Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-2-impacts-of-drought [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Geography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography.md) › [Edexcel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel.md) › Impacts of Drought # Impacts of Drought Geography: Edexcel A Level, topic 7.2.2 ## The Impacts of Drought on Ecosystems Drought leads to less water for the vegetation of an area. This can have devastating effects on an flora and fauna that interact in that ecosystem. ### Ecosystem key terms ![Ecosystem key terms](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/9ef40518-cb13-4048-9c56-f84cd67ea6dc/desert-night-landscape.jpg) - Ecosystem functioning - the biological, chemical and physical processes that take place in an ecosystem. - Ecosystem resilience - how capable the ecosystem is of surviving changing water levels. - Deserts and semi-arid areas are the most resilient to drought. ### Rainforest ![Rainforest](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/memory-location-images/Daintree%20Forest,%20Australia-min.jpg) - Prolonged periods of drought lead to forest stress. - Younger trees die as a result of drought. This reduces the canopy cover. - Reduction of canopy cover leads to less interception and infiltration but also decreases evapotranspiration. This means water vapour and rainfall reduces. ### Forests ![Forests](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/7.3.1-%20Effects%20of%20human%20interactions%20on%20ecosystems/forest-fire-2268729_640-min.jpg) - Forests that are exposed to tropical sunlight with dead vegetation and a mass of dry organic material can easily set alight. - Lightning storms and high winds can then turn a small fire into a wildfire. - Croatia suffered from 2 ½ months of no rainfall during the summer of 2017. This lead to widespread drought and ultimately wildfires that were challenging to manage. Water-bombing planes were donated from nearby countries to control the flames. ### Wetlands ![Wetlands](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/5b23cad5-714a-4d84-bd17-2d68cc8cfc2b/shutterstock_160696304.jpg) - Drought increases the likelihood of tree mortality. - A decrease in vegetation reduces the habitat for both wild or farm animals. Birds and wetland vegetation respond to drought differently. Drought can change communities by eliminating species and having knock-on impacts on the rest of the food chain. - The likelihood of wildfire increases. ### Wetlands example ![Wetlands example](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/3c78757d-f4cb-4eb4-9613-78918c812f11/hawk-bird-flying.jpg) - In Minsmere, Suffolk, wetlands species such as snipe and thrush are impacted by the dry soil surface which is present during a drought. - The snipe and thrush are less able to penetrate the dry soil to reach the invertebrates they feed off. ## Test yourself on Impacts of Drought - Forests are at risk from what when they are exposed to tropical sunlight? - What wetland species of bird in Minsmere, Suffolk, is impacted by the dry soil surface present during a drought? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/e863f76a-c037-441e-b405-96c1e8649284/section/fb074361-e544-4218-b432-281354548848/session) - Previous topic: [7.2.1 Causes of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-1-causes-of-drought.md) - Next topic: [7.2.3 Causes of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-3-causes-of-flooding.md) ## Geography: Edexcel A Level contents ### 1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards - 1.1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards - [1.1.1 Tectonic Plates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-1-tectonic-plates.md) - [1.1.2 Distribution of Tectonic Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-2-distribution-of-tectonic-hazards.md) - [1.1.3 Theoretical Frameworks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-3-theoretical-frameworks.md) - [1.1.4 Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-4-earthquakes.md) - [1.1.5 Earthquake Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-5-earthquake-hazards.md) - [1.1.6 Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-6-volcanoes.md) - [1.1.7 Tsunamis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-7-tsunamis.md) - [1.1.8 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-8-end-of-topic-test-tectonic-processes.md) - [1.1.9 Exam-Style Question - Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-9-exam-style-question-earthquakes.md) - 1.2 Natural Disasters - [1.2.1 Introduction to Natural Disasters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-1-introduction-to-natural-disasters.md) - [1.2.2 Impacts of Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-2-impacts-of-hazards.md) - [1.2.3 Comparing Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-3-comparing-hazards.md) - [1.2.4 Development & Governance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-4-development-and-governance.md) - 1.3 Natural Disaster Case Studies - [1.3.1 Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-1-tohoku-earthquake-and-tsunami.md) - [1.3.2 Gorkha Earthquake](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-2-gorkha-earthquake.md) - [1.3.3 Mount Merapi Eruption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-3-mount-merapi-eruption.md) - 1.4 Trends & Patterns - [1.4.1 Disaster Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-4-1-disaster-trends.md) - [1.4.2 Prediction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-4-2-prediction.md) - 1.5 Disaster Modification - [1.5.1 Hazard Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-1-hazard-management.md) - [1.5.2 Modifications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-2-modifications.md) - [1.5.3 End of Topic Test - Natural Disasters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-3-end-of-topic-test-natural-disasters.md) - [1.5.4 Exam-Style Question - Disaster