Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-3-1-supreme-court-and-public-policy [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Political Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies.md) › [Edexcel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel.md) › Supreme Court & Public Policy # Supreme Court & Public Policy Political Studies: Edexcel A Level, topic 15.3.1 ## The Supreme Court and Public Policy The Supreme Court has had a major impact on a range of US public policy including abortion, marriage equality and election campaign spending. ### Marriage equality ![Marriage equality](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-12/8fdb1b47-979a-4b8c-8a19-739595bd2829/wedding-couple-love-black-white-wedding-marry-ring-.jpg) - The Supreme Court has ruled on marriage equality in America. - In the 2013 United States v. Windsor case, the Court ruled that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, which denied federal recognition of same-sex marriages, was unconstitutional. - In the 2015 Obergefell v Hodges case, the Supreme Court ruled that a ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment's equal protection of all citizens' life and liberty rights. ### Abortion ![Abortion](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/10d9807e-2821-4984-8b4e-d3324f6d12e8/pregnant-2277768_1920.jpg) - The Supreme Court has ruled on the right to abortion for women. - The 1973 Roe v. Wade case ruled that women have the right to an abortion under the 14th Amendment right to 'privacy'. - The 2007 Gonzales v. Carhart case ruled to uphold the 2003 Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act which banned the procedure of intact dilation and extraction used in later abortions. - In 2022, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overruled Roe v. Wade and allowed states to make their own abortion laws. ### Campaign spending ![Campaign spending](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-08/1e0a4c76-03e0-490d-8662-85519a584e66/money-2696238_1920.jpg) - Recent cases have removed some restrictions on election campaign spending. - In the 2010 Citizens United v FEC case, the Supreme Court removed laws that prevented businesses from funding political advertising because the laws were considered to violate First Amendment rights to freedom of speech. - In the 2014 McCutcheon v FEC case, the limit on individual contributions for election candidates of $48,600 was removed because it was ruled to violate the First Amendment right to free speech. ## Judicial Activism and Restraint Judicial activism is the belief that judges should aim to promote desirable social goals through their decisions. Judicial restraint is an approach where judges defer decisions to the executive and the legislature. ### Judicial activism ![Judicial activism](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/c86536ba-553a-4e7f-83ba-f4b5d0352ef8/Actor-Acting-Speech-Talk.jpg) - Judicial activist judges make rulings which reform US society and change public policy rather than defer decisions to elected officials. - Judicial activist courts will more regularly use judicial review to overrule actions of the executive and Congress. - Judicial activism is linked to the liberal view that the Constitution is flexible and can be adapted. - Judicial activism enables the Constitution to evolve as society changes without needing to formally amend the Constitution. ### Strengths of judicial activism ![Strengths of judicial activism](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/07eda46c-266c-42fb-a7a8-516d8039d8ae/strong-arm-wrestle.jpg) - Judicial activism brings about important social changes and developments. - Judicial activists believe that the Founding Fathers expected the Court to actively interpret the Constitution to meet ongoing changes in society. - The Burger Court of 1969–1986 acted with judicial activism; the 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling granted the right to abortion, though this was overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022. ### Criticisms of judicial activism ![Criticisms of judicial activism](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-05/9cc91bc3-7d66-4cba-a552-bac72dfef7eb/good-bad-.png) - A judicially activist court makes laws when its role should be limited to interpreting the law. - The law should be made by the elected legislative and executive rather than the unelected Supreme Court. - Judges are experts in the law but not in the policy areas they make judgements on, and so should not make the law. ### Judicial restraint ![Judicial restraint](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/00e108cf-5c15-446b-9da3-7f8ea8d0596b/handcuffs-hand-prisoner.jpg) - Judicial restraint is linked to the conservative and strict constructionist view of interpreting the Constitution strictly. - Judicial restraint is when judges rarely use judicial review to overrule actions by the executive or Congress. - Under judicial restraint, judges will often defer public policy decisions to elected officials. - Judicial restraint exists when courts base most decisions on precedent from previous court rulings. - The Rehnquist Court of 1986–2005 acted with judicial restraint. ### Criticisms of judicial restraint ![Criticisms of judicial restraint](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/8edf554a-4343-4695-8765-1b51a8791845/time-for-a-change-.jpg) - Judicial restraint prevents important social change from taking place. - Precedent is followed from rulings which are out of date with modern society. - The Constitution should change to meet ongoing developments in society. - The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case ruled with judicial restraint but denied basic rights to African American citizens by upholding racial segregation. ## Test yourself on Supreme Court & Public Policy - Which case ruled that a ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional? - Which of these statements about campaign spending Supreme Court rulings are true? - Which of the statements below are true of judicial restraint? