Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-3-traders-and-colonial-administrators

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# Traders & Colonial Administrators

History: AQA A Level The British Empire, topic 1.4.3

## The Role of Traders

Traders were able to exert considerable influence when they were "on the spot". Key figures included:

### Cecil Rhodes

![Cecil Rhodes](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/6cd9b208-b966-4694-ab84-70d4721e022a/rhodes.jpg)

- Cecil Rhodes was 'the worst type of monopolizing imperialists' according to Kitchen (1996). 
- Rhodes owned all the diamond mines in South Africa and owned the predecessor of the De Beers diamond cartel. 
- In 1889, Rhodes founded the British South Africa Company. He established the colony of Rhodesia (named after himself) and supported the British South Africa Company's expansion against German and Boer interests, securing gold discovered in the Witwatersrand Reef in South Africa, and a strategic position against rivals.

### William Mackinnon

![William Mackinnon](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/5da4f119-f9fa-4b1a-a661-19e1e518df91/william-mackinnon.jpg)

- Mackinnon worked in the trading bays in Bengal. In 1856, he founded the Calcutta and Burma Steam Navigation Company.
- Mackinnon founded the British East Africa Company, which controlled areas of Uganda and Kenya, taxed the local population, and governed the area, whilst British people were immune from any prosecution. 
- In 1892, a civil war broke out between local people and the East African Company. 
- In 1893, the territory run by the British East African Company was transferred to the British government. Uganda became a protectorate. 
- Mackinnon was motivated by financial and missionary ideals. He founded the Free Church of Scotland East African Scottish Mission in Kenya (1891).

### George Goldie

![George Goldie](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/d2756cba-42e4-4980-9ad4-bc5e2b49baca/goldie.jpg)

- Goldie traded palm oil in the Niger (palm oil replaced slaves as the main export in the region). 
- In 1879, he persuaded all British trading firms working on the Niger River to join to form the United African Company. This created a monopoly. After 5 years of resistance, and after buying French trading companies in the Niger, Goldie was granted a charter by Parliament. The Company was renamed the Royal Niger Company. 
- Local chiefs, like Jaja of Opobo, were banned by the Company from exporting palm oil. King Koko of the Nembe resisted the Company's control of Nigeria and was forced into exile. 
- In 1900, the British Government took direct control of the 2 protectorates included in Goldie's company, Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria in exchange for £895,000.  The local population seems like an afterthought of the transaction.

## The Role of Colonial Administrators

Colonial administrators had the ability to wield considerable influence in the British Empire. Key figures included:

### Evelyn Baring

![Evelyn Baring](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/fd299653-ddca-4073-a72a-746ed31fb11e/evelyn-baring.jpg)

- Baring's first posting was in India, appointed as a private secretary to the Viceroy. 
- Baring, later known as Lord Cromer, was competent, but arrogant, leading to the nickname of ‘Over-Baring’.
- Baring believed in British superiority to all of the Indians and Egyptians over whom he ruled. 
- Baring's second posting was as the Consul General in Egypt (1882-1907).
- Baring approved the Dufferin Report (1883), which established a puppet parliament.

### Bartle Frere

![Bartle Frere](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-04/8e5f720a-da4e-4974-99f4-2545525a3a6f/Screenshot%202019-04-29%20at%2011.15.01.png)

- Frere initially worked in the Indian Civil Service.
- He was appointed as High Commissioner of Cape Colony in 1877.
- Frere was an imperialist and was arrogant.
 - In 1878, Frere attempted to increase British control in South Africa. This led to a war with the local Zulu tribe, led by King Cetshwayo.
- Frere was removed from power for his actions.

## Test yourself on Traders & Colonial Administrators

- What institutions did William Mackinnon found?
- Which of these are true of Baring?
- Complete the statements about Bartle Frere.
- What was Evelyn Baring later known as?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/4dd48474-7381-4a8b-8d47-f52ec6b25dfd/section/70d9ea62-2ee5-4a3a-a4d7-7fb47a6f6617/session)

- Previous topic: [1.4.2 Missionaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-2-missionaries.md)
- Next topic: [1.4.4 Government Attitudes Towards Imperialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-4-government-attitudes-towards-imperialism.md)

