Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-6-3-nigeria-and-rhodesia

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# Nigeria & Rhodesia

History: AQA A Level The British Empire, topic 4.6.3

## Relations Between Britain and Nigeria, 1947-1967

The process of gaining independence in Nigeria was fraught. This was mostly because of regional tensions.

### Splitting up Nigeria

![Splitting up Nigeria](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/6d2f258c-edae-4e17-b3be-8146eecc6dc5/nigeria-regions.png)

- As an area, Nigeria was highly divided in ambition and a vision for what independence would look like:
 - The North was Islamic and anti-Western.
 - The West was economically advanced and ambitious.
 - The South was influenced by Western ideas and Christianity.
- Each region had its own political parties, and different political parties, primarily supported by 1 ethnic group.

### Significance of disunity

![Significance of disunity](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/c34f7639-27f0-4868-ba98-7d6c246f0dd1/couple-argue-divorce.jpg)

- The ethnic divisions between the Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa made Britain hesitant to unite the country. However, nationalist momentum continued after the voting franchise grew after 1951. 
- Between 1945 and 1954, three constitutions were agreed with the British, but at least 1 province vetoed every one of them.

### Independence

![Independence](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/c8040921-3e2d-40bb-9542-c17d1dc6cd66/shaking-hands.jpg)

- Self-governing status was granted to the South, West, and East in 1957 and to the North in 1959.
- In 1958, the British government agreed to full Nigerian independence from 1960. 
 - However, tensions within Nigeria remained even after Britain left.

## Relations Between Britain and Rhodesia, 1947-1967

Rhodesia's path to independence was long and plagued by controversy.

### Tensions in Rhodesia

![Tensions in Rhodesia](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/629e78d2-f361-47f0-88a5-65da9397c37b/Map_of_Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland.png)

- There was considerable tension between the different territories making up Rhodesia (Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland).
- The creation of the Central African Federation (CAF) in 1953 was an attempt to neutralise tensions, but the CAF only existed for 10 years. 
- The Central African Federation united Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and Nyasaland (Malawi). 
- Local nationalists clashed with the white governors of the CAF, demanding independence and self-determination.

### Responses to the CAF

![Responses to the CAF](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/6f985e1c-f020-4b0e-9434-15984927977a/rhodesia.jpg)

- Black nationalist leaders in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland challenged the discriminatory laws in Southern Rhodesia under Field and Smith, which looked a lot closer to the racist apartheid in South Africa. 
- White rulers in Southern Rhodesia tried to use the Federation to enhance their political power and enforce their white supremacist views on the other parts of the CAF.

### Disbanding the CAF

![Disbanding the CAF](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/bb5f6e94-6ca9-4618-9a76-5c3370453cf9/illegal.jpg)

- After declaring a state of emergency in Nyasaland, the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan began to disband the CAF. 
- In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became independent Zambia and Nyasaland became independent Malawi. 
- The Rhodesian Front wanted white rule and the Prime Minister, Ian Smith, illegally declared Rhodesia to be independent in 1965.

### Ian Smith and the Rhodesian Front

![Ian Smith and the Rhodesian Front](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-01/35dcca53-c058-47a7-ad0b-1d251d71ee78/scold-hand-finger-point-.png)

- In 1965, Ian Smith declared a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) for Rhodesia. This was illegal. 
- Britain tried to sanction Rhodesia, but South Africa's National Party, which was politically aligned with Smith, refused to put Rhodesia under sanctions. 
- Britain did very little to support a black majority rule in Rhodesia. It took a 15-year civil war for Robert Mugabe to create a black majority rule in 1980.

## Test yourself on Nigeria & Rhodesia

- What divisions existed in Nigeria pre-independence?
- The British government was hesitant to unite Nigeria because of ethnic divisions between...
- Which organisation refused to put Rhodesia under sanctions after 1965?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/4dd48474-7381-4a8b-8d47-f52ec6b25dfd/section/85ae0c46-24fb-49c3-87c4-952c93a79e6a/session)

- Previous topic: [4.6.2 Kenya & the Mau Mau Uprising](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-6-2-kenya-and-the-mau-mau-uprising.md)