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/187b17d0-dbde-4633-8fc0-0a556c3291b1/section/c15d3e38-888f-47be-a1c3-4150a8dc42f4/session) - Previous topic: [15.2.3 End of Topic Test - Appointments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-2-3-end-of-topic-test-appointments.md) - Next topic: [15.3.2 End of Topic Test - Public Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-3-2-end-of-topic-test-public-policy.md) ## Political Studies: Edexcel A Level contents ### 1 Democracy & Participation - 1.1 Representative & Direct Democracy - [1.1.1 Direct Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-1-direct-democracy.md) - [1.1.2 Pros & Cons of Direct Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-2-pros-and-cons-of-direct-democracy.md) - [1.1.3 Representative Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-3-representative-democracy.md) - [1.1.4 Pros & Cons of Representative Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-4-pros-and-cons-of-representative-democracy.md) - [1.1.5 Comparing Types of Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-5-comparing-types-of-democracy.md) - [1.1.6 Case for Democratic Reform](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-6-case-for-democratic-reform.md) - [1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Types of Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-7-end-of-topic-test-types-of-democracy.md) - [1.1.8 Top Grade AO3/4 - Types of Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-1-8-top-grade-ao34-types-of-democracy.md) - 1.2 Wider Franchise & Suffrage - [1.2.1 History of the UK Franchise](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-2-1-history-of-the-uk-franchise.md) - [1.2.2 Campaigns for Suffrage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-2-2-campaigns-for-suffrage.md) - [1.2.3 End of Topic Test - Franchise & Suffrage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-2-3-end-of-topic-test-franchise-and-suffrage.md) - 1.3 Pressure Groups & Other Influences - [1.3.1 Types of Pressure Group](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-1-types-of-pressure-group.md) - [1.3.2 Functions of Pressure Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-2-functions-of-pressure-groups.md) - [1.3.3 How Pressure Groups Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-3-how-pressure-groups-influence.md) - [1.3.4 Case-Study Examples](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-4-case-study-examples.md) - [1.3.5 Other Collective Orgs & Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-5-other-collective-orgs-and-groups.md) - [1.3.6 End of Topic Test - Pressure Groups & Influences](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-6-end-of-topic-test-pressure-groups-and-influences.md) - [1.3.7 Application Questions - Pressure Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-3-7-application-questions-pressure-groups.md) - 1.4 Rights in Context - [1.4.1 Development of Rights in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-4-1-development-of-rights-in-the-uk.md) - [1.4.2 The UK's Rights-Based Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-4-2-the-uks-rights-based-culture.md) - [1.4.3 End of Topic Test - Rights in Context](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/1-4-3-end-of-topic-test-rights-in-context.md) ### 2 Political Parties - 2.1 How Political Parties Work - [2.1.1 Functions & Features of UK Political Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-1-functions-and-features-of-uk-political-parties.md) - [2.1.2 Funding of UK Political Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-2-funding-of-uk-political-parties.md) - [2.1.3 UK Funding Reform](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-3-uk-funding-reform.md) - [2.1.4 End of Topic Test - Political Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-4-end-of-topic-test-political-parties.md) - [2.1.5 Top Grade AO3/4 - Political Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-1-5-top-grade-ao34-political-parties.md) - 2.2 Established Political Parties - [2.2.1 The Conservative Party: History](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-1-the-conservative-party-history.md) - [2.2.2 The Conservative Party: Recent Leaders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-2-the-conservative-party-recent-leaders.md) - [2.2.3 The Labour Party](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-3-the-labour-party.md) - [2.2.4 The Liberal Democrat Party](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-4-the-liberal-democrat-party.md) - [2.2.5 Ideas & Policies of UK Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-5-ideas-and-policies-of-uk-parties.md) - [2.2.6 End of Topic Test - Established Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-6-end-of-topic-test-established-parties.md) - [2.2.7 Application Questions - Established Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-2-7-application-questions-established-parties.md) - 2.3 Emerging & Minor Political Parties - [2.3.1 Minority Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-3-1-minority-parties.md) - [2.3.2 Minority Parties Case Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-3-2-minority-parties-case-studies.md) - [2.3.3 End of Topic Test - Minor Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-3-3-end-of-topic-test-minor-parties.md) - 2.4 UK Political Parties in Context - [2.4.1 Different Party Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-1-different-party-systems.md) - [2.4.2 Political Spectrum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-2-political-spectrum.md) - [2.4.3 Factors Affecting Party