Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-5-superpowers-and-the-environment

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Geography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography.md) › [Edexcel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel.md) › Superpowers & the Environment

# Superpowers & the Environment

Geography: Edexcel A Level, topic 9.3.5

## Superpowers and the Environment

With continued development and economic growth, the resource demands of superpowers continue to grow and cause environmental degradation.

### Natural resources

![Natural resources](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/caf0f46f-b349-4794-9234-a53823c80586/shutterstock_284551751.jpg)

- Superpowers' demand for food, fossil fuels and minerals is causing environmental degradation. 
- The richest countries in the world consume on average 10 times as many materials as the poorest countries and twice as much as the world average. 
- As an emerging country, China's industrialization and urban growth have required unprecedented amounts of iron, steel, cement, energy and construction materials.
- Between 2011 and 2013 China used more cement than the US did in the entire 20th century.

### Carbon emissions

![Carbon emissions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/a0b01917-b454-4c8a-b8c0-91bc87e883b8/shutterstock_12299359.jpg)

- Given their high proportion of economic activity and global population, the carbon emissions of superpowers contribute disproportionately to global warming and climate change. 
- China is the world’s biggest consumer of energy and most of that energy comes from burning coal mined in China itself. 
- China is the top country for fossil fuel extraction.

### Plastic waste

![Plastic waste](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/2ab6d7b8-bb7c-4b33-a5a6-3fa44ed2975a/shutterstock_400655782.jpg)

- In a recent study, China topped the global ranking for the country releasing the most plastic into the oceans. 
- According to this study, in 2010 8.8 million tons of plastic waste in the ocean could be traced back to China. 
- The United States was also in the top 10 but at a much lower level than China. They released 0.3 million tons.

## Superpowers and Climate Change

Different nations display different attitudes with regards to climate change and their willingness to act. Arguably the EU and China are leading the way with their willingness to act.

### The EU

![The EU](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/6e29e4c8-ac96-470b-828d-db63cdba284e/shutterstock_336888689.jpg)

- The EU has become a global leader in many climate initiatives. 
- It aims to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 (compared to 1990 levels).
- It wants 20% of the total energy consumption to come from renewable energy by 2020.

### China

![China](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/memory-location-images/Lhasa,%20China-min.jpg)

- China supported the 2015 Paris agreement. This is important as it is the world’s largest emitter and thus must be involved in any deal that is to be a success.
- In 2017, China and the EU set up a new alliance to further tackle climate change. They are determined to ‘lead the energy transition’ toward a low-carbon economy.

### The USA

![The USA](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/b93519ef-e24b-45d4-bb82-f6f3b72e6ed0/trump-2546104_1920.jpg)

- At the time of the 2015 Paris agreement, USA ratified the agreement and signed up. It has led the way in reducing its emissions and under President Obama invested heavily in renewable energy.
- However, in 2017, President Trump pulled out of the Paris agreement. He does not agree that climate change is a global threat. 
- President Trump has undone many of Obama’s actions that aimed to curb climate change and limit environmental pollution.
- In May 2018, Trump ended the $10 million a year NASA program to monitor carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. 
 - This tool was key to verifying whether or not nations of the world were actually meeting their pledges to reduce carbon emissions.

### Russia

![Russia](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/memory-location-images/Moscow,%20Russia-min.jpg)

- Russia did support the 2015 Paris agreement. However, most people believe that Russia has not changed its attitude.
- Russia has agreed to reduce CO2 levels by 30% to 1990 levels. 
- However, because of the collapse of the USSR, its current emissions are actually still below 1990 levels, when Russia was at the peak of its manufacturing!
- So, having agreed to this, it actually allows Russia to increase its emissions. 
-  Extreme weather events in Russia have doubled over the past 25 years and Russia's attitude may change because of this. 
 - Climate-related economic damage is expected to reach $4.3 billion a year by 2025 for the Moscow region.

## Impact of the Global Middle Class

The size of the global middle class is growing. This is having an impact on the demand for key resources, such as rare minerals, oils, meat, grains and water.

### Consumption and consumerism

![Consumption and consumerism](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/a2701b9a-3cc1-44dd-945e-1716eafa5184/london%20smog.jpg)

- Rising consumption fuelled by a growing middle class has seen the number of primary materials extracted from the Earth treble in the last four decades.
- This increase has increased air pollution, reduced biodiversity and sped up climate change.

