Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-1-circular-motion

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa.md) › Circular Motion

# Circular Motion

Physics: AQA A Level, topic 6.1.1

## Radians

A radian is another unit for measuring angles. There are $$2\pi$$ radians in a full circle. The radian unit can be written as rad.

### Definition of a radian

![Definition of a radian](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-01/d2428b83-9e65-493c-8f4b-6147604f6bdb/radians-one%20(1)-min.png)

- The angle between two radii of a circle connected by an arc length that is equal in length to the radius is equal to one radian.

### Comparison to degrees

![Comparison to degrees](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/f60bde70-5739-4c4e-a785-760e8c67626e/radians-two.png)

- There are 2$$\pi$$ radians and 360 degrees in a circle. 
- If an object travels all the way around a circle it has done one revolution. 
 - $$1\text{ rad}=\frac{360}{2\pi} \approx 57.3^o$$

### Change in angle

![Change in angle](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-01/aeb582f2-56a5-42d4-b031-c5d18c7a9885/radians-one(2)-min.png)

- For a circle of radius $$r$$, the change in angle is equal to the distance moved along the circumference divided by the radius.
- The distance along the circumference moved is $$\Delta s$$.
- This can be written as $$\Delta\theta = \frac{\Delta s}{r}$$

## Angular Speed

Angular speed measures how quickly an object is rotating. The units of angular speed are radians per second (rad s-1).

### Calculating angular velocity

![Calculating angular velocity](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/2401fda7-8c78-479a-8aea-0c31994e4384/shutterstock_259083062.jpg)

- Angular velocity is the change in angle of an object over a period of time. The equation for calculating angular velocity is:
 - Angular velocity = change in angle ÷ change in time
 - $$\omega = {\Delta\theta} / {\Delta}t$$

### Comparison to linear velocity

![Comparison to linear velocity](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.5.1%20Energy%20Changes/kinetic-energy-min.jpg)

- Linear velocity is when an object is travelling in a straight line:
 - $$v={\Delta}s/{\Delta}t$$
- The radian equation helps us compare linear and angular velocity:
 - $${\Delta}s=r{\Delta\theta}$$
- By substituting one into the other, we get the following equation:
 - $$v=r{\omega}$$
- From this equation, we know that linear velocity is proportional to the distance from the centre, r.

## Period of Circular Motion

In circular motion, the period and frequency are linked to the angular speed. These are helpful quantities to know if we need to calculate the angular speed.

### Period and frequency

![Period and frequency](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/5d4dcdba-cd42-42b4-8835-c568d153ff28/shutterstock_307728176.jpg)

- In circular motion, the period of an object is how long it takes to travel all the way around the circle. 
- In circular motion, the frequency of an object is how many times it goes around the circle in one second. 
 - Period = 1 ÷ frequency of the object 
 - $$T=1\;{\div}\;f$$

### Calculating angular speed

![Calculating angular speed](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/c93b84e7-95d9-40bc-acf6-a44979b8c28f/man-thinking-memory-thought.jpg)

- The equation for calculating angular speed is:
 - Angular velocity = 2 × pi × frequency of the object
 - $${\omega}=2{\pi}\; {\times}\; f$$
- By using $$T=1\;{\div}\;f$$, we get:
 - $${\omega}=2{\pi}\;{\div}\;T$$

## Test yourself on Circular Motion

- How many radians make a full turn?
- What is π radians in degrees?
- What is the correct equation for angular speed?
- How does the linear velocity of an object relate to the angular velocity?
- What is the period of an object moving around a circle?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/890da800-6a58-11e8-973c-cb81832c8407/section/13baae21-7038-4f88-82fb-2745856292da/session)

- Previous topic: [5.1.15 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-15-diagnostic-misconceptions-potential-difference.md)
- Next topic: [6.1.2 Circular Motion 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-2-circular-motion-2.md)