Success](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-3-factors-affecting-party-success.md) - [2.4.4 End of Topic Test - Parties in Context](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-4-end-of-topic-test-parties-in-context.md) - [2.4.5 Application Questions - Parties in Context](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/2-4-5-application-questions-parties-in-context.md) ### 3 Electoral Systems - 3.1 Different Electoral Systems - [3.1.1 FPTP & STV](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-1-1-fptp-and-stv.md) - [3.1.2 AMS & SV](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-1-2-ams-and-sv.md) - [3.1.3 End of Topic Test - Electoral Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-1-3-end-of-topic-test-electoral-systems.md) - [3.1.4 Top Grade AO3/4 - Electoral Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-1-4-top-grade-ao34-electoral-systems.md) - 3.2 Referendums & How They Are Used - [3.2.1 Case For & Against Referendums](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-2-1-case-for-and-against-referendums.md) - [3.2.2 End of Topic Test - Referendums](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-2-2-end-of-topic-test-referendums.md) - [3.2.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Referendums](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-2-3-a-a-ao34-referendums.md) - 3.3 Electoral System Analysis - [3.3.1 Electoral System Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-3-1-electoral-system-analysis.md) - [3.3.2 End of Topic Test - System Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-3-2-end-of-topic-test-system-analysis.md) - [3.3.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Electoral System Analysis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/3-3-3-a-a-ao34-electoral-system-analysis.md) ### 4 Voting Behaviour & the Media - 4.1 General Election Case Studies - [4.1.1 Case Studies of Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-1-1-case-studies-of-elections.md) - [4.1.2 Factors Influencing Voting in Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-1-2-factors-influencing-voting-in-elections.md) - [4.1.3 End of Topic Test - Case Studies & Factors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-1-3-end-of-topic-test-case-studies-and-factors.md) - [4.1.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - Case Studies & Voting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-1-4-a-a-ao34-case-studies-and-voting.md) - 4.2 Media Influence - [4.2.1 Media Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-2-1-media-influence.md) - [4.2.2 End of Topic Test - Media Influence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/4-2-2-end-of-topic-test-media-influence.md) ### 5 Conservatism - 5.1 Conservatism: Core Ideas & Principles - [5.1.1 Pragmatism & Tradition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-1-pragmatism-and-tradition.md) - [5.1.2 Human Imperfection & Organic Society/State](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-2-human-imperfection-and-organic-societystate.md) - [5.1.3 Authority & Hierarchy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-3-authority-and-hierarchy.md) - [5.1.4 Paternalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-4-paternalism.md) - [5.1.5 Empiricism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-5-empiricism.md) - [5.1.6 Anti-Permissiveness](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-6-anti-permissiveness.md) - [5.1.7 Radical Conservative Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-7-radical-conservative-ideas.md) - [5.1.8 End of Topic Test - Core Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-1-8-end-of-topic-test-core-conservatism.md) - 5.2 Conservatism: Differing Views & Tensions - [5.2.1 Traditional Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-2-1-traditional-conservatism.md) - [5.2.2 One-Nation Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-2-2-one-nation-conservatism.md) - [5.2.3 New Right Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-2-3-new-right-conservatism.md) - [5.2.4 End of Topic Test - Different Views](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-2-4-end-of-topic-test-different-views.md) - 5.3 Conservative Thinkers & Ideas - [5.3.1 Thomas Hobbes & Edmund Burke](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-1-thomas-hobbes-and-edmund-burke.md) - [5.3.2 Michael Oakeshott & Ayn Rand](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-2-michael-oakeshott-and-ayn-rand.md) - [5.3.3 Robert Nozick](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-3-robert-nozick.md) - [5.3.4 End of Topic Test - Conservative Thinkers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-4-end-of-topic-test-conservative-thinkers.md) - [5.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Conservatism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/5-3-5-a-a-ao34-conservatism.md) ### 6 Liberalism - 6.1 Liberalism: Core Ideas & Principles - [6.1.1 Individualism & Freedom/Liberty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-1-individualism-and-freedomliberty.md) - [6.1.2 The State & Rationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-2-the-state-and-rationalism.md) - [6.1.3 Equality & Social Justice](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-3-equality-and-social-justice.md) - [6.1.4 Liberal Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-4-liberal-democracy.md) - [6.1.5 Other Important Liberal Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-5-other-important-liberal-ideas.md) - [6.1.6 End of Topic Test - Liberalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-1-6-end-of-topic-test-liberalism.md) - 6.2 Differing Views And Tensions Within Liberalism - [6.2.1 Classical Liberalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-2-1-classical-liberalism.md) - [6.2.2 Modern Liberalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-2-2-modern-liberalism.md) - [6.2.3 