Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-2-1-switched-off-places [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [Geography](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography.md) › [Edexcel](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel.md) › 'Switched Off' Places # 'Switched Off' Places Geography: Edexcel A Level, topic 4.2.1 ## Why Are Some Places 'Switched Off' From Globalisation? There are physical, political, economic, social and environmental reasons why some locations remain largely ‘switched-off’ from globalisation and the global economy. ### Physical reasons ![Physical reasons](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/10.4.1%20The%20Haber%20process/drought-780088_640-min.jpg) - If a country is landlocked and has no access to a port, participating in global trade is difficult. - If a country has a harsh climate and so struggles to grow crops, its exports can be limited. - E.g. The Sahel region. ### Political reasons ![Political reasons](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/f44d3eac-bb3f-4113-8699-38f6f0ec656c/north-korea-.jpg) - If a country is run by a dictator who chooses to exclude the country from the global economy, it will be switched off. - E.g. North Korea. - If a country has a corrupt government or a high presence of organised crime or terrorist groups, this will reduce FDI and could lead to it being switched off. ### Economic reasons ![Economic reasons](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/4.2.1-%20Respiration/no-money-2070384_640-min.jpg) - If a country is excluded from trade blocs or is disadvantaged by trade rules, it will be switched off. - If a country has high levels of government debt and is not able to spend on infrastructure as a result, it will be switched off. High levels of debt may also stop other countries from investing there. ### Environmental reasons ![Environmental reasons](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.5.2%20-%20Energy%20resources/solar-power-min.jpg) - If a country lacks energy resources to trade or use for manufacturing, it could be switched off. - But nations that export a lot of raw materials like oil, can suffer from Dutch Disease, where their exports become uncompetitive because their exchange rate has 'appreciated too much'. ### Social reasons ![Social reasons](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/eb17b0e6-fdf6-40d6-b301-484d57af62d8/education-learning.jpg) - If a country or region has a poorly-educated population, a TNC is unlikely to set up production there. This can result in the area being switched off. - If there isn't enough skilled labour, then TNCs may not invest in a nation. ## Examples of 'Switched Off' Places North Korea and the Sahel region in North Africa are two good examples of 'switched off' regions. ### North Korea ![North Korea](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/f44d3eac-bb3f-4113-8699-38f6f0ec656c/north-korea-.jpg) - North Korea is perhaps the best example of a truly 'switched off' location. It is switched off because of political reasons. - North Korea is a communist dictatorship, run by one family who has total control over the population. - The current leader is Kim Jong-un. - People in North Korea are not able to access the internet, move abroad or benefit from most cheap goods that could be imported from abroad. ### Sahel region ![Sahel region](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/6.2.1%20Reversible%20reactions%20and%20energy%20changes/desert-1270345_640-min.jpg) - The Sahel region (a group of countries including Mali and Niger) in North Africa is a 'switched off' region because of physical and environmental reasons. - This region of the world is dry with severe water scarcity. There are regular droughts and famines. Because of this, conditions for agriculture are bad and the Sahel produces very few crops for export. - The Sahel region includes landlocked countries that struggle to export goods without access to their own ports. This means they are switched off from global trade flows. ## Test yourself on 'Switched Off' Places - Nations that export a lot of raw materials like oil can suffer from what when their exports become uncompetitive? - Which region in Africa suffers from a harsh climate and struggles to grow crops? - Which of these nations is switched off for political reasons? - Why do the landlocked countries of the Sahel region struggle to export goods? - Why is North Korea 'switched off' from globalisation? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/e863f76a-c037-441e-b405-96c1e8649284/section/ed9b9f2c-f95e-4222-a494-425365272895/session) - Previous topic: [4.1.8 TNCs - Aramco & Anglo-Iranian Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-8-tncs-aramco-and-anglo-iranian-oil.md) - Next topic: [4.3.1 Global Shift for Developing Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-1-global-shift-for-developing-nations.md) ## Geography: Edexcel A Level contents ### 1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards - 1.1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards - [1.1.1 Tectonic Plates](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-1-tectonic-plates.md) - [1.1.2 Distribution of Tectonic Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-2-distribution-of-tectonic-hazards.md) - [1.1.3 Theoretical Frameworks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-3-theoretical-frameworks.md) - [1.1.4 Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-4-earthquakes.md) - [1.1.5 Earthquake Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-5-earthquake-hazards.md) - [1.1.6 Volcanoes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-6-volcanoes.md) - [1.1.7 Tsunamis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-7-tsunamis.md) - [1.1.8 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-8-end-of-topic-test-tectonic-processes.md) - [1.1.9 Exam-Style Question - Earthquakes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-1-9-exam-style-question-earthquakes.md) - 1.2 Natural Disasters - [1.2.1 Introduction to Natural Disasters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-1-introduction-to-natural-disasters.md) - [1.2.2 Impacts of Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-2-impacts-of-hazards.md) - [1.2.3 Comparing Hazards](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-3-comparing-hazards.md) - [1.2.4 Development & Governance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-2-4-development-and-governance.md) - 1.3 Natural Disaster Case Studies - [1.3.1 Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-1-tohoku-earthquake-and-tsunami.md) - [1.3.2 Gorkha