## History: AQA A Level The British Empire contents

### 1 High Water Mark of the British Empire, 1857-1914
- 1.1 Development of Imperialism, 1857-1890
  - [1.1.1 Empires over Time](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-1-empires-over-time.md)
  - [1.1.2 Key Questions About Empires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-2-key-questions-about-empires.md)
  - [1.1.3 Expansion into Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-3-expansion-into-africa.md)
  - [1.1.4 History of Egypt](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-4-history-of-egypt.md)
  - [1.1.5 Control of Egypt](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-5-control-of-egypt.md)
  - [1.1.6 Control of Sudan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-1-6-control-of-sudan.md)
- 1.2 Imperial & Colonial Policy, 1857-1890
  - [1.2.1 The British Empire & India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-1-the-british-empire-and-india.md)
  - [1.2.2 The British Raj](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-2-the-british-raj.md)
  - [1.2.3 International Relations with other Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-3-international-relations-with-other-powers.md)
  - [1.2.4 Scramble for Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-4-scramble-for-africa.md)
  - [1.2.5 The Informal Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-2-5-the-informal-empire.md)
- 1.3 Trade & Commerce, 1857-1890
  - [1.3.1 Trade & Commerce in the Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-3-1-trade-and-commerce-in-the-empire.md)
  - [1.3.2 Infrastructure of Trade & Commerce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-3-2-infrastructure-of-trade-and-commerce.md)
  - [1.3.3 Products of Trade & Commerce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-3-3-products-of-trade-and-commerce.md)
- 1.4 Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1857-1890
  - [1.4.1 Explorers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-1-explorers.md)
  - [1.4.2 Missionaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-2-missionaries.md)
  - [1.4.3 Traders & Colonial Administrators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-3-traders-and-colonial-administrators.md)
  - [1.4.4 Government Attitudes Towards Imperialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-4-4-government-attitudes-towards-imperialism.md)
- 1.5 Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1857-1890
  - [1.5.1 Relations with India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-5-1-relations-with-india.md)
  - [1.5.2 Relations with South Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-5-2-relations-with-south-africa.md)
  - [1.5.3 British-Boer Relations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/1-5-3-british-boer-relations.md)

### 2 Imperial Consolidation & Liberal Rule, 1890-1914
- 2.1 Consolidation & Expansion in Africa, 1890-1914
  - [2.1.1 Consolidation & Expansion into Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-1-1-consolidation-and-expansion-into-africa.md)
  - [2.1.2 Consolidation & Expansion in South Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-1-2-consolidation-and-expansion-in-south-africa.md)
  - [2.1.3 Historical Interpretations: Expansion into Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-1-3-historical-interpretations-expansion-into-africa.md)
- 2.2 Imperial & Colonial Policy, 1890-1914
  - [2.2.1 Policy in India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-2-1-policy-in-india.md)
  - [2.2.2 Policy in Egypt](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-2-2-policy-in-egypt.md)
  - [2.2.3 Native Policy in Colonies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-2-3-native-policy-in-colonies.md)
  - [2.2.4 International Relations with Other Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-2-4-international-relations-with-other-powers.md)
- 2.3 Trade & Commerce, 1890-1914
  - [2.3.1 The Benefits of Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-3-1-the-benefits-of-trade.md)
  - [2.3.2 Costs of the Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-3-2-costs-of-the-empire.md)
  - [2.3.3 Debates Over Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-3-3-debates-over-trade.md)
- 2.4 Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1890-1914
  - [2.4.1 Key Administrators - Chamberlain & Rhodes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-1-key-administrators-chamberlain-and-rhodes.md)
  - [2.4.2 Key Administrators - Baring & Milner](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-2-key-administrators-baring-and-milner.md)
  - [2.4.3 Key Administrators - Curzon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-3-key-administrators-curzon.md)
  - [2.4.4 Government Attitudes to the Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-4-government-attitudes-to-the-empire.md)
  - [2.4.5 National Efficiency & the Boer War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-5-national-efficiency-and-the-boer-war.md)
  - [2.4.6 Popular Attitudes Towards Imperialism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-4-6-popular-attitudes-towards-imperialism.md)
- 2.5 Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1890-1914
  - [2.5.1 Challenges in India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-1-challenges-in-india.md)
  - [2.5.2 Challenges in Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-2-challenges-in-africa.md)
  - [2.5.3 Challenges in South Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-3-challenges-in-south-africa.md)
  - [2.5.4 Historical Interpretations of the Boer War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-4-historical-interpretations-of-the-boer-war.md)
  - [2.5.5 Relations & Business with Iran](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/2-5-5-relations-and-business-with-iran.md)