End of Topic Test - Tensions & Views](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-2-3-end-of-topic-test-tensions-and-views.md) - 6.3 Liberal Thinkers & Ideas - [6.3.1 John Locke & Mary Wollstonecraft](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-1-john-locke-and-mary-wollstonecraft.md) - [6.3.2 John Stuart Mill & John Rawls](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-2-john-stuart-mill-and-john-rawls.md) - [6.3.3 Betty Friedan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-3-betty-friedan.md) - [6.3.4 End of Topic Test - Thinkers & Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-4-end-of-topic-test-thinkers-and-ideas.md) - [6.3.5 A-A* - Liberalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/6-3-5-a-a-liberalism.md) ### 7 Socialism - 7.1 Socialism: Core Ideas & Principles - [7.1.1 Fraternity & Co-operation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-1-fraternity-and-co-operation.md) - [7.1.2 Capitalism & Common Ownership](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-2-capitalism-and-common-ownership.md) - [7.1.3 Communism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-3-communism.md) - [7.1.4 Collectivism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-4-collectivism.md) - [7.1.5 Common Humanity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-5-common-humanity.md) - [7.1.6 Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-6-equality.md) - [7.1.7 Social Class & Workers' Control](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-7-social-class-and-workers-control.md) - [7.1.8 End of Topic Test - Socialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-1-8-end-of-topic-test-socialism.md) - 7.2 Differing Views And Tensions Within Socialism - [7.2.1 Differing Views And Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-2-1-differing-views-and-tensions.md) - [7.2.2 End of Topic Test - Views & Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-2-2-end-of-topic-test-views-and-tensions.md) - 7.3 Socialist Thinkers and Their Ideas - [7.3.1 Socialist Thinkers: Marx & Engels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-1-socialist-thinkers-marx-and-engels.md) - [7.3.2 Socialist Thinkers: Webb & Luxemburg](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-2-socialist-thinkers-webb-and-luxemburg.md) - [7.3.3 Socialist Thinkers: Crosland and Giddens](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-3-socialist-thinkers-crosland-and-giddens.md) - [7.3.4 End of Topic Test - Thinkers & Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-4-end-of-topic-test-thinkers-and-ideas.md) - [7.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Socialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/7-3-5-a-a-ao34-socialism.md) ### 8 The UK Constitution - 8.1 Nature & Sources of UK Constitution - [8.1.1 Development of the UK Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-1-1-development-of-the-uk-constitution.md) - [8.1.2 Nature of the UK Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-1-2-nature-of-the-uk-constitution.md) - [8.1.3 Sources of the UK Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-1-3-sources-of-the-uk-constitution.md) - [8.1.4 End of Topic Test - Nature & Sources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-1-4-end-of-topic-test-nature-and-sources.md) - 8.2 Constitutional Change since 1997 - [8.2.1 Constitutional Reform since 1997 (1)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-1-constitutional-reform-since-1997-1.md) - [8.2.2 Constitutional Reform since 1997 (2)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-2-constitutional-reform-since-1997-2.md) - [8.2.3 Constitutional Reform 2010-15 & Reforms Since 2015](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-3-constitutional-reform-2010-15-and-reforms-since-2015.md) - [8.2.4 End of Topic Test - Reform](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-4-end-of-topic-test-reform.md) - [8.2.5 Application Questions - Reform](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-2-5-application-questions-reform.md) - 8.3 Role & Powers of Devolved UK Bodies - [8.3.1 Devolution in England & Scotland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-3-1-devolution-in-england-and-scotland.md) - [8.3.2 Devolution in Wales & Northern Ireland](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-3-2-devolution-in-wales-and-northern-ireland.md) - [8.3.3 End of Topic Test - Devolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-3-3-end-of-topic-test-devolution.md) - 8.4 Debates on Constitutional Reform - [8.4.1 Constitutional Reform & Devolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-4-1-constitutional-reform-and-devolution.md) - [8.4.2 Should the Constitution Be Codified?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-4-2-should-the-constitution-be-codified.md) - [8.4.3 End of Topic Test - Reform Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-4-3-end-of-topic-test-reform-debates.md) - [8.4.4 Application Questions - Codification & Devolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/8-4-4-application-questions-codification-and-devolution.md) ### 9 The UK Parliament - 9.1 Houses of Parliament - [9.1.1 Houses of Parliament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-1-houses-of-parliament.md) - [9.1.2 Functions of the House of Commons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-2-functions-of-the-house-of-commons.md) - [9.1.3 Functions of the House of Lords](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-3-functions-of-the-house-of-lords.md) - [9.1.4 End of Topic Test - Parliament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-4-end-of-topic-test-parliament.md) - [9.1.5 Top Grade AO3/4 - Parliament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-1-5-top-grade-ao34-parliament.md) - 9.2 Comparative Powers - [9.2.1 Comparative Powers of the