3 Progressive & Regressive Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-3-progressive-and-regressive-nationalism.md) - [19.2.4 Inclusive & Exclusive Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-4-inclusive-and-exclusive-nationalism.md) - [19.2.5 End of Topic Test -Different Types of Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-5-end-of-topic-test-different-types-of-nationalism.md) - 19.3 Nationalist Thinkers & Their Ideas - [19.3.1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau & Gottfried von Herder](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-1-jean-jacques-rousseau-and-gottfried-von-herder.md) - [19.3.2 Giuseppe Mazzini & Charles Maurras](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-2-giuseppe-mazzini-and-charles-maurras.md) - [19.3.3 Marcus Garvey](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-3-marcus-garvey.md) - [19.3.4 End of Topic Test - Nationalist Thinkers & Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-4-end-of-topic-test-nationalist-thinkers-and-ideas.md) - [19.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-5-a-a-ao34-nationalism.md)