Earthquake](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-2-gorkha-earthquake.md) - [1.3.3 Mount Merapi Eruption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-3-3-mount-merapi-eruption.md) - 1.4 Trends & Patterns - [1.4.1 Disaster Trends](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-4-1-disaster-trends.md) - [1.4.2 Prediction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-4-2-prediction.md) - 1.5 Disaster Modification - [1.5.1 Hazard Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-1-hazard-management.md) - [1.5.2 Modifications](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-2-modifications.md) - [1.5.3 End of Topic Test - Natural Disasters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-3-end-of-topic-test-natural-disasters.md) - [1.5.4 Exam-Style Question - Disaster Modification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/1-5-4-exam-style-question-disaster-modification.md) ### 2 Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change - 2.1 Glaciated Landscapes Over Time - [2.1.1 Timeline of Glacial Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-1-timeline-of-glacial-change.md) - [2.1.2 Natural Causes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-2-natural-causes.md) - [2.1.3 Ice Distributions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-1-3-ice-distributions.md) - 2.2 Periglacial Landscapes - [2.2.1 Periglacial Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-2-1-periglacial-processes.md) - [2.2.2 Periglacial Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-2-2-periglacial-landforms.md) - 2.3 Glacial Processes - [2.3.1 Mass Balance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-3-1-mass-balance.md) - [2.3.2 Glacial Movement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-3-2-glacial-movement.md) - 2.4 Glacial Landforms - [2.4.1 Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-1-landscapes.md) - [2.4.2 Erosional Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-2-erosional-landforms.md) - [2.4.3 Erosional Landforms 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-3-erosional-landforms-2.md) - [2.4.4 Erosional Landforms 3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-4-erosional-landforms-3.md) - [2.4.5 Depositional Landforms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-5-depositional-landforms.md) - [2.4.6 Fluvioglaciation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-4-6-fluvioglaciation.md) - 2.5 The Future of Glaciated Landscapes - [2.5.1 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-1-the-value-of-glaciated-landscapes.md) - [2.5.2 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-2-the-value-of-glaciated-landscapes-2.md) - [2.5.3 Threats to Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-3-threats-to-glaciated-landscapes.md) - [2.5.4 Managing the Threats to Glaciated Landscapes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/2-5-4-managing-the-threats-to-glaciated-landscapes.md) ### 3 Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change - 3.1 Coastal Landscapes - [3.1.1 The Wider Coastal Landscape](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-1-the-wider-coastal-landscape.md) - [3.1.2 Geological Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-2-geological-structure.md) - [3.1.3 Lithology & Vegetation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-1-3-lithology-and-vegetation.md) - 3.2 Coastal Erosion & Deposition - [3.2.1 Shaping Coastlines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-1-shaping-coastlines.md) - [3.2.2 Coastal Formations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-2-coastal-formations.md) - [3.2.3 Sediment Transportation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-3-sediment-transportation.md) - [3.2.4 Subaerial Processes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-2-4-subaerial-processes.md) - 3.3 Coastal Risks - [3.3.1 Sea Level Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-1-sea-level-change.md) - [3.3.2 Coastal Retreat](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-2-coastal-retreat.md) - [3.3.3 Coastal Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-3-3-coastal-flooding.md) - 3.4 Managing Coastlines - [3.4.1 Consequences of Coastal Recession](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-1-consequences-of-coastal-recession.md) - [3.4.2 Engineering Management Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-2-engineering-management-approaches.md) - [3.4.3 Governance Approaches](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/3-4-3-governance-approaches.md) ### 4 Globalisation - 4.1 Globalisation - [4.1.1 Intro to Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-1-intro-to-globalisation.md) - [4.1.2 Development of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-2-development-of-globalisation.md) - [4.1.3 Economic Policy & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-3-economic-policy-and-globalisation.md) - [4.1.4 Government Policy & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-4-government-policy-and-globalisation.md) - [4.1.5 International Organisations & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-5-international-organisations-and-globalisation.md) - [4.1.6 Measuring Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-6-measuring-globalisation.md) - [4.1.7 TNCs & Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-7-tncs-and-globalisation.md) - [4.1.8 TNCs - Aramco & Anglo-Iranian Oil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-1-8-tncs-aramco-and-anglo-iranian-oil.md) - 4.2 Negatives of Globalisation - [4.2.1 'Switched Off' Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-2-1-switched-off-places.md) - 4.3 Global Shift - [4.3.1 Global Shift for Developing Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-1-global-shift-for-developing-nations.md) - [4.3.2 Global Shift for Developing Nations 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-2-global-shift-for-developing-nations-2.md) - [4.3.3 Global Shift for Developed Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-3-global-shift-for-developed-nations.md) - [4.3.4 End of Topic Test - Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-3-4-end-of-topic-test-globalisation.md) - 4.4 Migration - [4.4.1 Megacities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-1-megacities.md) - [4.4.2 International Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-2-international-migration.md) - [4.4.3 Country Interdependence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-4-3-country-interdependence.md) - 4.5 Culture - [4.5.1 Global Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-5-1-global-culture.md) - [4.5.2 Cultural