Houses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-2-1-comparative-powers-of-the-houses.md) - [9.2.2 End of Topic Test - Comparative Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-2-2-end-of-topic-test-comparative-powers.md) - 9.3 Legislative Process - [9.3.1 Legislative Stages](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-3-1-legislative-stages.md) - [9.3.2 Law-Making in the two Houses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-3-2-law-making-in-the-two-houses.md) - [9.3.3 End of Topic Test - Legislative Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-3-3-end-of-topic-test-legislative-process.md) - 9.4 Parliament & Executive Interactions - [9.4.1 Backbenchers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-1-backbenchers.md) - [9.4.2 Select Committees](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-2-select-committees.md) - [9.4.3 The Opposition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-3-the-opposition.md) - [9.4.4 Ministerial Question Time](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-4-ministerial-question-time.md) - [9.4.5 End of Topic Test - Parliament & Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-5-end-of-topic-test-parliament-and-executive.md) - [9.4.6 Application Questions - Parliament & Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/9-4-6-application-questions-parliament-and-executive.md) ### 10 The Prime Minister & the Executive - 10.1 The Executive - [10.1.1 Structure of the Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-1-1-structure-of-the-executive.md) - [10.1.2 Roles of the Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-1-2-roles-of-the-executive.md) - [10.1.3 Powers of the Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-1-3-powers-of-the-executive.md) - [10.1.4 End of Topic Test - PM & Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-1-4-end-of-topic-test-pm-and-executive.md) - 10.2 Ministerial Responsibility - [10.2.1 Individual Ministerial Responsibility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-2-1-individual-ministerial-responsibility.md) - [10.2.2 Collective Ministerial Responsibility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-2-2-collective-ministerial-responsibility.md) - [10.2.3 End of Topic Test - Ministerial Responsibility](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-2-3-end-of-topic-test-ministerial-responsibility.md) - 10.3 Prime Minister & the Cabinet - [10.3.1 Role of the Prime Minister](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-1-role-of-the-prime-minister.md) - [10.3.2 Prime Minister's Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-2-prime-ministers-powers.md) - [10.3.3 Limits on the Prime Minister's Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-3-limits-on-the-prime-ministers-powers.md) - [10.3.4 Role of the Cabinet](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-4-role-of-the-cabinet.md) - [10.3.5 Prime Minister & Cabinet: Relations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-5-prime-minister-and-cabinet-relations.md) - [10.3.6 Prime Minister & Cabinet: Balance of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-6-prime-minister-and-cabinet-balance-of-power.md) - [10.3.7 Prime Minister & Cabinet: Case Studies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-7-prime-minister-and-cabinet-case-studies.md) - [10.3.8 End of Topic Test - PM & Cabinet](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-8-end-of-topic-test-pm-and-cabinet.md) - [10.3.9 Top Grade AO3/4 - PM & Cabinet](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/10-3-9-top-grade-ao34-pm-and-cabinet.md) ### 11 Relationships Between Government Branches - 11.1 The Supreme Court - [11.1.1 Role & Composition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-1-1-role-and-composition.md) - [11.1.2 Principles & Influence of the Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-1-2-principles-and-influence-of-the-supreme-court.md) - [11.1.3 End of Topic Test - Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-1-3-end-of-topic-test-supreme-court.md) - 11.2 Parliament & Executive Relations - [11.2.1 Parliament & Executive: Questions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-1-parliament-and-executive-questions.md) - [11.2.2 Parliament & Executive: Committees](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-2-parliament-and-executive-committees.md) - [11.2.3 Parliament & Executive: Voting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-3-parliament-and-executive-voting.md) - [11.2.4 Executive Dominance Over Parliament](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-4-executive-dominance-over-parliament.md) - [11.2.5 Balance of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-5-balance-of-power.md) - [11.2.6 End of Topic Test - Parliament & Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-6-end-of-topic-test-parliament-and-executive.md) - [11.2.7 A-A* (AO3/4) - Relationships Between Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-2-7-a-a-ao34-relationships-between-government.md) - 11.3 The European Union & the UK - [11.3.1 Aims & Policymaking of the European Union](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-3-1-aims-and-policymaking-of-the-european-union.md) - [11.3.2 End of Topic Test - EU & UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-3-2-end-of-topic-test-eu-and-uk.md) - 11.4 Sovereignty in the UK Political System - [11.4.1 Sovereignty in the UK Political System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-4-1-sovereignty-in-the-uk-political-system.md) - [11.4.2 End of Topic Test - Sovereignty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/11-4-2-end-of-topic-test-sovereignty.md) ### 12 US Constitution & Federalism - 12.1 Nature of the US Constitution - [12.1.1 Nature of the US Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-1-nature-of-the-us-constitution.md) - [12.1.2 