Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-1-uk-migrations

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Geography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography.md) › [Edexcel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel.md) › UK Migrations

# UK Migrations

Geography: Edexcel A Level, topic 6.4.1

## Internal Migration in the UK

Internal migration (between different parts of the UK) has helped culture and society to become more diverse.

### Deindustrialisation

![Deindustrialisation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/7.2.1%20-%20Population%20sizes/industry-1752876_640-min.jpg)

- Since the 1960s, when deindustrialisation began, there has been significant internal north to south migration.
 - Estimated to be over 3 million people.
- These migrants tend to be young adults, mostly under 35, and relatively skilled/educated and motivated.
- They have sought better quality and higher-paid employment in an area that is more prosperous than the one they originated from.

### Winners and losers

![Winners and losers](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/f0612365-ddd0-450a-b81c-0680fe476e6b/boxing-winner-loser-.jpg)

- Some regions have gained, and the source regions have lost, the younger and more talented people.
- The biggest ‘losers’ have been the North West, West Midlands, North East and Yorkshire and the Humber.
- The biggest ‘winners’ have been the South East and South West.

### Regional variations in population

![Regional variations in population](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/2d70139b-877b-451f-9c9e-9d5d3c395baf/beijing-.jpg)

- All the regions of the UK have seen a growth in their population, but internal migration contributes to different growth rates by region.
- The East and South East grew by 0.8% each year between 2004 and 2014, and London grew by 1.8% annually (although it has started to decline recently).
- Scotland, Wales, the North East and North West all grew by 0.5% per year or less

### Average age by region

![Average age by region](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/964f2ad5-70d6-447f-b17c-78a8feaaad1a/old-woman-age-.jpg)

- There are now some significant differences in average age between regions:
 - London is the youngest, with an average age of 34.
 - In Scotland, the North East and North West the average age is 40–41.
 - The South West has the highest average age at 42.9 - this is because it is a popular retirement destination.

## International Migration in the UK

There are many flows of international migrants to the UK. Straight after colonialism, many immigrants came to the UK and since 2004 there has been much migration from the EU.

### After colonialism

![After colonialism](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/4dc5fad9-a87f-47d0-a6e2-d6a52a1502ce/boats-navy-.jpg)

- After the end of British colonial rule, many immigrants came to the UK in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. These people were the Windrush generation.
- Most have had children and grandchildren born in the UK and there has also been much interracial marriage.
- The largest immigrant groups are from the Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh).
- More recent migrations have included Somalis (East Africa), and eastern Europeans (e.g. Poles and Lithuanians).

### Migrants from the EU since 2004

![Migrants from the EU since 2004](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/9.1.3%20Common%20atmospheric%20pollutants%20and%20their%20sources/people-min.jpg)

- 'A8' migrants are those from the eight eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004 (Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia).
- Many have settled in rural locations because there were particular skills shortages they could easily fill.
 - E.g. In Northern Scotland, working in the fishing, fish processing and fish packaging industries.
 - E.g. In Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire, working in farming, food processing and packaging.

## Test yourself on UK Migrations

- Who do the north to south post-deindustrialisation internal migrants in the UK tend to be?
- What is the name given to the migrants that arrived in the UK after colonialism in the 1950s, 60s and 70s?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/e863f76a-c037-441e-b405-96c1e8649284/section/5318ff0e-d228-4b8a-bcae-e1a61a64df57/session)

- Previous topic: [6.3.3 Evaluating Living Space](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-3-evaluating-living-space.md)
- Next topic: [6.4.2 Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-2-challenges.md)