### Meat and water supplies

![Meat and water supplies](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-04/c4d649e9-877f-4b5f-942b-fb512678cf03/shutterstock_533100223.jpg)

- The biggest problem in terms of environmental degradation is that the middle class is going to eat more meat than ever before.
- This creates a problem for global water supply as raising cattle and washing and processing meat requires much more water than most crops. 
- The growing middle class is concentrated largely in Asia. 
 - China’s increased affluence saw its meat consumption increase by 99%, its perfume consumption increase by 133% and its cereal consumption increase by 364% between 2000 and 2018.

### Grains

![Grains](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-04/285c920b-622e-438e-9b20-e5b4f85b27c1/shutterstock_488899324.jpg)

- The global middle class and worldwide population growth will strain grain reserves too. 
- In 2017, the prices of wheat, corn, soybeans, and rice are already twice what they were in 2000.
- It can, of course, be argued that the growing middle class might demand climate action more quickly and help towards dealing with climate change.

### Precious metals

![Precious metals](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/10.1.2%20Alternative%20methods%20of%20extracting%20metals/coal-1626368_640-min.jpg)

- Another key idea for the next few decades is that as well as for consumer goods, rare earth metals are also very important for the construction of renewable energy generators. 
- Within the next few decades, a new set of naturally occurring elements could become key and therefore different countries will dominate the production of key resources.
- Platinum and Palladium are rare metals that may be needed for use in batteries and electric vehicles.

## Test yourself on Superpowers & the Environment

- Which country extracts the most fossil fuel in the world?
- Which of the following are true of China's impact on the global environment?
- Which of the following are true of EU climate change initiatives?
- What is climate-related damage expected to cost the Moscow region by 2025?
- How much is Russia trying to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by before 2020 (relative to 1990 levels)?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/e863f76a-c037-441e-b405-96c1e8649284/section/05e6deb6-3331-4b4e-9349-0ec8f161746e/session)

- Previous topic: [9.3.4 Superpowers & Alliances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-4-superpowers-and-alliances.md)
- Next topic: [9.4.1 Recent Tensions between Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-1-recent-tensions-between-powers.md)

## Geography: Edexcel A Level contents

### 1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards
- 1.1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards
  - [1.1.1 Tectonic Plates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-1-tectonic-plates.md)
  - [1.1.2 Distribution of Tectonic Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-2-distribution-of-tectonic-hazards.md)
  - [1.1.3 Theoretical Frameworks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-3-theoretical-frameworks.md)
  - [1.1.4 Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-4-earthquakes.md)
  - [1.1.5 Earthquake Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-5-earthquake-hazards.md)
  - [1.1.6 Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-6-volcanoes.md)
  - [1.1.7 Tsunamis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-7-tsunamis.md)
  - [1.1.8 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-8-end-of-topic-test-tectonic-processes.md)
  - [1.1.9 Exam-Style Question - Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-9-exam-style-question-earthquakes.md)
- 1.2 Natural Disasters
  - [1.2.1 Introduction to Natural Disasters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-1-introduction-to-natural-disasters.md)
  - [1.2.2 Impacts of Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-2-impacts-of-hazards.md)
  - [1.2.3 Comparing Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-3-comparing-hazards.md)
  - [1.2.4 Development & Governance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-4-development-and-governance.md)
- 1.3 Natural Disaster Case Studies
  - [1.3.1 Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-1-tohoku-earthquake-and-tsunami.md)
  - [1.3.2 Gorkha Earthquake](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-2-gorkha-earthquake.md)
  - [1.3.3 Mount Merapi Eruption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-3-mount-merapi-eruption.md)
- 1.4 Trends & Patterns
  - [1.4.1 Disaster Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-4-1-disaster-trends.md)
  - [1.4.2 Prediction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-4-2-prediction.md)
- 1.5 Disaster Modification
  - [1.5.1 Hazard Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-1-hazard-management.md)
  - [1.5.2 Modifications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-2-modifications.md)
  - [1.5.3 End of Topic Test - Natural Disasters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-3-end-of-topic-test-natural-disasters.md)
  - [1.5.4 Exam-Style Question - Disaster Modification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-4-exam-style-question-disaster-modification.md)