## History: AQA A Level The British Empire contents

### 1 High Water Mark of the British Empire, 1857-1914
- 1.1 Development of Imperialism, 1857-1890
  - [1.1.1 Empires over Time](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-1-empires-over-time.md)
  - [1.1.2 Key Questions About Empires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-2-key-questions-about-empires.md)
  - [1.1.3 Expansion into Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-3-expansion-into-africa.md)
  - [1.1.4 History of Egypt](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-4-history-of-egypt.md)
  - [1.1.5 Control of Egypt](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-5-control-of-egypt.md)
  - [1.1.6 Control of Sudan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-6-control-of-sudan.md)
- 1.2 Imperial & Colonial Policy, 1857-1890
  - [1.2.1 The British Empire & India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-1-the-british-empire-and-india.md)
  - [1.2.2 The British Raj](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-2-the-british-raj.md)
  - [1.2.3 International Relations with other Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-3-international-relations-with-other-powers.md)
  - [1.2.4 Scramble for Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-4-scramble-for-africa.md)
  - [1.2.5 The Informal Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-5-the-informal-empire.md)
- 1.3 Trade & Commerce, 1857-1890
  - [1.3.1 Trade & Commerce in the Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-3-1-trade-and-commerce-in-the-empire.md)
  - [1.3.2 Infrastructure of Trade & Commerce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-3-2-infrastructure-of-trade-and-commerce.md)
  - [1.3.3 Products of Trade & Commerce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-3-3-products-of-trade-and-commerce.md)
- 1.4 Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1857-1890
  - [1.4.1 Explorers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-1-explorers.md)
  - [1.4.2 Missionaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-2-missionaries.md)
  - [1.4.3 Traders & Colonial Administrators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-3-traders-and-colonial-administrators.md)
  - [1.4.4 Government Attitudes Towards Imperialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-4-government-attitudes-towards-imperialism.md)
- 1.5 Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1857-1890
  - [1.5.1 Relations with India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-5-1-relations-with-india.md)
  - [1.5.2 Relations with South Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-5-2-relations-with-south-africa.md)
  - [1.5.3 British-Boer Relations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-5-3-british-boer-relations.md)

### 2 Imperial Consolidation & Liberal Rule, 1890-1914
- 2.1 Consolidation & Expansion in Africa, 1890-1914
  - [2.1.1 Consolidation & Expansion into Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-1-1-consolidation-and-expansion-into-africa.md)
  - [2.1.2 Consolidation & Expansion in South Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-1-2-consolidation-and-expansion-in-south-africa.md)
  - [2.1.3 Historical Interpretations: Expansion into Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-1-3-historical-interpretations-expansion-into-africa.md)
- 2.2 Imperial & Colonial Policy, 1890-1914
  - [2.2.1 Policy in India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-2-1-policy-in-india.md)
  - [2.2.2 Policy in Egypt](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-2-2-policy-in-egypt.md)
  - [2.2.3 Native Policy in Colonies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-2-3-native-policy-in-colonies.md)
  - [2.2.4 International Relations with Other Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-2-4-international-relations-with-other-powers.md)
- 2.3 Trade & Commerce, 1890-1914
  - [2.3.1 The Benefits of Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-3-1-the-benefits-of-trade.md)
  - [2.3.2 Costs of the Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-3-2-costs-of-the-empire.md)
  - [2.3.3 Debates Over Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-3-3-debates-over-trade.md)
- 2.4 Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1890-1914
  - [2.4.1 Key Administrators - Chamberlain & Rhodes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-1-key-administrators-chamberlain-and-rhodes.md)
  - [2.4.2 Key Administrators - Baring & Milner](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-2-key-administrators-baring-and-milner.md)
  - [2.4.3 Key Administrators - Curzon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-3-key-administrators-curzon.md)
  - [2.4.4 Government Attitudes to the Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-4-government-attitudes-to-the-empire.md)
  - [2.4.5 National Efficiency & the Boer War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-5-national-efficiency-and-the-boer-war.md)
  - [2.4.6 Popular Attitudes Towards Imperialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-6-popular-attitudes-towards-imperialism.md)
- 2.5 Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1890-1914
  - [2.5.1 Challenges in India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-1-challenges-in-india.md)
  - [2.5.2 Challenges in Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-2-challenges-in-africa.md)
  - [2.5.3 Challenges in South Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-3-challenges-in-south-africa.md)
  - [2.5.4 Historical Interpretations of the Boer War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-4-historical-interpretations-of-the-boer-war.md)
  - [2.5.5 Relations & Business with Iran](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-5-relations-and-business-with-iran.md)