## Geography: Edexcel A Level contents

### 1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards
- 1.1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards
  - [1.1.1 Tectonic Plates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-1-tectonic-plates.md)
  - [1.1.2 Distribution of Tectonic Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-2-distribution-of-tectonic-hazards.md)
  - [1.1.3 Theoretical Frameworks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-3-theoretical-frameworks.md)
  - [1.1.4 Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-4-earthquakes.md)
  - [1.1.5 Earthquake Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-5-earthquake-hazards.md)
  - [1.1.6 Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-6-volcanoes.md)
  - [1.1.7 Tsunamis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-7-tsunamis.md)
  - [1.1.8 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-8-end-of-topic-test-tectonic-processes.md)
  - [1.1.9 Exam-Style Question - Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-9-exam-style-question-earthquakes.md)
- 1.2 Natural Disasters
  - [1.2.1 Introduction to Natural Disasters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-1-introduction-to-natural-disasters.md)
  - [1.2.2 Impacts of Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-2-impacts-of-hazards.md)
  - [1.2.3 Comparing Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-3-comparing-hazards.md)
  - [1.2.4 Development & Governance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-4-development-and-governance.md)
- 1.3 Natural Disaster Case Studies
  - [1.3.1 Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-1-tohoku-earthquake-and-tsunami.md)
  - [1.3.2 Gorkha Earthquake](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-2-gorkha-earthquake.md)
  - [1.3.3 Mount Merapi Eruption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-3-mount-merapi-eruption.md)
- 1.4 Trends & Patterns
  - [1.4.1 Disaster Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-4-1-disaster-trends.md)
  - [1.4.2 Prediction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-4-2-prediction.md)
- 1.5 Disaster Modification
  - [1.5.1 Hazard Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-1-hazard-management.md)
  - [1.5.2 Modifications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-2-modifications.md)
  - [1.5.3 End of Topic Test - Natural Disasters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-3-end-of-topic-test-natural-disasters.md)
  - [1.5.4 Exam-Style Question - Disaster Modification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-4-exam-style-question-disaster-modification.md)

### 2 Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
- 2.1 Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
  - [2.1.1 Timeline of Glacial Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-1-timeline-of-glacial-change.md)
  - [2.1.2 Natural Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-2-natural-causes.md)
  - [2.1.3 Ice Distributions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-3-ice-distributions.md)
- 2.2 Periglacial Landscapes
  - [2.2.1 Periglacial Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-2-1-periglacial-processes.md)
  - [2.2.2 Periglacial Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-2-2-periglacial-landforms.md)
- 2.3 Glacial Processes
  - [2.3.1 Mass Balance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-3-1-mass-balance.md)
  - [2.3.2 Glacial Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-3-2-glacial-movement.md)
- 2.4 Glacial Landforms
  - [2.4.1 Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-1-landscapes.md)
  - [2.4.2 Erosional Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-2-erosional-landforms.md)
  - [2.4.3 Erosional Landforms 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-3-erosional-landforms-2.md)
  - [2.4.4 Erosional Landforms 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-4-erosional-landforms-3.md)
  - [2.4.5 Depositional Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-5-depositional-landforms.md)
  - [2.4.6 Fluvioglaciation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-6-fluvioglaciation.md)
- 2.5 The Future of Glaciated Landscapes
  - [2.5.1 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-1-the-value-of-glaciated-landscapes.md)
  - [2.5.2 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-2-the-value-of-glaciated-landscapes-2.md)
  - [2.5.3 Threats to Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-3-threats-to-glaciated-landscapes.md)
  - [2.5.4 Managing the Threats to Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-4-managing-the-threats-to-glaciated-landscapes.md)

### 3 Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
- 3.1 Coastal Landscapes
  - [3.1.1 The Wider Coastal Landscape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-1-the-wider-coastal-landscape.md)
  - [3.1.2 Geological Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-2-geological-structure.md)
  - [3.1.3 Lithology & Vegetation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-3-lithology-and-vegetation.md)
- 3.2 Coastal Erosion & Deposition
  - [3.2.1 Shaping Coastlines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-1-shaping-coastlines.md)
  - [3.2.2 Coastal Formations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-2-coastal-formations.md)
  - [3.2.3 Sediment Transportation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-3-sediment-transportation.md)
  - [3.2.4 Subaerial Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-4-subaerial-processes.md)
- 3.3 Coastal Risks
  - [3.3.1 Sea Level Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-1-sea-level-change.md)
  - [3.3.2 Coastal Retreat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-2-coastal-retreat.md)
  - [3.3.3 Coastal Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-3-coastal-flooding.md)
- 3.4 Managing Coastlines
  - [3.4.1 Consequences of Coastal Recession](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-1-consequences-of-coastal-recession.md)
  - [3.4.2 Engineering Management Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-2-engineering-management-approaches.md)
  - [3.4.3 Governance Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-3-governance-approaches.md)