### 2 Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
- 2.1 Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
  - [2.1.1 Timeline of Glacial Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-1-timeline-of-glacial-change.md)
  - [2.1.2 Natural Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-2-natural-causes.md)
  - [2.1.3 Ice Distributions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-3-ice-distributions.md)
- 2.2 Periglacial Landscapes
  - [2.2.1 Periglacial Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-2-1-periglacial-processes.md)
  - [2.2.2 Periglacial Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-2-2-periglacial-landforms.md)
- 2.3 Glacial Processes
  - [2.3.1 Mass Balance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-3-1-mass-balance.md)
  - [2.3.2 Glacial Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-3-2-glacial-movement.md)
- 2.4 Glacial Landforms
  - [2.4.1 Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-1-landscapes.md)
  - [2.4.2 Erosional Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-2-erosional-landforms.md)
  - [2.4.3 Erosional Landforms 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-3-erosional-landforms-2.md)
  - [2.4.4 Erosional Landforms 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-4-erosional-landforms-3.md)
  - [2.4.5 Depositional Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-5-depositional-landforms.md)
  - [2.4.6 Fluvioglaciation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-6-fluvioglaciation.md)
- 2.5 The Future of Glaciated Landscapes
  - [2.5.1 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-1-the-value-of-glaciated-landscapes.md)
  - [2.5.2 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-2-the-value-of-glaciated-landscapes-2.md)
  - [2.5.3 Threats to Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-3-threats-to-glaciated-landscapes.md)
  - [2.5.4 Managing the Threats to Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-4-managing-the-threats-to-glaciated-landscapes.md)

### 3 Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
- 3.1 Coastal Landscapes
  - [3.1.1 The Wider Coastal Landscape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-1-the-wider-coastal-landscape.md)
  - [3.1.2 Geological Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-2-geological-structure.md)
  - [3.1.3 Lithology & Vegetation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-3-lithology-and-vegetation.md)
- 3.2 Coastal Erosion & Deposition
  - [3.2.1 Shaping Coastlines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-1-shaping-coastlines.md)
  - [3.2.2 Coastal Formations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-2-coastal-formations.md)
  - [3.2.3 Sediment Transportation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-3-sediment-transportation.md)
  - [3.2.4 Subaerial Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-4-subaerial-processes.md)
- 3.3 Coastal Risks
  - [3.3.1 Sea Level Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-1-sea-level-change.md)
  - [3.3.2 Coastal Retreat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-2-coastal-retreat.md)
  - [3.3.3 Coastal Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-3-coastal-flooding.md)
- 3.4 Managing Coastlines
  - [3.4.1 Consequences of Coastal Recession](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-1-consequences-of-coastal-recession.md)
  - [3.4.2 Engineering Management Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-2-engineering-management-approaches.md)
  - [3.4.3 Governance Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-3-governance-approaches.md)

### 4 Globalisation
- 4.1 Globalisation
  - [4.1.1 Intro to Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-1-intro-to-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.2 Development of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-2-development-of-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.3 Economic Policy & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-3-economic-policy-and-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.4 Government Policy & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-4-government-policy-and-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.5 International Organisations & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-5-international-organisations-and-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.6 Measuring Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-6-measuring-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.7 TNCs & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-7-tncs-and-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.8 TNCs - Aramco & Anglo-Iranian Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-8-tncs-aramco-and-anglo-iranian-oil.md)
- 4.2 Negatives of Globalisation
  - [4.2.1 'Switched Off' Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-2-1-switched-off-places.md)
- 4.3 Global Shift
  - [4.3.1 Global Shift for Developing Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-1-global-shift-for-developing-nations.md)
  - [4.3.2 Global Shift for Developing Nations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-2-global-shift-for-developing-nations-2.md)
  - [4.3.3 Global Shift for Developed Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-3-global-shift-for-developed-nations.md)
  - [4.3.4 End of Topic Test - Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-4-end-of-topic-test-globalisation.md)
- 4.4 Migration
  - [4.4.1 Megacities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-1-megacities.md)
  - [4.4.2 International Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-2-international-migration.md)
  - [4.4.3 Country Interdependence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-3-country-interdependence.md)
- 4.5 Culture
  - [4.5.1 Global Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-5-1-global-culture.md)
  - [4.5.2 Cultural Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-5-2-cultural-erosion.md)
- 4.6 Measuring Development
  - [4.6.1 Measuring Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-6-1-measuring-development.md)
- 4.7 Responses to Globalisation
  - [4.7.1 Tensions Caused by Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-1-tensions-caused-by-globalisation.md)
  - [4.7.2 Government Control of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-2-government-control-of-globalisation.md)
  - [4.7.3 Ethical Responses to Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-3-ethical-responses-to-globalisation.md)
  - [4.7.4 End of Topic Test - Migration, Culture, & Response](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-4-end-of-topic-test-migration-culture-and-response.md)