Nature: Positives & Negatives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-2-nature-positives-and-negatives.md) - [12.1.3 Constitutional Framework](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-3-constitutional-framework.md) - [12.1.4 The Amendment Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-4-the-amendment-process.md) - [12.1.5 End of Topic Test - Nature US Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-1-5-end-of-topic-test-nature-us-constitution.md) - 12.2 Principles of the US Constitution - [12.2.1 Federalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-1-federalism.md) - [12.2.2 Separation of Powers/Checks & Balances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-2-separation-of-powerschecks-and-balances.md) - [12.2.3 Bipartisanship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-3-bipartisanship.md) - [12.2.4 Limited Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-4-limited-government.md) - [12.2.5 End of Topic Test - Constitutional Principles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-2-5-end-of-topic-test-constitutional-principles.md) - 12.3 Federalism - [12.3.1 Main Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-3-1-main-characteristics.md) - [12.3.2 Federal Government and the States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-3-2-federal-government-and-the-states.md) - [12.3.3 End of Topic Test - Federalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-3-3-end-of-topic-test-federalism.md) - 12.4 Interpretations & Debates - [12.4.1 Democracy in the Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-4-1-democracy-in-the-constitution.md) - [12.4.2 Federalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-4-2-federalism.md) - [12.4.3 End of Topic Test - Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-4-3-end-of-topic-test-debates.md) - [12.4.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - US Constitution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/12-4-4-a-a-ao34-us-constitution.md) ### 13 US Congress - 13.1 Structure of Congress - [13.1.1 Structure of Congress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-1-1-structure-of-congress.md) - [13.1.2 Distribution of Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-1-2-distribution-of-powers.md) - [13.1.3 End of Topic Test - Congress Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-1-3-end-of-topic-test-congress-structure.md) - 13.2 Functions of Congress - [13.2.1 Representation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-2-1-representation.md) - [13.2.2 Legislative](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-2-2-legislative.md) - [13.2.3 Oversight](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-2-3-oversight.md) - [13.2.4 End of Topic Test - Functions of Congress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-2-4-end-of-topic-test-functions-of-congress.md) - 13.3 Interpretations & Debates - [13.3.1 Changing Roles & Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-3-1-changing-roles-and-powers.md) - [13.3.2 Changing Significance of Parties & of Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-3-2-changing-significance-of-parties-and-of-powers.md) - [13.3.3 End of Topic Test - Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-3-3-end-of-topic-test-debates.md) - [13.3.4 Application Questions - US Congress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/13-3-4-application-questions-us-congress.md) ### 14 US Presidency - 14.1 Presidential Power - [14.1.1 Formal Sources of Presidential Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-1-1-formal-sources-of-presidential-power.md) - [14.1.2 Informal Sources of Presidential Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-1-2-informal-sources-of-presidential-power.md) - [14.1.3 Powers of Persuasion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-1-3-powers-of-persuasion.md) - [14.1.4 End of Topic Test - Presidential Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-1-4-end-of-topic-test-presidential-power.md) - 14.2 The Presidency - [14.2.1 President Relationship with Other Institutions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-2-1-president-relationship-with-other-institutions.md) - [14.2.2 Limitations on Presidential Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-2-2-limitations-on-presidential-power.md) - [14.2.3 US Presidents Achieving Their Aims](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-2-3-us-presidents-achieving-their-aims.md) - [14.2.4 End of Topic Test - Presidency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-2-4-end-of-topic-test-presidency.md) - 14.3 Interpretations & Debates of the US Presidency - [14.3.1 The Imperial Presidency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-3-1-the-imperial-presidency.md) - [14.3.2 The President in Foreign Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-3-2-the-president-in-foreign-policy.md) - [14.3.3 End of Topic Test - Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-3-3-end-of-topic-test-debates.md) - [14.3.