### 3 Imperialism Challenged, 1914-1967
- 3.1 Expansion & Contraction of Empire, 1914-1947
  - [3.1.1 Impact of WW1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-1-1-impact-of-ww1.md)
  - [3.1.2 Palestine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-1-2-palestine.md)
  - [3.1.3 Ireland & WW1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-1-3-ireland-and-ww1.md)
  - [3.1.4 Impact of WW2 on the British Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-1-4-impact-of-ww2-on-the-british-empire.md)
- 3.2 Colonial Policy & Administration, 1914-1947
  - [3.2.1 Administration in India & Palestine](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-2-1-administration-in-india-and-palestine.md)
  - [3.2.2 Administration in Iraq & the Dominions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-2-2-administration-in-iraq-and-the-dominions.md)
  - [3.2.3 Imperial Defence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-2-3-imperial-defence.md)
- 3.3 Trade, Commerce & Economic Impact of War
  - [3.3.1 Economic Impact of WW1](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-3-1-economic-impact-of-ww1.md)
  - [3.3.2 Inter-War Trade & Commerce](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-3-2-inter-war-trade-and-commerce.md)
  - [3.3.3 Economic Impact of WW2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-3-3-economic-impact-of-ww2.md)
- 3.4 Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1890-1914
  - [3.4.1 Colonial Administrators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-1-colonial-administrators.md)
  - [3.4.2 Trusteeship](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-2-trusteeship.md)
  - [3.4.3 Gandhi](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-3-gandhi.md)
  - [3.4.4 Montagu, Haig & Linlithgow](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-4-montagu-haig-and-linlithgow.md)
  - [3.4.5 Cameron, Mitchell, Cohen & Furse - African Admins](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-5-cameron-mitchell-cohen-and-furse-african-admins.md)
  - [3.4.6 Imperialist Ideals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-4-6-imperialist-ideals.md)
- 3.5 Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1914-1947
  - [3.5.1 Ireland & India 1914-1947](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-5-1-ireland-and-india-1914-1947.md)
  - [3.5.2 The Middle East and Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/3-5-2-the-middle-east-and-africa.md)

### 4 The Wind of Change, 1947-1967
- 4.1 Decolonisation in Africa & Asia, 1947-1967
  - [4.1.1 Reasons for Decolonisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-1-1-reasons-for-decolonisation.md)
  - [4.1.2 Decolonisation in East & West Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-1-2-decolonisation-in-east-and-west-africa.md)
  - [4.1.3 Decolonisation in Central & South Africa](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-1-3-decolonisation-in-central-and-south-africa.md)
  - [4.1.4 Decolonisation in Asia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-1-4-decolonisation-in-asia.md)
- 4.2 Colonial Policy & Administration, 1947-1967
  - [4.2.1 Relations & Business with Iran after WW2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-2-1-relations-and-business-with-iran-after-ww2.md)
  - [4.2.2 The 'Winds of Change'](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-2-2-the-winds-of-change.md)
  - [4.2.3 The Suez Canal Crisis - 1956](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-2-3-the-suez-canal-crisis-1956.md)
  - [4.2.4 International Relations 1947-1967](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-2-4-international-relations-1947-1967.md)
- 4.3 Trade & Commerce, 1947-1967
  - [4.3.1 The Economic Impact of WW2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-3-1-the-economic-impact-of-ww2.md)
- 4.4 Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1947-1967
  - [4.4.1 Colonial Administrators: Cohen & Arden-Clarke](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-4-1-colonial-administrators-cohen-and-arden-clarke.md)
  - [4.4.2 Local Leaders in the Independence Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-4-2-local-leaders-in-the-independence-movement.md)
  - [4.4.3 Pan-Africanism in Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-4-3-pan-africanism-in-nationalism.md)
- 4.5 Post-Colonial Ties, 1947-1967
  - [4.5.1 Windrush & Immigration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-5-1-windrush-and-immigration.md)
  - [4.5.2 Commonwealth Immigrants Act](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-5-2-commonwealth-immigrants-act.md)
  - [4.5.3 Residual Impact of the Empire](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-5-3-residual-impact-of-the-empire.md)
- 4.6 Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1947-1967
  - [4.6.1 Challenges to Colonial Rule Post 1947](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-6-1-challenges-to-colonial-rule-post-1947.md)
  - [4.6.2 Kenya & the Mau Mau Uprising](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-6-2-kenya-and-the-mau-mau-uprising.md)
  - [4.6.3 Nigeria & Rhodesia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/history/aqa/4-6-3-nigeria-and-rhodesia.md)