## Physics: AQA A Level contents

### 1 Measurements & Errors
- 1.1 Measurements & Errors
  - [1.1.1 SI Base Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-1-si-base-units.md)
  - [1.1.2 Combining SI Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-2-combining-si-units.md)
  - [1.1.3 Prefixes of Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-3-prefixes-of-units.md)
  - [1.1.4 Standard Form](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-4-standard-form.md)
  - [1.1.5 Converting Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-5-converting-units.md)
  - [1.1.6 End of Topic Test - Units & Prefixes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-6-end-of-topic-test-units-and-prefixes.md)
  - [1.1.7 Limitation of Physical Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-7-limitation-of-physical-measurements.md)
  - [1.1.8 Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-8-uncertainty.md)
  - [1.1.9 Estimation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-9-estimation.md)
  - [1.1.10 End of Topic Test - Measurements & Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-10-end-of-topic-test-measurements-and-errors.md)
  - [1.1.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting between SI](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-converting-between-si.md)
  - [1.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - SI & Area/Volume](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/1-1-12-diagnostic-misconceptions-si-and-areavolume.md)

### 2 Particles & Radiation
- 2.1 Particles
  - [2.1.1 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-1-atomic-model.md)
  - [2.1.2 Specific Charge, Protons & Neutron Numbers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-2-specific-charge-protons-and-neutron-numbers.md)
  - [2.1.3 End of Topic Test - Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-3-end-of-topic-test-atomic-model.md)
  - [2.1.4 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-4-isotopes.md)
  - [2.1.5 Stable & Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-5-stable-and-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [2.1.6 End of Topic Test - Isotopes & Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-6-end-of-topic-test-isotopes-and-nuclei.md)
  - [2.1.7 A-A* (AO3/4) - Stable & Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-7-a-a-ao34-stable-and-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [2.1.8 Particles, Antiparticles & Photons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-8-particles-antiparticles-and-photons.md)
  - [2.1.9 Particle Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-9-particle-interactions.md)
  - [2.1.10 Classification of Particles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-10-classification-of-particles.md)
  - [2.1.11 End of Topic Test - Particles & Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-11-end-of-topic-test-particles-and-interactions.md)
  - [2.1.12 Quarks & Antiquarks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-12-quarks-and-antiquarks.md)
  - [2.1.13 Application of Conservation Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-13-application-of-conservation-laws.md)
  - [2.1.14 End of Topic Test - Leptons & Quarks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-14-end-of-topic-test-leptons-and-quarks.md)
  - [2.1.15 Exam-Style Question -  Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-1-15-exam-style-question-radioactive-decay.md)
- 2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation & Quantum Phenomena
  - [2.2.1 The Photoelectric Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-1-the-photoelectric-effect.md)
  - [2.2.2 The Photoelectric Effect Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-2-the-photoelectric-effect-explanation.md)
  - [2.2.3 End of Topic Test - The Photoelectric Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-3-end-of-topic-test-the-photoelectric-effect.md)
  - [2.2.4 Collisions of Electrons with Atoms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-4-collisions-of-electrons-with-atoms.md)
  - [2.2.5 Energy Levels & Photon Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-5-energy-levels-and-photon-emission.md)
  - [2.2.6 Wave-Particle Duality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-6-wave-particle-duality.md)
  - [2.2.7 End of Topic Test - Absorption & Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-7-end-of-topic-test-absorption-and-emission.md)
  - [2.2.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Electron Volts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-8-diagnostic-misconceptions-electron-volts.md)
  - [2.2.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting eV & Joules](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/2-2-9-diagnostic-misconceptions-converting-ev-and-joules.md)

### 3 Waves
- 3.1 Progressive & Stationary Waves
  - [3.1.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-1-progressive-waves.md)
  - [3.1.2 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-2-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md)
  - [3.1.3 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-3-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md)
  - [3.1.4 End of Topic Test - Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-4-end-of-topic-test-progressive-waves.md)
  - [3.1.5 Polarisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-5-polarisation.md)
  - [3.1.6 Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-6-stationary-waves.md)
  - [3.1.7 Stationary Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-7-stationary-waves-2.md)
  - [3.1.8 End of Topic Test - Polarisation & Stationary Wave](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-8-end-of-topic-test-polarisation-and-stationary-wave.md)
  - [3.1.9 A-A* (AO3/4) - Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-1-9-a-a-ao34-stationary-waves.md)
- 3.2 Refraction, Diffraction & Interference
  - [3.2.1 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-1-interference.md)
  - [3.2.2 Interference 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-2-interference-2.md)
  - [3.2.3 End of Topic Test - Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-3-end-of-topic-test-interference.md)
  - [3.2.4 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-4-diffraction.md)
  - [3.2.5 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-5-diffraction-gratings.md)
  - [3.2.6 End of Topic Test - Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-6-end-of-topic-test-diffraction.md)
  - [3.2.7 Refraction at a Plane Surface](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-7-refraction-at-a-plane-surface.md)
  - [3.2.8 Internal Reflection & Fibre Optics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-8-internal-reflection-and-fibre-optics.md)
  - [3.2.9 End of Topic Test - Refraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-9-end-of-topic-test-refraction.md)
  - [3.2.10 Exam-Style Question - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/3-2-10-exam-style-question-waves.md)