### 4 Globalisation
- 4.1 Globalisation
  - [4.1.1 Intro to Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-1-intro-to-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.2 Development of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-2-development-of-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.3 Economic Policy & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-3-economic-policy-and-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.4 Government Policy & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-4-government-policy-and-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.5 International Organisations & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-5-international-organisations-and-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.6 Measuring Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-6-measuring-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.7 TNCs & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-7-tncs-and-globalisation.md)
  - [4.1.8 TNCs - Aramco & Anglo-Iranian Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-8-tncs-aramco-and-anglo-iranian-oil.md)
- 4.2 Negatives of Globalisation
  - [4.2.1 'Switched Off' Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-2-1-switched-off-places.md)
- 4.3 Global Shift
  - [4.3.1 Global Shift for Developing Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-1-global-shift-for-developing-nations.md)
  - [4.3.2 Global Shift for Developing Nations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-2-global-shift-for-developing-nations-2.md)
  - [4.3.3 Global Shift for Developed Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-3-global-shift-for-developed-nations.md)
  - [4.3.4 End of Topic Test - Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-4-end-of-topic-test-globalisation.md)
- 4.4 Migration
  - [4.4.1 Megacities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-1-megacities.md)
  - [4.4.2 International Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-2-international-migration.md)
  - [4.4.3 Country Interdependence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-3-country-interdependence.md)
- 4.5 Culture
  - [4.5.1 Global Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-5-1-global-culture.md)
  - [4.5.2 Cultural Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-5-2-cultural-erosion.md)
- 4.6 Measuring Development
  - [4.6.1 Measuring Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-6-1-measuring-development.md)
- 4.7 Responses to Globalisation
  - [4.7.1 Tensions Caused by Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-1-tensions-caused-by-globalisation.md)
  - [4.7.2 Government Control of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-2-government-control-of-globalisation.md)
  - [4.7.3 Ethical Responses to Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-3-ethical-responses-to-globalisation.md)
  - [4.7.4 End of Topic Test - Migration, Culture, & Response](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-4-end-of-topic-test-migration-culture-and-response.md)

### 5 Option 4A: Regenerating Places
- 5.1 Types of Economies
  - [5.1.1 Economic Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-1-economic-activity.md)
  - [5.1.2 Employment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-2-employment.md)
  - [5.1.3 Economic Activity - Health & Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-3-economic-activity-health-and-life.md)
  - [5.1.4 Economic Activity - Education & Inequality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-4-economic-activity-education-and-inequality.md)
- 5.2 Function of Places
  - [5.2.1 Characteristics of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-1-characteristics-of-places.md)
  - [5.2.2 Changes in Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-2-changes-in-places.md)
  - [5.2.3 International Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-3-international-influences-on-places.md)
  - [5.2.4 Historic Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-4-historic-influences-on-places.md)
  - [5.2.5 The Perception of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-5-the-perception-of-places.md)
  - [5.2.6 Lived Experience & Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-6-lived-experience-and-attachment.md)
- 5.3 Regeneration
  - [5.3.1 Migration & Capital](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-1-migration-and-capital.md)
  - [5.3.2 Success & Regeneration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-2-success-and-regeneration.md)
  - [5.3.3 Tensions & Conflict in Communities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-3-tensions-and-conflict-in-communities.md)
  - [5.3.4 Regeneration in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-4-regeneration-in-the-uk.md)
  - [5.3.5 Local Government Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-5-local-government-policies.md)
  - [5.3.6 Regeneration Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-6-regeneration-strategies.md)
  - [5.3.7 Measuring Regeneration Success](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-7-measuring-regeneration-success.md)
- 5.4 Regeneration Case Studies
  - [5.4.1 Stratford](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-1-stratford.md)
  - [5.4.2 Salford Quays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-2-salford-quays.md)
  - [5.4.3 Croyde](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-3-croyde.md)