Modification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-4-exam-style-question-disaster-modification.md) ### 2 Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change - 2.1 Glaciated Landscapes Over Time - [2.1.1 Timeline of Glacial Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-1-timeline-of-glacial-change.md) - [2.1.2 Natural Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-2-natural-causes.md) - [2.1.3 Ice Distributions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-3-ice-distributions.md) - 2.2 Periglacial Landscapes - [2.2.1 Periglacial Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-2-1-periglacial-processes.md) - [2.2.2 Periglacial Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-2-2-periglacial-landforms.md) - 2.3 Glacial Processes - [2.3.1 Mass Balance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-3-1-mass-balance.md) - [2.3.2 Glacial Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-3-2-glacial-movement.md) - 2.4 Glacial Landforms - [2.4.1 Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-1-landscapes.md) - [2.4.2 Erosional Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-2-erosional-landforms.md) - [2.4.3 Erosional Landforms 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-3-erosional-landforms-2.md) - [2.4.4 Erosional Landforms 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-4-erosional-landforms-3.md) - [2.4.5 Depositional Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-5-depositional-landforms.md) - [2.4.6 Fluvioglaciation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-6-fluvioglaciation.md) - 2.5 The Future of Glaciated Landscapes - [2.5.1 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-1-the-value-of-glaciated-landscapes.md) - [2.5.2 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-2-the-value-of-glaciated-landscapes-2.md) - [2.5.3 Threats to Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-3-threats-to-glaciated-landscapes.md) - [2.5.4 Managing the Threats to Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-4-managing-the-threats-to-glaciated-landscapes.md) ### 3 Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change - 3.1 Coastal Landscapes - [3.1.1 The Wider Coastal Landscape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-1-the-wider-coastal-landscape.md) - [3.1.2 Geological Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-2-geological-structure.md) - [3.1.3 Lithology & Vegetation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-3-lithology-and-vegetation.md) - 3.2 Coastal Erosion & Deposition - [3.2.1 Shaping Coastlines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-1-shaping-coastlines.md) - [3.2.2 Coastal Formations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-2-coastal-formations.md) - [3.2.3 Sediment Transportation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-3-sediment-transportation.md) - [3.2.4 Subaerial Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-4-subaerial-processes.md) - 3.3 Coastal Risks - [3.3.1 Sea Level Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-1-sea-level-change.md) - [3.3.2 Coastal Retreat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-2-coastal-retreat.md) - [3.3.3 Coastal Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-3-coastal-flooding.md) - 3.4 Managing Coastlines - [3.4.1 Consequences of Coastal Recession](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-1-consequences-of-coastal-recession.md) - [3.4.2 Engineering Management Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-2-engineering-management-approaches.md) - [3.4.3 Governance Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-3-governance-approaches.md) ### 4 Globalisation - 4.1 Globalisation - [4.1.1 Intro to Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-1-intro-to-globalisation.md) - [4.1.2 Development of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-2-development-of-globalisation.md) - [4.1.3 Economic Policy & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-3-economic-policy-and-globalisation.md) - [4.1.4 Government Policy & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-4-government-policy-and-globalisation.md) - [4.1.5 International Organisations & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-5-international-organisations-and-globalisation.md) - [4.1.6 Measuring Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-6-measuring-globalisation.md) - [4.1.7 TNCs & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-7-tncs-and-globalisation.md) - [4.1.8 TNCs - Aramco & Anglo-Iranian Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-8-tncs-aramco-and-anglo-iranian-oil.md) - 4.2 Negatives of Globalisation - [4.2.1 'Switched Off' Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-2-1-switched-off-places.md) - 4.3 Global Shift - [4.3.1 Global Shift for Developing Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-1-global-shift-for-developing-nations.md) - [4.3.2 Global Shift for Developing Nations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-2-global-shift-for-developing-nations-2.md) - [4.3.3 Global Shift for Developed Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-3-global-shift-for-developed-nations.md) - [4.3.4 End of Topic Test - Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-4-end-of-topic-test-globalisation.md) - 4.4 Migration - [4.4.1 Megacities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-1-megacities.md) - [4.4.2 International Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-2-international-migration.md) - [4.4.3 Country Interdependence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-3-country-interdependence.md) - 4.5 Culture - [4.5.1 Global Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-5-1-global-culture.md) - [4.5.2 Cultural Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-5-2-cultural-erosion.md) - 4.6 Measuring Development - [4.6.1 Measuring Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-6-1-measuring-development.md) - 4.7 Responses to Globalisation - [4.7.1 Tensions Caused by Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-1-tensions-caused-by-globalisation.md) - [4.7.2 Government Control of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-2-government-control-of-globalisation.md) - [4.7.3 Ethical Responses to Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-3-ethical-responses-to-globalisation.md) - [4.7.4 End of Topic Test - Migration, Culture, & Response](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-4-end-of-topic-test-migration-culture-and-response.md) ### 5 Option 4A: Regenerating Places - 5.1 Types of Economies - [5.1.1 Economic Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-1-economic-activity.md) - [5.1.2 Employment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-2-employment.md) - [5.1.3 Economic Activity - Health & Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-3-economic-activity-health-and-life.md) - [5.1.4 Economic Activity - Education & Inequality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-4-economic-activity-education-and-inequality.md) - 5.2 Function of Places - [5.2.1 Characteristics of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-1-characteristics-of-places.md) - [5.2.2 Changes in Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-2-changes-in-places.md) - [5.2.3 International Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-3-international-influences-on-places.md) - [5.2.4 Historic Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-4-historic-influences-on-places.md) - [5.2.5 The Perception of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-5-the-perception-of-places.md) - [5.2.6 Lived Experience & Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-6-lived-experience-and-attachment.md) - 5.3 Regeneration - [5.3.1 Migration & Capital](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-1-migration-and-capital.md) - [5.3.2 Success & Regeneration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-2-success-and-regeneration.md) - [5.3.3 Tensions & Conflict in Communities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-3-tensions-and-conflict-in-communities.md) - [5.3.4 Regeneration in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-4-regeneration-in-the-uk.md) - [5.3.5 Local Government Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-5-local-government-policies.md) - [5.3.6 Regeneration Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-6-regeneration-strategies.md) - [5.3.7 Measuring Regeneration Success](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-7-measuring-regeneration-success.md) - 5.4 Regeneration Case Studies - [5.4.1 Stratford](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-1-stratford.md) - [5.4.2 Salford Quays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-2-salford-quays.md) - [5.4.3 Croyde](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-3-croyde.md) ### 6 Option 4B: Diverse Places - 6.1 Population Structure - [6.1.1 The UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-1-the-uk.md) - [6.1.2 Population Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-2-population-characteristics.md) - [6.1.3 Government & Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-3-government-and-change.md) - 6.2 Past & Present Connections - [6.2.1 International Influence on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-1-international-influence-on-places.md) - [6.2.2 Historic Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-2-historic-influences-on-places.md) - [6.2.3 The Perception of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-3-the-perception-of-places.md) - [6.2.4 Image & Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-4-image-and-identity.md) - 6.3 Urban & Rural Spaces - [6.3.1 Perceptions of Urban Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-1-perceptions-of-urban-places.md) - [6.3.2 Perceptions of Rural Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-2-perceptions-of-rural-places.md) - [6.3.3 Evaluating Living Space](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-3-evaluating-living-space.md) - 6.4 Diversity - [6.4.1 UK Migrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-1-uk-migrations.md) - [6.4.2 Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-2-challenges.md) - [6.4.3 Tensions & Conflict](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-3-tensions-and-conflict.md) - [6.4.4 Wider Outcomes of Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-4-wider-outcomes-of-tensions.md) - [6.4.5 Managing Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-5-managing-tensions.md) - 6.5 Urban & Rural Case Studies - [6.5.1 Stakeholders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-5-1-stakeholders.md) - 6.6 Case Study - Tower Hamlets - [6.6.1 Background](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-1-background.md) - [6.6.2 Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-2-characteristics.md) - [6.6.3 Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-3-issues.md) - 6.7 Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple - [6.7.1 Background](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-1-background.md) - [6.7.2 Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-2-characteristics.md) - [6.7.3 Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-3-issues.md) ### 7 The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only) - 7.1 Hydrological Processes Global to Local - [7.1.1 Global Hydrological Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-1-global-hydrological-cycle.md) - [7.1.2 Drainage Basin Hydrological Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-2-drainage-basin-hydrological-cycle.md) - [7.1.3 Water Budgets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-3-water-budgets.md) - [7.1.4 River Regimes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-4-river-regimes.md) - [7.1.5 Storm Hydrographs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-5-storm-hydrographs.md) - 7.2 Influences on the Water Cycle - [7.2.1 Causes of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-1-causes-of-drought.md) - [7.2.2 