### 4 Mechanics & Materials
- 4.1 Force, Energy & Momentum
  - [4.1.1 Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-1-scalars-and-vectors.md)
  - [4.1.2 Vector Problems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-2-vector-problems.md)
  - [4.1.3 End of Topic Test - Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-3-end-of-topic-test-scalars-and-vectors.md)
  - [4.1.4 Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-4-moments.md)
  - [4.1.5 Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-5-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [4.1.6 End of Topic Test - Moments & Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-6-end-of-topic-test-moments-and-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [4.1.7 Motion in a Straight Line](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-7-motion-in-a-straight-line.md)
  - [4.1.8 Graphs of Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-8-graphs-of-motion.md)
  - [4.1.9 Bouncing Ball Example](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-9-bouncing-ball-example.md)
  - [4.1.10 End of Topic Test - Motion in a Straight Line](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-10-end-of-topic-test-motion-in-a-straight-line.md)
  - [4.1.11 Acceleration Due to Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-11-acceleration-due-to-gravity.md)
  - [4.1.12 Projectile Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-12-projectile-motion.md)
  - [4.1.13 Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-13-friction.md)
  - [4.1.14 Terminal Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-14-terminal-speed.md)
  - [4.1.15 End of Topic Test - Acceleration Due to Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-15-end-of-topic-test-acceleration-due-to-gravity.md)
  - [4.1.16 Newton's Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-16-newtons-laws.md)
  - [4.1.17 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-17-momentum.md)
  - [4.1.18 Momentum 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-18-momentum-2.md)
  - [4.1.19 End of Topic Test - Newton's Laws & Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-19-end-of-topic-test-newtons-laws-and-momentum.md)
  - [4.1.20 A-A* (AO3/4) - Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-20-a-a-ao34-newtons-third-law.md)
  - [4.1.21 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-21-work-and-energy.md)
  - [4.1.22 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-22-power-and-efficiency.md)
  - [4.1.23 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-23-conservation-of-energy.md)
  - [4.1.24 End of Topic Test - Work, Energy & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-24-end-of-topic-test-work-energy-and-power.md)
  - [4.1.25 Exam-Style Question - Forces](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-25-exam-style-question-forces.md)
  - [4.1.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Perpendicular Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-26-diagnostic-misconceptions-perpendicular-vectors.md)
  - [4.1.27 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Weight Acts Downwards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-27-diagnostic-misconceptions-weight-acts-downwards.md)
  - [4.1.28 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Acceleration Direction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-28-diagnostic-misconceptions-acceleration-direction.md)
  - [4.1.29 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Stationary Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-29-diagnostic-misconceptions-stationary-objects.md)
  - [4.1.30 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Action & Reaction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-30-diagnostic-misconceptions-action-and-reaction.md)
  - [4.1.31 Diagnostic Misconceptions - RF Direction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-31-diagnostic-misconceptions-rf-direction.md)
  - [4.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - RF Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-32-diagnostic-misconceptions-rf-acceleration.md)
  - [4.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Change in Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-1-33-diagnostic-misconceptions-change-in-momentum.md)
- 4.2 Materials
  - [4.2.1 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-2-1-density.md)
  - [4.2.2 Bulk Properties of Solids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-2-2-bulk-properties-of-solids.md)
  - [4.2.3 Energy in Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-2-3-energy-in-materials.md)
  - [4.2.4 Young Modulus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-2-4-young-modulus.md)
  - [4.2.5 End of Topic Test - Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/4-2-5-end-of-topic-test-materials.md)