### 6 Option 4B: Diverse Places
- 6.1 Population Structure
  - [6.1.1 The UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-1-the-uk.md)
  - [6.1.2 Population Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-2-population-characteristics.md)
  - [6.1.3 Government & Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-3-government-and-change.md)
- 6.2 Past & Present Connections
  - [6.2.1 International Influence on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-1-international-influence-on-places.md)
  - [6.2.2 Historic Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-2-historic-influences-on-places.md)
  - [6.2.3 The Perception of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-3-the-perception-of-places.md)
  - [6.2.4 Image & Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-4-image-and-identity.md)
- 6.3 Urban & Rural Spaces
  - [6.3.1 Perceptions of Urban Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-1-perceptions-of-urban-places.md)
  - [6.3.2 Perceptions of Rural Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-2-perceptions-of-rural-places.md)
  - [6.3.3 Evaluating Living Space](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-3-evaluating-living-space.md)
- 6.4 Diversity
  - [6.4.1 UK Migrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-1-uk-migrations.md)
  - [6.4.2 Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-2-challenges.md)
  - [6.4.3 Tensions & Conflict](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-3-tensions-and-conflict.md)
  - [6.4.4 Wider Outcomes of Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-4-wider-outcomes-of-tensions.md)
  - [6.4.5 Managing Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-5-managing-tensions.md)
- 6.5 Urban & Rural Case Studies
  - [6.5.1 Stakeholders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-5-1-stakeholders.md)
- 6.6 Case Study - Tower Hamlets
  - [6.6.1 Background](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-1-background.md)
  - [6.6.2 Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-2-characteristics.md)
  - [6.6.3 Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-3-issues.md)
- 6.7 Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
  - [6.7.1 Background](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-1-background.md)
  - [6.7.2 Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-2-characteristics.md)
  - [6.7.3 Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-3-issues.md)

### 7 The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
- 7.1 Hydrological Processes Global to Local
  - [7.1.1 Global Hydrological Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-1-global-hydrological-cycle.md)
  - [7.1.2 Drainage Basin Hydrological Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-2-drainage-basin-hydrological-cycle.md)
  - [7.1.3 Water Budgets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-3-water-budgets.md)
  - [7.1.4 River Regimes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-4-river-regimes.md)
  - [7.1.5 Storm Hydrographs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-5-storm-hydrographs.md)
- 7.2 Influences on the Water Cycle
  - [7.2.1 Causes of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-1-causes-of-drought.md)
  - [7.2.2 Impacts of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-2-impacts-of-drought.md)
  - [7.2.3 Causes of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-3-causes-of-flooding.md)
  - [7.2.4 Impacts of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-4-impacts-of-flooding.md)
  - [7.2.5 Climate Change & The Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-5-climate-change-and-the-water-cycle.md)
  - [7.2.6 Impacts of Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-6-impacts-of-climate-change.md)
  - [7.2.7 End of Topic Test - The Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-7-end-of-topic-test-the-water-cycle.md)
- 7.3 Water Insecurity
  - [7.3.1 Water Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-1-water-stress.md)
  - [7.3.2 Causes of Water Insecurity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-2-causes-of-water-insecurity.md)
  - [7.3.3 Water Insecurity Risk](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-3-water-insecurity-risk.md)
  - [7.3.4 Conflict Over Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-4-conflict-over-water.md)
- 7.4 Water Supply Management
  - [7.4.1 Hard Engineering Schemes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-1-hard-engineering-schemes.md)
  - [7.4.2 Sustainable Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-2-sustainable-management.md)
  - [7.4.3 Water Treaties & Framework](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-3-water-treaties-and-framework.md)
  - [7.4.4 End of Topic Test - Water Insecurity & Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-4-end-of-topic-test-water-insecurity-and-management.md)