Impacts of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-2-impacts-of-drought.md) - [7.2.3 Causes of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-3-causes-of-flooding.md) - [7.2.4 Impacts of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-4-impacts-of-flooding.md) - [7.2.5 Climate Change & The Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-5-climate-change-and-the-water-cycle.md) - [7.2.6 Impacts of Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-6-impacts-of-climate-change.md) - [7.2.7 End of Topic Test - The Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-7-end-of-topic-test-the-water-cycle.md) - 7.3 Water Insecurity - [7.3.1 Water Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-1-water-stress.md) - [7.3.2 Causes of Water Insecurity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-2-causes-of-water-insecurity.md) - [7.3.3 Water Insecurity Risk](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-3-water-insecurity-risk.md) - [7.3.4 Conflict Over Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-4-conflict-over-water.md) - 7.4 Water Supply Management - [7.4.1 Hard Engineering Schemes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-1-hard-engineering-schemes.md) - [7.4.2 Sustainable Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-2-sustainable-management.md) - [7.4.3 Water Treaties & Framework](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-3-water-treaties-and-framework.md) - [7.4.4 End of Topic Test - Water Insecurity & Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-4-end-of-topic-test-water-insecurity-and-management.md) ### 8 The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only) - 8.1 The Carbon Cycle - [8.1.1 Carbon Stores](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-1-carbon-stores.md) - [8.1.2 Carbon Stores 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-2-carbon-stores-2.md) - [8.1.3 Biological Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-3-biological-carbon.md) - [8.1.4 Atmospheric Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-4-atmospheric-carbon.md) - [8.1.5 Burning Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-5-burning-fossil-fuels.md) - 8.2 Energy Consumption - [8.2.1 Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-1-consumption.md) - [8.2.2 Access to Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-2-access-to-energy.md) - [8.2.3 Energy Players](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-3-energy-players.md) - [8.2.4 Supply & Demand](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-4-supply-and-demand.md) - [8.2.5 Pathways](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-5-pathways.md) - [8.2.6 End of Topic Test - Carbon & Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-6-end-of-topic-test-carbon-and-consumption.md) - 8.3 Alternative Energy - [8.3.1 Unconventional Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-1-unconventional-fuels.md) - [8.3.2 Non-Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-2-non-fossil-fuels.md) - [8.3.3 Non-Fossil Fuels 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-3-non-fossil-fuels-2.md) - 8.4 Growing Demand for Resources - [8.4.1 Deforestation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-1-deforestation.md) - [8.4.2 Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-2-water.md) - [8.4.3 Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-3-climate-change.md) - 8.5 The Future - [8.5.1 Future Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-1-future-uncertainty.md) - [8.5.2 Adaptation Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-2-adaptation-strategies.md) - [8.5.3 Mitigation Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-3-mitigation-strategies.md) ### 9 Superpowers (A2 only) - 9.1 Superpowers - [9.1.1 Introduction to Superpowers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-1-introduction-to-superpowers.md) - [9.1.2 Superpowers - Economic Power & Size](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-2-superpowers-economic-power-and-size.md) - [9.1.3 Superpowers - Political & Military Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-3-superpowers-political-and-military-power.md) - [9.1.4 Superpowers - Culture, Demography & Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-4-superpowers-culture-demography-and-resources.md) - [9.1.5 Geo-Strategic Location](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-5-geo-strategic-location.md) - 9.2 Hard & Soft Power - [9.2.1 Hard & Soft Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-1-hard-and-soft-power.md) - [9.2.2 Emerging Powers - China Rivalry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-2-emerging-powers-china-rivalry.md) - [9.2.3 Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-3-emerging-powers-chinese-sources-of-power.md) - [9.2.4 Emerging Powers - Brazil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-4-emerging-powers-brazil.md) - [9.2.5 Emerging Powers - Russia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-5-emerging-powers-russia.md) - [9.2.6 Emerging Powers - India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-6-emerging-powers-india.md) - [9.2.7 Theories of Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-7-theories-of-development.md) - [9.2.8 Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-8-power-case-studies-chinese-one-belt-one-road.md) - [9.2.9 Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-9-power-case-studies-pakistan-nuclear-arms.md) - [9.2.10 Power Case Studies: OPEC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-10-power-case-studies-opec.md) - 9.3 IGOs, TNCs & Alliances - [9.3.1 Superpowers & IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-1-superpowers-and-igos.md) - [9.3.2 Superpowers & TNCs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-2-superpowers-and-tncs.md) - [9.3.3 Superpowers & Global Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-3-superpowers-and-global-action.md) - [9.3.4 Superpowers & Alliances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-4-superpowers-and-alliances.md) - [9.3.5 Superpowers & the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-5-superpowers-and-the-environment.md) - 9.4 Changing Global Influence - [9.4.1 Recent Tensions between Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-1-recent-tensions-between-powers.md) - [9.4.2 China in Africa & Asia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-2-china-in-africa-and-asia.md) - [9.4.3 Tensions in the Middle East](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-3-tensions-in-the-middle-east.md) - [9.4.4 Economic Problems for Superpowers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-4-economic-problems-for-superpowers.md) - [9.4.5 Future Pattern of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-5-future-pattern-of-power.md) ### 10 Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only) - 10.1 Human Development - [10.1.1 Measuring Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-1-measuring-development.md) - [10.1.2 Factors Improving Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-2-factors-improving-development.md) - [10.1.3 Variations in Health](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-3-variations-in-health.md) - 10.2 Role of Governments & IGOs - [10.2.1 Targets & Attitudes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-1-targets-and-attitudes.md) - [10.2.2 Financial IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-2-financial-igos.md) - [10.2.3 The United Nations (UN)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-3-the-united-nations-un.md) - [10.2.4 The UN's MDGs & SDGs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-4-the-uns-mdgs-and-sdgs.md) - 10.3 Human Rights - [10.3.1 Human Rights](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-1-human-rights.md) - [10.3.2 Differences Between Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-2-differences-between-countries.md) - [10.3.3 Transitions to Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-3-transitions-to-democracy.md) - [10.3.4 Differences Within Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-4-differences-within-countries.md) - [10.3.5 The Demand for Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-5-the-demand-for-equality.md) - 10.4 Interventions - [10.4.1 Geopolitical Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-1-geopolitical-interventions.md) - [10.4.2 International Intervention Players](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-2-international-intervention-players.md) - [10.4.3 Evaluating Geopolitical Intervention](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-3-evaluating-geopolitical-intervention.md) - [10.4.4 Military Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-4-military-interventions.md) - [10.4.5 Evaluating Military Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-5-evaluating-military-interventions.md) - 10.5 Development Aid - [10.5.1 Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-1-forms.md) - [10.5.2 Successes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-2-successes.md) - [10.5.3 Criticisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-3-criticisms.md) - [10.5.4 Development Aid & the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-4-development-aid-and-the-environment.md) - [10.5.5 Evaluating Development Aid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-5-evaluating-development-aid.md) - [10.5.6 Economic Inequalities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-6-economic-inequalities.md) ### 11 Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only) - 11.1 Globalisation & Migration - [11.1.1 Intro to Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-1-intro-to-migration.md) - [11.1.2 Trends in Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-2-trends-in-migration.md) - [11.1.3 Common Migration Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-3-common-migration-patterns.md) - [11.1.4 Causes of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-4-causes-of-migration.md) - [11.1.5 Restrictions on Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-5-restrictions-on-migration.md) - 11.2 Consequences of Migration - [11.2.1 Intro to Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-1-intro-to-culture.md) - [11.2.2 Social & Demographic Tensions of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-2-social-and-demographic-tensions-of-migration.md) - [11.2.3 Political & Economic Tensions of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-3-political-and-economic-tensions-of-migration.md) - 11.3 Nation States - [11.3.1 Intro to Nation States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-1-intro-to-nation-states.md) - [11.3.2 Borders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-2-borders.md) - [11.3.3 Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-3-nationalism.md) - 11.4 Responses to Global Migration - [11.4.1 Responses to Global Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-1-responses-to-global-migration.md) - [11.4.2 Global Organisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-2-global-organisations.md) - [11.4.3 IGOs and World Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-3-igos-and-world-trade.md) - [11.4.4 Financial IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-4-financial-igos.md) - [11.4.5 Environmental IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-5-environmental-igos.md) - 11.5 Sovereignty & Identity - [11.5.1 Sovereignty & Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-1-sovereignty-and-nationalism.md) - [11.5.2 Complex Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-2-complex-identities.md) - [11.5.3 Challenges to National Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-3-challenges-to-national-identities.md) - [11.5.4 Tensions within Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-4-tensions-within-nations.md) - [11.5.5 Failed States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-5-failed-states.md)