### 5 Electricity
- 5.1 Current Electricity
  - [5.1.1 Basics of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-1-basics-of-electricity.md)
  - [5.1.2 Current-Voltage Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-2-current-voltage-characteristics.md)
  - [5.1.3 End of Topic Test - Basics of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-3-end-of-topic-test-basics-of-electricity.md)
  - [5.1.4 Resistivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-4-resistivity.md)
  - [5.1.5 Superconductivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-5-superconductivity.md)
  - [5.1.6 A-A* (AO3/4) - Superconductivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-6-a-a-ao34-superconductivity.md)
  - [5.1.7 End of Topic Test - Resistivity & Superconductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-7-end-of-topic-test-resistivity-and-superconductors.md)
  - [5.1.8 Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-8-circuits.md)
  - [5.1.9 Power and Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-9-power-and-conservation.md)
  - [5.1.10 Potential Divider](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-10-potential-divider.md)
  - [5.1.11 Emf & Internal Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-11-emf-and-internal-resistance.md)
  - [5.1.12 End of Topic Test - Power & Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-12-end-of-topic-test-power-and-potential.md)
  - [5.1.13 Exam-Style Question - Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-13-exam-style-question-resistance.md)
  - [5.1.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Constant Current](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-14-diagnostic-misconceptions-constant-current.md)
  - [5.1.15 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Potential Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/5-1-15-diagnostic-misconceptions-potential-difference.md)

### 6 Further Mechanics & Thermal Physics (A2 only)
- 6.1 Periodic Motion (A2 only)
  - [6.1.1 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-1-circular-motion.md)
  - [6.1.2 Circular Motion 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-2-circular-motion-2.md)
  - [6.1.3 End of Topic Test - Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-3-end-of-topic-test-circular-motion.md)
  - [6.1.4 Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-4-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [6.1.5 Simple Harmonic Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-5-simple-harmonic-systems.md)
  - [6.1.6 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-6-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [6.1.7 Resonance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-7-resonance.md)
  - [6.1.8 End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-8-end-of-topic-test-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [6.1.9 A-A* (AO3/4) - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-1-9-a-a-ao34-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
- 6.2 Thermal Physics (A2 only)
  - [6.2.1 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-1-thermal-energy-transfer.md)
  - [6.2.2 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-2-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md)
  - [6.2.3 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-3-ideal-gases.md)
  - [6.2.4 Ideal Gases 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-4-ideal-gases-2.md)
  - [6.2.5 Boyle's Law & Charles' Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-5-boyles-law-and-charles-law.md)
  - [6.2.6 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-6-molecular-kinetic-theory-model.md)
  - [6.2.7 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-7-molecular-kinetic-theory-model-2.md)
  - [6.2.8 End of Topic Test - Thermal Energy & Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-8-end-of-topic-test-thermal-energy-and-ideal-gases.md)
  - [6.2.9 Exam-Style Question - Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-9-exam-style-question-ideal-gases.md)
  - [6.2.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Material & Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-10-diagnostic-misconceptions-material-and-mass.md)
  - [6.2.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - No Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/6-2-11-diagnostic-misconceptions-no-energy.md)

### 7 Fields & Their Consequences (A2 only)
- 7.1 Fields (A2 only)
  - [7.1.1 Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-1-1-fields.md)
- 7.2 Gravitational Fields (A2 only)
  - [7.2.1 Newton's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-2-1-newtons-law.md)
  - [7.2.2 Gravitational Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-2-2-gravitational-field-strength.md)
  - [7.2.3 Gravitational Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-2-3-gravitational-potential.md)
  - [7.2.4 Orbits of Planets & Satellites](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-2-4-orbits-of-planets-and-satellites.md)
  - [7.2.5 Escape Velocity & Synchronous Orbits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-2-5-escape-velocity-and-synchronous-orbits.md)
  - [7.2.6 End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-2-6-end-of-topic-test-gravitational-fields.md)
- 7.3 Electric Fields (A2 only)
  - [7.3.1 Coulomb's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-3-1-coulombs-law.md)
  - [7.3.2 Electric Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-3-2-electric-field-strength.md)
  - [7.3.3 Electric Field Strength 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-3-3-electric-field-strength-2.md)
  - [7.3.4 Electric Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-3-4-electric-potential.md)
  - [7.3.5 End of Topic Test - Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-3-5-end-of-topic-test-electric-fields.md)
  - [7.3.6 A-A* (AO3/4) - Electric and Gravitational Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-3-6-a-a-ao34-electric-and-gravitational-field.md)
- 7.4 Capacitance (A2 only)
  - [7.4.1 Capacitance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-4-1-capacitance.md)
  - [7.4.2 Parallel Plate Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-4-2-parallel-plate-capacitor.md)
  - [7.4.3 Energy Stored by a Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-4-3-energy-stored-by-a-capacitor.md)
  - [7.4.4 Capacitor Discharge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-4-4-capacitor-discharge.md)
  - [7.4.5 Capacitor Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-4-5-capacitor-charge.md)
- 7.5 Magnetic Fields (A2 only)
  - [7.5.1 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-1-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [7.5.2 End of Topic Test - Capacitance & Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-2-end-of-topic-test-capacitance-and-flux-density.md)
  - [7.5.3 Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-3-moving-charges-in-a-magnetic-field.md)
  - [7.5.4 Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-4-magnetic-flux-and-flux-linkage.md)
  - [7.5.5 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-5-electromagnetic-induction.md)
  - [7.5.6 Electromagnetic Induction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-6-electromagnetic-induction-2.md)
  - [7.5.7 Alternating Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-7-alternating-currents.md)
  - [7.5.8 Operation of a Transformer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-8-operation-of-a-transformer.md)
  - [7.5.9 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-9-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [7.5.10 End of Topic Test - Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/7-5-10-end-of-topic-test-electromagnetic-induction.md)