### 5 Option 4A: Regenerating Places
- 5.1 Types of Economies
  - [5.1.1 Economic Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-1-economic-activity.md)
  - [5.1.2 Employment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-2-employment.md)
  - [5.1.3 Economic Activity - Health & Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-3-economic-activity-health-and-life.md)
  - [5.1.4 Economic Activity - Education & Inequality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-4-economic-activity-education-and-inequality.md)
- 5.2 Function of Places
  - [5.2.1 Characteristics of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-1-characteristics-of-places.md)
  - [5.2.2 Changes in Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-2-changes-in-places.md)
  - [5.2.3 International Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-3-international-influences-on-places.md)
  - [5.2.4 Historic Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-4-historic-influences-on-places.md)
  - [5.2.5 The Perception of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-5-the-perception-of-places.md)
  - [5.2.6 Lived Experience & Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-6-lived-experience-and-attachment.md)
- 5.3 Regeneration
  - [5.3.1 Migration & Capital](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-1-migration-and-capital.md)
  - [5.3.2 Success & Regeneration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-2-success-and-regeneration.md)
  - [5.3.3 Tensions & Conflict in Communities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-3-tensions-and-conflict-in-communities.md)
  - [5.3.4 Regeneration in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-4-regeneration-in-the-uk.md)
  - [5.3.5 Local Government Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-5-local-government-policies.md)
  - [5.3.6 Regeneration Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-6-regeneration-strategies.md)
  - [5.3.7 Measuring Regeneration Success](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-7-measuring-regeneration-success.md)
- 5.4 Regeneration Case Studies
  - [5.4.1 Stratford](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-1-stratford.md)
  - [5.4.2 Salford Quays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-2-salford-quays.md)
  - [5.4.3 Croyde](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-3-croyde.md)

### 6 Option 4B: Diverse Places
- 6.1 Population Structure
  - [6.1.1 The UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-1-the-uk.md)
  - [6.1.2 Population Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-2-population-characteristics.md)
  - [6.1.3 Government & Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-3-government-and-change.md)
- 6.2 Past & Present Connections
  - [6.2.1 International Influence on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-1-international-influence-on-places.md)
  - [6.2.2 Historic Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-2-historic-influences-on-places.md)
  - [6.2.3 The Perception of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-3-the-perception-of-places.md)
  - [6.2.4 Image & Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-4-image-and-identity.md)
- 6.3 Urban & Rural Spaces
  - [6.3.1 Perceptions of Urban Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-1-perceptions-of-urban-places.md)
  - [6.3.2 Perceptions of Rural Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-2-perceptions-of-rural-places.md)
  - [6.3.3 Evaluating Living Space](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-3-evaluating-living-space.md)
- 6.4 Diversity
  - [6.4.1 UK Migrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-1-uk-migrations.md)
  - [6.4.2 Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-2-challenges.md)
  - [6.4.3 Tensions & Conflict](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-3-tensions-and-conflict.md)
  - [6.4.4 Wider Outcomes of Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-4-wider-outcomes-of-tensions.md)
  - [6.4.5 Managing Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-5-managing-tensions.md)
- 6.5 Urban & Rural Case Studies
  - [6.5.1 Stakeholders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-5-1-stakeholders.md)
- 6.6 Case Study - Tower Hamlets
  - [6.6.1 Background](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-1-background.md)
  - [6.6.2 Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-2-characteristics.md)
  - [6.6.3 Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-3-issues.md)
- 6.7 Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
  - [6.7.1 Background](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-1-background.md)
  - [6.7.2 Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-2-characteristics.md)
  - [6.7.3 Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-3-issues.md)