### 8 The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
- 8.1 The Carbon Cycle
  - [8.1.1 Carbon Stores](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-1-carbon-stores.md)
  - [8.1.2 Carbon Stores 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-2-carbon-stores-2.md)
  - [8.1.3 Biological Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-3-biological-carbon.md)
  - [8.1.4 Atmospheric Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-4-atmospheric-carbon.md)
  - [8.1.5 Burning Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-5-burning-fossil-fuels.md)
- 8.2 Energy Consumption
  - [8.2.1 Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-1-consumption.md)
  - [8.2.2 Access to Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-2-access-to-energy.md)
  - [8.2.3 Energy Players](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-3-energy-players.md)
  - [8.2.4 Supply & Demand](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-4-supply-and-demand.md)
  - [8.2.5 Pathways](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-5-pathways.md)
  - [8.2.6 End of Topic Test - Carbon & Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-6-end-of-topic-test-carbon-and-consumption.md)
- 8.3 Alternative Energy
  - [8.3.1 Unconventional Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-1-unconventional-fuels.md)
  - [8.3.2 Non-Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-2-non-fossil-fuels.md)
  - [8.3.3 Non-Fossil Fuels 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-3-non-fossil-fuels-2.md)
- 8.4 Growing Demand for Resources
  - [8.4.1 Deforestation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-1-deforestation.md)
  - [8.4.2 Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-2-water.md)
  - [8.4.3 Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-3-climate-change.md)
- 8.5 The Future
  - [8.5.1 Future Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-1-future-uncertainty.md)
  - [8.5.2 Adaptation Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-2-adaptation-strategies.md)
  - [8.5.3 Mitigation Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-3-mitigation-strategies.md)

### 9 Superpowers (A2 only)
- 9.1 Superpowers
  - [9.1.1 Introduction to Superpowers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-1-introduction-to-superpowers.md)
  - [9.1.2 Superpowers - Economic Power & Size](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-2-superpowers-economic-power-and-size.md)
  - [9.1.3 Superpowers - Political & Military Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-3-superpowers-political-and-military-power.md)
  - [9.1.4 Superpowers - Culture, Demography & Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-4-superpowers-culture-demography-and-resources.md)
  - [9.1.5 Geo-Strategic Location](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-5-geo-strategic-location.md)
- 9.2 Hard & Soft Power
  - [9.2.1 Hard & Soft Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-1-hard-and-soft-power.md)
  - [9.2.2 Emerging Powers - China Rivalry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-2-emerging-powers-china-rivalry.md)
  - [9.2.3 Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-3-emerging-powers-chinese-sources-of-power.md)
  - [9.2.4 Emerging Powers - Brazil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-4-emerging-powers-brazil.md)
  - [9.2.5 Emerging Powers - Russia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-5-emerging-powers-russia.md)
  - [9.2.6 Emerging Powers - India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-6-emerging-powers-india.md)
  - [9.2.7 Theories of Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-7-theories-of-development.md)
  - [9.2.8 Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-8-power-case-studies-chinese-one-belt-one-road.md)
  - [9.2.9 Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-9-power-case-studies-pakistan-nuclear-arms.md)
  - [9.2.10 Power Case Studies: OPEC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-10-power-case-studies-opec.md)
- 9.3 IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
  - [9.3.1 Superpowers & IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-1-superpowers-and-igos.md)
  - [9.3.2 Superpowers & TNCs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-2-superpowers-and-tncs.md)
  - [9.3.3 Superpowers & Global Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-3-superpowers-and-global-action.md)
  - [9.3.4 Superpowers & Alliances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-4-superpowers-and-alliances.md)
  - [9.3.5 Superpowers & the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-5-superpowers-and-the-environment.md)
- 9.4 Changing Global Influence
  - [9.4.1 Recent Tensions between Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-1-recent-tensions-between-powers.md)
  - [9.4.2 China in Africa & Asia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-2-china-in-africa-and-asia.md)
  - [9.4.3 Tensions in the Middle East](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-3-tensions-in-the-middle-east.md)
  - [9.4.4 Economic Problems for Superpowers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-4-economic-problems-for-superpowers.md)
  - [9.4.5 Future Pattern of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-5-future-pattern-of-power.md)