### 8 Nuclear Physics (A2 only)
- 8.1 Radioactivity (A2 only)
  - [8.1.1 Rutherford Scattering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-1-rutherford-scattering.md)
  - [8.1.2 Alpha & Beta Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-2-alpha-and-beta-radiation.md)
  - [8.1.3 Gamma Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-3-gamma-radiation.md)
  - [8.1.4 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-4-radioactive-decay.md)
  - [8.1.5 Half Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-5-half-life.md)
  - [8.1.6 End of Topic Test - Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-6-end-of-topic-test-radioactivity.md)
  - [8.1.7 Nuclear Instability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-7-nuclear-instability.md)
  - [8.1.8 Nuclear Radius](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-8-nuclear-radius.md)
  - [8.1.9 Mass & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-9-mass-and-energy.md)
  - [8.1.10 Binding Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-10-binding-energy.md)
  - [8.1.11 Induced Fission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-11-induced-fission.md)
  - [8.1.12 Safety Aspects of Nuclear Reactors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-12-safety-aspects-of-nuclear-reactors.md)
  - [8.1.13 End of Topic Test - Nuclear Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-13-end-of-topic-test-nuclear-physics.md)
  - [8.1.14 A-A* (AO3/4) - Nuclear Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/8-1-14-a-a-ao34-nuclear-fusion.md)

### 9 Option: Astrophysics (A2 only)
- 9.1 Telescopes (A2 only)
  - [9.1.1 Astronomical Telescopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-1-1-astronomical-telescopes.md)
  - [9.1.2 Reflecting Telescopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-1-2-reflecting-telescopes.md)
  - [9.1.3 Single Dish Radio Telescopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-1-3-single-dish-radio-telescopes.md)
  - [9.1.4 Large Diameter Telescopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-1-4-large-diameter-telescopes.md)
- 9.2 Classification of Stars (A2 only)
  - [9.2.1 Classification by Luminosity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-2-1-classification-by-luminosity.md)
  - [9.2.2 Absolute Magnitude](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-2-2-absolute-magnitude.md)
  - [9.2.3 Black Body Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-2-3-black-body-radiation.md)
  - [9.2.4 Stellar Spectral Classes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-2-4-stellar-spectral-classes.md)
  - [9.2.5 Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-2-5-hertzsprung-russell-diagrams.md)
  - [9.2.6 Astronomical Objects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-2-6-astronomical-objects.md)
- 9.3 Cosmology (A2 only)
  - [9.3.1 Doppler Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-3-1-doppler-effect.md)
  - [9.3.2 Hubble's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-3-2-hubbles-law.md)
  - [9.3.3 Quasars](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-3-3-quasars.md)
  - [9.3.4 Detecting Exoplanets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/9-3-4-detecting-exoplanets.md)