### 3 Imperialism Challenged, 1914-1967
- 3.1 Expansion & Contraction of Empire, 1914-1947
  - [3.1.1 Impact of WW1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-1-1-impact-of-ww1.md)
  - [3.1.2 Palestine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-1-2-palestine.md)
  - [3.1.3 Ireland & WW1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-1-3-ireland-and-ww1.md)
  - [3.1.4 Impact of WW2 on the British Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-1-4-impact-of-ww2-on-the-british-empire.md)
- 3.2 Colonial Policy & Administration, 1914-1947
  - [3.2.1 Administration in India & Palestine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-2-1-administration-in-india-and-palestine.md)
  - [3.2.2 Administration in Iraq & the Dominions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-2-2-administration-in-iraq-and-the-dominions.md)
  - [3.2.3 Imperial Defence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-2-3-imperial-defence.md)
- 3.3 Trade, Commerce & Economic Impact of War
  - [3.3.1 Economic Impact of WW1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-3-1-economic-impact-of-ww1.md)
  - [3.3.2 Inter-War Trade & Commerce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-3-2-inter-war-trade-and-commerce.md)
  - [3.3.3 Economic Impact of WW2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-3-3-economic-impact-of-ww2.md)
- 3.4 Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1890-1914
  - [3.4.1 Colonial Administrators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-1-colonial-administrators.md)
  - [3.4.2 Trusteeship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-2-trusteeship.md)
  - [3.4.3 Gandhi](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-3-gandhi.md)
  - [3.4.4 Montagu, Haig & Linlithgow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-4-montagu-haig-and-linlithgow.md)
  - [3.4.5 Cameron, Mitchell, Cohen & Furse - African Admins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-5-cameron-mitchell-cohen-and-furse-african-admins.md)
  - [3.4.6 Imperialist Ideals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-6-imperialist-ideals.md)
- 3.5 Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1914-1947
  - [3.5.1 Ireland & India 1914-1947](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-5-1-ireland-and-india-1914-1947.md)
  - [3.5.2 The Middle East and Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-5-2-the-middle-east-and-africa.md)

### 4 The Wind of Change, 1947-1967
- 4.1 Decolonisation in Africa & Asia, 1947-1967
  - [4.1.1 Reasons for Decolonisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-1-1-reasons-for-decolonisation.md)
  - [4.1.2 Decolonisation in East & West Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-1-2-decolonisation-in-east-and-west-africa.md)
  - [4.1.3 Decolonisation in Central & South Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-1-3-decolonisation-in-central-and-south-africa.md)
  - [4.1.4 Decolonisation in Asia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-1-4-decolonisation-in-asia.md)
- 4.2 Colonial Policy & Administration, 1947-1967
  - [4.2.1 Relations & Business with Iran after WW2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-2-1-relations-and-business-with-iran-after-ww2.md)
  - [4.2.2 The 'Winds of Change'](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-2-2-the-winds-of-change.md)
  - [4.2.3 The Suez Canal Crisis - 1956](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-2-3-the-suez-canal-crisis-1956.md)
  - [4.2.4 International Relations 1947-1967](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-2-4-international-relations-1947-1967.md)
- 4.3 Trade & Commerce, 1947-1967
  - [4.3.1 The Economic Impact of WW2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-3-1-the-economic-impact-of-ww2.md)
- 4.4 Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1947-1967
  - [4.4.1 Colonial Administrators: Cohen & Arden-Clarke](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-4-1-colonial-administrators-cohen-and-arden-clarke.md)
  - [4.4.2 Local Leaders in the Independence Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-4-2-local-leaders-in-the-independence-movement.md)
  - [4.4.3 Pan-Africanism in Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-4-3-pan-africanism-in-nationalism.md)
- 4.5 Post-Colonial Ties, 1947-1967
  - [4.5.1 Windrush & Immigration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-5-1-windrush-and-immigration.md)
  - [4.5.2 Commonwealth Immigrants Act](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-5-2-commonwealth-immigrants-act.md)
  - [4.5.3 Residual Impact of the Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-5-3-residual-impact-of-the-empire.md)
- 4.6 Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1947-1967
  - [4.6.1 Challenges to Colonial Rule Post 1947](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-6-1-challenges-to-colonial-rule-post-1947.md)
  - [4.6.2 Kenya & the Mau Mau Uprising](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-6-2-kenya-and-the-mau-mau-uprising.md)
  - [4.6.3 Nigeria & Rhodesia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-6-3-nigeria-and-rhodesia.md)