### 7 The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
- 7.1 Hydrological Processes Global to Local
  - [7.1.1 Global Hydrological Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-1-global-hydrological-cycle.md)
  - [7.1.2 Drainage Basin Hydrological Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-2-drainage-basin-hydrological-cycle.md)
  - [7.1.3 Water Budgets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-3-water-budgets.md)
  - [7.1.4 River Regimes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-4-river-regimes.md)
  - [7.1.5 Storm Hydrographs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-5-storm-hydrographs.md)
- 7.2 Influences on the Water Cycle
  - [7.2.1 Causes of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-1-causes-of-drought.md)
  - [7.2.2 Impacts of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-2-impacts-of-drought.md)
  - [7.2.3 Causes of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-3-causes-of-flooding.md)
  - [7.2.4 Impacts of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-4-impacts-of-flooding.md)
  - [7.2.5 Climate Change & The Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-5-climate-change-and-the-water-cycle.md)
  - [7.2.6 Impacts of Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-6-impacts-of-climate-change.md)
  - [7.2.7 End of Topic Test - The Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-7-end-of-topic-test-the-water-cycle.md)
- 7.3 Water Insecurity
  - [7.3.1 Water Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-1-water-stress.md)
  - [7.3.2 Causes of Water Insecurity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-2-causes-of-water-insecurity.md)
  - [7.3.3 Water Insecurity Risk](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-3-water-insecurity-risk.md)
  - [7.3.4 Conflict Over Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-4-conflict-over-water.md)
- 7.4 Water Supply Management
  - [7.4.1 Hard Engineering Schemes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-1-hard-engineering-schemes.md)
  - [7.4.2 Sustainable Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-2-sustainable-management.md)
  - [7.4.3 Water Treaties & Framework](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-3-water-treaties-and-framework.md)
  - [7.4.4 End of Topic Test - Water Insecurity & Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-4-end-of-topic-test-water-insecurity-and-management.md)

### 8 The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
- 8.1 The Carbon Cycle
  - [8.1.1 Carbon Stores](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-1-carbon-stores.md)
  - [8.1.2 Carbon Stores 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-2-carbon-stores-2.md)
  - [8.1.3 Biological Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-3-biological-carbon.md)
  - [8.1.4 Atmospheric Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-4-atmospheric-carbon.md)
  - [8.1.5 Burning Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-5-burning-fossil-fuels.md)
- 8.2 Energy Consumption
  - [8.2.1 Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-1-consumption.md)
  - [8.2.2 Access to Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-2-access-to-energy.md)
  - [8.2.3 Energy Players](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-3-energy-players.md)
  - [8.2.4 Supply & Demand](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-4-supply-and-demand.md)
  - [8.2.5 Pathways](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-5-pathways.md)
  - [8.2.6 End of Topic Test - Carbon & Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-6-end-of-topic-test-carbon-and-consumption.md)
- 8.3 Alternative Energy
  - [8.3.1 Unconventional Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-1-unconventional-fuels.md)
  - [8.3.2 Non-Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-2-non-fossil-fuels.md)
  - [8.3.3 Non-Fossil Fuels 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-3-non-fossil-fuels-2.md)
- 8.4 Growing Demand for Resources
  - [8.4.1 Deforestation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-1-deforestation.md)
  - [8.4.2 Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-2-water.md)
  - [8.4.3 Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-3-climate-change.md)
- 8.5 The Future
  - [8.5.1 Future Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-1-future-uncertainty.md)
  - [8.5.2 Adaptation Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-2-adaptation-strategies.md)
  - [8.5.3 Mitigation Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-3-mitigation-strategies.md)

### 9 Superpowers (A2 only)
- 9.1 Superpowers
  - [9.1.1 Introduction to Superpowers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-1-introduction-to-superpowers.md)
  - [9.1.2 Superpowers - Economic Power & Size](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-2-superpowers-economic-power-and-size.md)
  - [9.1.3 Superpowers - Political & Military Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-3-superpowers-political-and-military-power.md)
  - [9.1.4 Superpowers - Culture, Demography & Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-4-superpowers-culture-demography-and-resources.md)
  - [9.1.5 Geo-Strategic Location](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-5-geo-strategic-location.md)
- 9.2 Hard & Soft Power
  - [9.2.1 Hard & Soft Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-1-hard-and-soft-power.md)
  - [9.2.2 Emerging Powers - China Rivalry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-2-emerging-powers-china-rivalry.md)
  - [9.2.3 Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-3-emerging-powers-chinese-sources-of-power.md)
  - [9.2.4 Emerging Powers - Brazil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-4-emerging-powers-brazil.md)
  - [9.2.5 Emerging Powers - Russia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-5-emerging-powers-russia.md)
  - [9.2.6 Emerging Powers - India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-6-emerging-powers-india.md)
  - [9.2.7 Theories of Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-7-theories-of-development.md)
  - [9.2.8 Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-8-power-case-studies-chinese-one-belt-one-road.md)
  - [9.2.9 Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-9-power-case-studies-pakistan-nuclear-arms.md)
  - [9.2.10 Power Case Studies: OPEC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-10-power-case-studies-opec.md)
- 9.3 IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
  - [9.3.1 Superpowers & IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-1-superpowers-and-igos.md)
  - [9.3.2 Superpowers & TNCs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-2-superpowers-and-tncs.md)
  - [9.3.3 Superpowers & Global Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-3-superpowers-and-global-action.md)
  - [9.3.4 Superpowers & Alliances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-4-superpowers-and-alliances.md)
  - [9.3.5 Superpowers & the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-5-superpowers-and-the-environment.md)
- 9.4 Changing Global Influence
  - [9.4.1 Recent Tensions between Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-1-recent-tensions-between-powers.md)
  - [9.4.2 China in Africa & Asia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-2-china-in-africa-and-asia.md)
  - [9.4.3 Tensions in the Middle East](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-3-tensions-in-the-middle-east.md)
  - [9.4.4 Economic Problems for Superpowers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-4-economic-problems-for-superpowers.md)
  - [9.4.5 Future Pattern of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-5-future-pattern-of-power.md)