### 10 Option: Medical Physics (A2 only)
- 10.1 Physics of the Eye (A2 only)
  - [10.1.1 Physics of Vision](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-1-1-physics-of-vision.md)
  - [10.1.2 Defects of Vision](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-1-2-defects-of-vision.md)
  - [10.1.3 Lenses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-1-3-lenses.md)
  - [10.1.4 Correcting Defects of Vision](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-1-4-correcting-defects-of-vision.md)
- 10.2 Physics of the Ear (A2 only)
  - [10.2.1 Structure of the Ear](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-2-1-structure-of-the-ear.md)
  - [10.2.2 Sensitivity of the Ear](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-2-2-sensitivity-of-the-ear.md)
  - [10.2.3 Hearing Defects](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-2-3-hearing-defects.md)
- 10.3 Biological Measurement (A2 only)
  - [10.3.1 Electrocardiography (ECG)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-3-1-electrocardiography-ecg.md)
- 10.4 Non-Ionising Imaging (A2 only)
  - [10.4.1 Ultrasound Imaging](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-4-1-ultrasound-imaging.md)
  - [10.4.2 Ultrasound Imaging 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-4-2-ultrasound-imaging-2.md)
  - [10.4.3 Fibre Optics & Endoscopy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-4-3-fibre-optics-and-endoscopy.md)
  - [10.4.4 Magnetic Resonance Scanning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-4-4-magnetic-resonance-scanning.md)
- 10.5 X-Ray Imaging (A2 only)
  - [10.5.1 Diagnostic X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-5-1-diagnostic-x-rays.md)
  - [10.5.2 X-Ray Image Processing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-5-2-x-ray-image-processing.md)
  - [10.5.3 Absorption of X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-5-3-absorption-of-x-rays.md)
  - [10.5.4 CT Scanners](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-5-4-ct-scanners.md)
- 10.6 Radionuclide Imaging & Therapy (A2 only)
  - [10.6.1 Imaging Techniques](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-6-1-imaging-techniques.md)
  - [10.6.2 Half Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-6-2-half-life.md)
  - [10.6.3 Gamma Camera](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-6-3-gamma-camera.md)
  - [10.6.4 High Energy X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-6-4-high-energy-x-rays.md)
  - [10.6.5 Radioactive Implants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-6-5-radioactive-implants.md)
  - [10.6.6 Imaging Comparisons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/10-6-6-imaging-comparisons.md)

### 11 Option: Engineering Physics (A2 only)
- 11.1 Rotational Dynamics (A2 only)
  - [11.1.1 Moment of Inertia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-1-1-moment-of-inertia.md)
  - [11.1.2 Rotational Kinetic Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-1-2-rotational-kinetic-energy.md)
  - [11.1.3 Rotational Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-1-3-rotational-motion.md)
  - [11.1.4 Torque & Angular Acceleration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-1-4-torque-and-angular-acceleration.md)
  - [11.1.5 Angular Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-1-5-angular-momentum.md)
  - [11.1.6 Angular Work & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-1-6-angular-work-and-power.md)
- 11.2 Thermodynamics & Engines (A2 only)
  - [11.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-2-1-first-law-of-thermodynamics.md)
  - [11.2.2 Non-Flow Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-2-2-non-flow-processes.md)
  - [11.2.3 p-V Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-2-3-p-v-diagrams.md)
  - [11.2.4 Engine Cycles](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-2-4-engine-cycles.md)
  - [11.2.5 Second Law & Engines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-2-5-second-law-and-engines.md)
  - [11.2.6 Reversed Heat Engines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/11-2-6-reversed-heat-engines.md)

### 12 Option: Turning Points in Physics (A2 only)
- 12.1 Discovery of the Electron (A2 only)
  - [12.1.1 Cathode Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-1-1-cathode-rays.md)
  - [12.1.2 Thermionic Electron Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-1-2-thermionic-electron-emission.md)
  - [12.1.3 Electron Specific Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-1-3-electron-specific-charge.md)
  - [12.1.4 Millikan's Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-1-4-millikans-experiment.md)
- 12.2 Wave-Particle Duality (A2 only)
  - [12.2.1 Newton's & Huygen's Theories of Light](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-2-1-newtons-and-huygens-theories-of-light.md)
  - [12.2.2 Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-2-2-electromagnetic-waves.md)
  - [12.2.3 Photoelectricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-2-3-photoelectricity.md)
  - [12.2.4 Wave-Particle Duality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-2-4-wave-particle-duality.md)
  - [12.2.5 Electron Microscopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-2-5-electron-microscopes.md)
- 12.3 Special Relativity (A2 only)
  - [12.3.1 Michelson-Morley Experiment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-3-1-michelson-morley-experiment.md)
  - [12.3.2 Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-3-2-einsteins-theory-of-special-relativity.md)
  - [12.3.3 Time Dilation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-3-3-time-dilation.md)
  - [12.3.4 Length Contraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-3-4-length-contraction.md)
  - [12.3.5 Mass & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/physics/aqa/12-3-5-mass-and-energy.md)