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - US Presidency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/14-3-4-a-a-ao34-us-presidency.md) ### 15 US Supreme Court & Civil Rights - 15.1 Nature & Role of Supreme Court - [15.1.1 Nature & Role of the Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-1-1-nature-and-role-of-the-supreme-court.md) - [15.1.2 End of Topic Test - Nature & Role](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-1-2-end-of-topic-test-nature-and-role.md) - 15.2 Supreme Court Appointment Process - [15.2.1 Appointment Process](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-2-1-appointment-process.md) - [15.2.2 Supreme Court Membership](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-2-2-supreme-court-membership.md) - [15.2.3 End of Topic Test - Appointments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-2-3-end-of-topic-test-appointments.md) - 15.3 The Supreme Court & Public Policy - [15.3.1 Supreme Court & Public Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-3-1-supreme-court-and-public-policy.md) - [15.3.2 End of Topic Test - Public Policy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-3-2-end-of-topic-test-public-policy.md) - 15.4 Protection of Civil Liberties & Rights - [15.4.1 Protection of Civil Liberties & Rights](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-4-1-protection-of-civil-liberties-and-rights.md) - [15.4.2 Race & Rights in Contemporary US Politics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-4-2-race-and-rights-in-contemporary-us-politics.md) - [15.4.3 End of Topic Test - Rights & Liberties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-4-3-end-of-topic-test-rights-and-liberties.md) - 15.5 Debates & Interpretations of the Supreme Court - [15.5.1 Political Nature of the Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-1-political-nature-of-the-supreme-court.md) - [15.5.2 Judicial Interpretation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-2-judicial-interpretation.md) - [15.5.3 Supreme Court Checks & Balances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-3-supreme-court-checks-and-balances.md) - [15.5.4 End of Topic Test - Debates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-4-end-of-topic-test-debates.md) - [15.5.5 Application Questions - The Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/15-5-5-application-questions-the-supreme-court.md) ### 16 US Democracy & Participation - 16.1 Presidential Elections - [16.1.1 Presidential Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-1-1-presidential-elections.md) - [16.1.2 Primaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-1-2-primaries.md) - [16.1.3 National Party Conventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-1-3-national-party-conventions.md) - [16.1.4 End of Topic Test - Presidential Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-1-4-end-of-topic-test-presidential-elections.md) - 16.2 Electoral College - [16.2.1 Electoral College System](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-2-1-electoral-college-system.md) - [16.2.2 Reforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-2-2-reforms.md) - [16.2.3 End of Topic Test - Electoral College](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-2-3-end-of-topic-test-electoral-college.md) - 16.3 Electoral Campaigns - [16.3.1 Issues in Elections](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-3-1-issues-in-elections.md) - [16.3.2 End of Topic Test - Campaigns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-3-2-end-of-topic-test-campaigns.md) - 16.4 Incumbency - [16.4.1 Elections & Incumbency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-4-1-elections-and-incumbency.md) - [16.4.2 End of Topic Test - Incumbency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-4-2-end-of-topic-test-incumbency.md) - [16.4.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Elections & Electoral College](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-4-3-a-a-ao34-elections-and-electoral-college.md) - 16.5 Democrats & Republicans - [16.5.1 National & State Level Organisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-5-1-national-and-state-level-organisation.md) - [16.5.2 Democratic & Republican Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-5-2-democratic-and-republican-policies.md) - [16.5.3 Changing Party Significance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-5-3-changing-party-significance.md) - [16.5.4 End of Topic Test - Democrats & Republicans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-5-4-end-of-topic-test-democrats-and-republicans.md) - 16.6 Internal Conflict & Ideology - [16.6.1 Types of Democrats](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-6-1-types-of-democrats.md) - [16.6.2 Types of Republicans](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-6-2-types-of-republicans.md) - [16.6.3 End of Topic Test - Internal Conflict](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-6-3-end-of-topic-test-internal-conflict.md) - 16.7 Support & Demographics - [16.7.1 Coalition of Supporters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-7-1-coalition-of-supporters.md) - [16.7.2 End of Topic Test - Party Support](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-7-2-end-of-topic-test-party-support.md) - 16.8 Interest Groups - [16.8.1 Political Significance of Interest Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-8-1-political-significance-of-interest-groups.md) - [16.8.2 Interest Group Influence & Impact on Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-8-2-interest-group-influence-and-impact-on-democracy.md) - [16.8.3 End of Topic Test - Interest Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-8-3-end-of-topic-test-interest-groups.md) - [16.8.4 Application Questions - Parties, Ideology & Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/16-8-4-application-questions-parties-ideology-and-groups.md) ### 17 Comparing Democracies - 17.1 Theoretical Approaches - [17.1.1 Theoretical Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-1-1-theoretical-approaches.md) - [17.1.2 End of Topic Test - Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-1-2-end-of-topic-test-approaches.md) - 17.2 UK & USA Similarities & Differences - [17.2.1 Constitution: Nature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-1-constitution-nature.md) - [17.2.2 Constitution: Provisions & Principles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-2-constitution-provisions-and-principles.md) - [17.2.3 Federal System & Devolution](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-3-federal-system-and-devolution.md) - [17.2.4 Legislative: Lower Houses of Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-4-legislative-lower-houses-of-government.md) - [17.2.5 Legislative: Upper Houses of Government](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-5-legislative-upper-houses-of-government.md) - [17.2.6 Legislative: Powers & Functions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-6-legislative-powers-and-functions.md) - [17.2.7 Executive](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-7-executive.md) - [17.2.8 Supreme Court](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-8-supreme-court.md) - [17.2.9 Supreme Court: Judicial Independence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-9-supreme-court-judicial-independence.md) - [17.2.10 Civil Rights](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-10-civil-rights.md) - [17.2.11 Civil Rights: Interest Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-11-civil-rights-interest-groups.md) - [17.2.12 Party Systems & Parties](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-12-party-systems-and-parties.md) - [17.2.13 Campaign Finance & Pressure Groups](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-13-campaign-finance-and-pressure-groups.md) - [17.2.14 End of Topic Test - Comparing UK & US](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-14-end-of-topic-test-comparing-uk-and-us.md) - [17.2.15 Application Questions - UK & USA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/17-2-15-application-questions-uk-and-usa.md) ### 18 Feminism - 18.1 Feminism: Core Ideas & Principles - [18.1.1 Context of Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-1-context-of-feminism.md) - [18.1.2 Sex & Gender](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-2-sex-and-gender.md) - [18.1.3 Patriarchy & The Personal is the Political](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-3-patriarchy-and-the-personal-is-the-political.md) - [18.1.4 Difference, Egalitarian & Intersectionality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-4-difference-egalitarian-and-intersectionality.md) - [18.1.5 Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-5-key-themes.md) - [18.1.6 End of Topic Test - Core Ideas & Principles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-1-6-end-of-topic-test-core-ideas-and-principles.md) - 18.2 Different Types of Feminism - [18.2.1 The Waves of Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-2-1-the-waves-of-feminism.md) - [18.2.2 Socialist & Radical Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-2-2-socialist-and-radical-feminism.md) - [18.2.3 Post-Modern Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-2-3-post-modern-feminism.md) - [18.2.4 End of Topic Test - Different Types of Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-2-4-end-of-topic-test-different-types-of-feminism.md) - 18.3 Feminist Thinkers & Their Ideas - [18.3.1 Charlotte Gilman & Simone de Beauvoir](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-1-charlotte-gilman-and-simone-de-beauvoir.md) - [18.3.2 Kate Millett](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-2-kate-millett.md) - [18.3.3 Sheila Rowbotham & bell hooks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-3-sheila-rowbotham-and-bell-hooks.md) - [18.3.4 End of Topic Test - Feminist Thinkers & Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-4-end-of-topic-test-feminist-thinkers-and-ideas.md) - [18.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Feminism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/18-3-5-a-a-ao34-feminism.md) ### 19 Nationalism - 19.1 Nationalism: Core Ideas & Principles - [19.1.1 Nations & Self-Determination](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-1-nations-and-self-determination.md) - [19.1.2 Nation-States & Culturalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-2-nation-states-and-culturalism.md) - [19.1.3 Racialism & Internationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-3-racialism-and-internationalism.md) - [19.1.4 Civic & Ethnic Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-4-civic-and-ethnic-nationalism.md) - [19.1.5 Liberal & Socialist Internationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-5-liberal-and-socialist-internationalism.md) - [19.1.6 Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-6-key-themes.md) - [19.1.7 End of Topic Test - Core Ideas & Principles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-1-7-end-of-topic-test-core-ideas-and-principles.md) - 19.2 Different Types of Nationalism - [19.2.1 Liberal & Conservative Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-1-liberal-and-conservative-nationalism.md) - [19.2.2 Post-Colonial & Expansionist Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-2-post-colonial-and-expansionist-nationalism.md) - [19.2.3 Progressive & Regressive Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-3-progressive-and-regressive-nationalism.md) - [19.2.4 Inclusive & Exclusive Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-4-inclusive-and-exclusive-nationalism.md) - [19.2.5 End of Topic Test -Different Types of Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-2-5-end-of-topic-test-different-types-of-nationalism.md) - 19.3 Nationalist Thinkers & Their Ideas - [19.3.1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau & Gottfried von Herder](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-1-jean-jacques-rousseau-and-gottfried-von-herder.md) - [19.3.2 Giuseppe Mazzini & Charles Maurras](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-2-giuseppe-mazzini-and-charles-maurras.md) - [19.3.3 Marcus Garvey](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-3-marcus-garvey.md) - [19.3.4 End of Topic Test - Nationalist Thinkers & Ideas](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-4-end-of-topic-test-nationalist-thinkers-and-ideas.md) - [19.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/political-studies/edexcel/19-3-5-a-a-ao34-nationalism.md)