### 10 Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
- 10.1 Human Development
  - [10.1.1 Measuring Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-1-measuring-development.md)
  - [10.1.2 Factors Improving Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-2-factors-improving-development.md)
  - [10.1.3 Variations in Health](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-3-variations-in-health.md)
- 10.2 Role of Governments & IGOs
  - [10.2.1 Targets & Attitudes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-1-targets-and-attitudes.md)
  - [10.2.2 Financial IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-2-financial-igos.md)
  - [10.2.3 The United Nations (UN)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-3-the-united-nations-un.md)
  - [10.2.4 The UN's MDGs & SDGs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-4-the-uns-mdgs-and-sdgs.md)
- 10.3 Human Rights
  - [10.3.1 Human Rights](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-1-human-rights.md)
  - [10.3.2 Differences Between Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-2-differences-between-countries.md)
  - [10.3.3 Transitions to Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-3-transitions-to-democracy.md)
  - [10.3.4 Differences Within Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-4-differences-within-countries.md)
  - [10.3.5 The Demand for Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-5-the-demand-for-equality.md)
- 10.4 Interventions
  - [10.4.1 Geopolitical Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-1-geopolitical-interventions.md)
  - [10.4.2 International Intervention Players](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-2-international-intervention-players.md)
  - [10.4.3 Evaluating Geopolitical Intervention](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-3-evaluating-geopolitical-intervention.md)
  - [10.4.4 Military Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-4-military-interventions.md)
  - [10.4.5 Evaluating Military Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-5-evaluating-military-interventions.md)
- 10.5 Development Aid
  - [10.5.1 Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-1-forms.md)
  - [10.5.2 Successes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-2-successes.md)
  - [10.5.3 Criticisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-3-criticisms.md)
  - [10.5.4 Development Aid & the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-4-development-aid-and-the-environment.md)
  - [10.5.5 Evaluating Development Aid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-5-evaluating-development-aid.md)
  - [10.5.6 Economic Inequalities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-6-economic-inequalities.md)

### 11 Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
- 11.1 Globalisation & Migration
  - [11.1.1 Intro to Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-1-intro-to-migration.md)
  - [11.1.2 Trends in Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-2-trends-in-migration.md)
  - [11.1.3 Common Migration Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-3-common-migration-patterns.md)
  - [11.1.4 Causes of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-4-causes-of-migration.md)
  - [11.1.5 Restrictions on Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-5-restrictions-on-migration.md)
- 11.2 Consequences of Migration
  - [11.2.1 Intro to Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-1-intro-to-culture.md)
  - [11.2.2 Social & Demographic Tensions of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-2-social-and-demographic-tensions-of-migration.md)
  - [11.2.3 Political & Economic Tensions of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-3-political-and-economic-tensions-of-migration.md)
- 11.3 Nation States
  - [11.3.1 Intro to Nation States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-1-intro-to-nation-states.md)
  - [11.3.2 Borders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-2-borders.md)
  - [11.3.3 Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-3-nationalism.md)
- 11.4 Responses to Global Migration
  - [11.4.1 Responses to Global Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-1-responses-to-global-migration.md)
  - [11.4.2 Global Organisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-2-global-organisations.md)
  - [11.4.3 IGOs and World Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-3-igos-and-world-trade.md)
  - [11.4.4 Financial IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-4-financial-igos.md)
  - [11.4.5 Environmental IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-5-environmental-igos.md)
- 11.5 Sovereignty & Identity
  - [11.5.1 Sovereignty & Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-1-sovereignty-and-nationalism.md)
  - [11.5.2 Complex Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-2-complex-identities.md)
  - [11.5.3 Challenges to National Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-3-challenges-to-national-identities.md)
  - [11.5.4 Tensions within Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-4-tensions-within-nations.md)
  - [11.5.5 Failed States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-5-failed-states.md)