### 10 Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
- 10.1 Human Development
  - [10.1.1 Measuring Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-1-measuring-development.md)
  - [10.1.2 Factors Improving Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-2-factors-improving-development.md)
  - [10.1.3 Variations in Health](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-3-variations-in-health.md)
- 10.2 Role of Governments & IGOs
  - [10.2.1 Targets & Attitudes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-1-targets-and-attitudes.md)
  - [10.2.2 Financial IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-2-financial-igos.md)
  - [10.2.3 The United Nations (UN)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-3-the-united-nations-un.md)
  - [10.2.4 The UN's MDGs & SDGs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-4-the-uns-mdgs-and-sdgs.md)
- 10.3 Human Rights
  - [10.3.1 Human Rights](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-1-human-rights.md)
  - [10.3.2 Differences Between Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-2-differences-between-countries.md)
  - [10.3.3 Transitions to Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-3-transitions-to-democracy.md)
  - [10.3.4 Differences Within Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-4-differences-within-countries.md)
  - [10.3.5 The Demand for Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-5-the-demand-for-equality.md)
- 10.4 Interventions
  - [10.4.1 Geopolitical Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-1-geopolitical-interventions.md)
  - [10.4.2 International Intervention Players](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-2-international-intervention-players.md)
  - [10.4.3 Evaluating Geopolitical Intervention](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-3-evaluating-geopolitical-intervention.md)
  - [10.4.4 Military Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-4-military-interventions.md)
  - [10.4.5 Evaluating Military Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-5-evaluating-military-interventions.md)
- 10.5 Development Aid
  - [10.5.1 Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-1-forms.md)
  - [10.5.2 Successes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-2-successes.md)
  - [10.5.3 Criticisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-3-criticisms.md)
  - [10.5.4 Development Aid & the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-4-development-aid-and-the-environment.md)
  - [10.5.5 Evaluating Development Aid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-5-evaluating-development-aid.md)
  - [10.5.6 Economic Inequalities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-6-economic-inequalities.md)

### 11 Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
- 11.1 Globalisation & Migration
  - [11.1.1 Intro to Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-1-intro-to-migration.md)
  - [11.1.2 Trends in Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-2-trends-in-migration.md)
  - [11.1.3 Common Migration Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-3-common-migration-patterns.md)
  - [11.1.4 Causes of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-4-causes-of-migration.md)
  - [11.1.5 Restrictions on Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-5-restrictions-on-migration.md)
- 11.2 Consequences of Migration
  - [11.2.1 Intro to Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-1-intro-to-culture.md)
  - [11.2.2 Social & Demographic Tensions of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-2-social-and-demographic-tensions-of-migration.md)
  - [11.2.3 Political & Economic Tensions of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-3-political-and-economic-tensions-of-migration.md)
- 11.3 Nation States
  - [11.3.1 Intro to Nation States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-1-intro-to-nation-states.md)
  - [11.3.2 Borders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-2-borders.md)
  - [11.3.3 Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-3-nationalism.md)
- 11.4 Responses to Global Migration
  - [11.4.1 Responses to Global Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-1-responses-to-global-migration.md)
  - [11.4.2 Global Organisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-2-global-organisations.md)
  - [11.4.3 IGOs and World Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-3-igos-and-world-trade.md)
  - [11.4.4 Financial IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-4-financial-igos.md)
  - [11.4.5 Environmental IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-5-environmental-igos.md)
- 11.5 Sovereignty & Identity
  - [11.5.1 Sovereignty & Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-1-sovereignty-and-nationalism.md)
  - [11.5.2 Complex Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-2-complex-identities.md)
  - [11.5.3 Challenges to National Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-3-challenges-to-national-identities.md)
  - [11.5.4 Tensions within Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-4-tensions-within-nations.md)
  - [11.5.5 Failed States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-5-failed-states.md)