Erosion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-5-2-cultural-erosion.md) - 4.6 Measuring Development - [4.6.1 Measuring Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-6-1-measuring-development.md) - 4.7 Responses to Globalisation - [4.7.1 Tensions Caused by Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-1-tensions-caused-by-globalisation.md) - [4.7.2 Government Control of Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-2-government-control-of-globalisation.md) - [4.7.3 Ethical Responses to Globalisation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-3-ethical-responses-to-globalisation.md) - [4.7.4 End of Topic Test - Migration, Culture, & Response](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/4-7-4-end-of-topic-test-migration-culture-and-response.md) ### 5 Option 4A: Regenerating Places - 5.1 Types of Economies - [5.1.1 Economic Activity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-1-economic-activity.md) - [5.1.2 Employment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-2-employment.md) - [5.1.3 Economic Activity - Health & Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-3-economic-activity-health-and-life.md) - [5.1.4 Economic Activity - Education & Inequality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-1-4-economic-activity-education-and-inequality.md) - 5.2 Function of Places - [5.2.1 Characteristics of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-1-characteristics-of-places.md) - [5.2.2 Changes in Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-2-changes-in-places.md) - [5.2.3 International Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-3-international-influences-on-places.md) - [5.2.4 Historic Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-4-historic-influences-on-places.md) - [5.2.5 The Perception of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-5-the-perception-of-places.md) - [5.2.6 Lived Experience & Attachment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-2-6-lived-experience-and-attachment.md) - 5.3 Regeneration - [5.3.1 Migration & Capital](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-1-migration-and-capital.md) - [5.3.2 Success & Regeneration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-2-success-and-regeneration.md) - [5.3.3 Tensions & Conflict in Communities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-3-tensions-and-conflict-in-communities.md) - [5.3.4 Regeneration in the UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-4-regeneration-in-the-uk.md) - [5.3.5 Local Government Policies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-5-local-government-policies.md) - [5.3.6 Regeneration Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-6-regeneration-strategies.md) - [5.3.7 Measuring Regeneration Success](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-3-7-measuring-regeneration-success.md) - 5.4 Regeneration Case Studies - [5.4.1 Stratford](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-1-stratford.md) - [5.4.2 Salford Quays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-2-salford-quays.md) - [5.4.3 Croyde](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/5-4-3-croyde.md) ### 6 Option 4B: Diverse Places - 6.1 Population Structure - [6.1.1 The UK](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-1-the-uk.md) - [6.1.2 Population Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-2-population-characteristics.md) - [6.1.3 Government & Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-1-3-government-and-change.md) - 6.2 Past & Present Connections - [6.2.1 International Influence on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-1-international-influence-on-places.md) - [6.2.2 Historic Influences on Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-2-historic-influences-on-places.md) - [6.2.3 The Perception of Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-3-the-perception-of-places.md) - [6.2.4 Image & Identity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-2-4-image-and-identity.md) - 6.3 Urban & Rural Spaces - [6.3.1 Perceptions of Urban Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-1-perceptions-of-urban-places.md) - [6.3.2 Perceptions of Rural Places](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-2-perceptions-of-rural-places.md) - [6.3.3 Evaluating Living Space](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-3-3-evaluating-living-space.md) - 6.4 Diversity - [6.4.1 UK Migrations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-1-uk-migrations.md) - [6.4.2 Challenges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-2-challenges.md) - [6.4.3 Tensions & Conflict](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-3-tensions-and-conflict.md) - [6.4.4 Wider Outcomes of Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-4-wider-outcomes-of-tensions.md) - [6.4.5 Managing Tensions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-4-5-managing-tensions.md) - 6.5 Urban & Rural Case Studies - [6.5.1 Stakeholders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-5-1-stakeholders.md) - 6.6 Case Study - Tower Hamlets - [6.6.1 Background](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-1-background.md) - [6.6.2 Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-2-characteristics.md) - [6.6.3 Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-6-3-issues.md) - 6.7 Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple - [6.7.1 Background](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-1-background.md) - [6.7.2 Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-2-characteristics.md) - [6.7.3 Issues](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/6-7-3-issues.md) ### 7 The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only) - 7.1 Hydrological Processes Global to Local - [7.1.1 Global Hydrological Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-1-global-hydrological-cycle.md) - [7.1.2 Drainage Basin Hydrological Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-2-drainage-basin-hydrological-cycle.md) - [7.1.3 Water Budgets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-3-water-budgets.md) - [7.1.4 River Regimes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-4-river-regimes.md) - [7.1.5 Storm Hydrographs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-1-5-storm-hydrographs.md) - 7.2 Influences on the Water Cycle - [7.2.1 Causes of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-1-causes-of-drought.md) - [7.2.2 Impacts of Drought](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-2-impacts-of-drought.md) - [7.2.3 Causes of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-3-causes-of-flooding.md) - [7.2.4 Impacts of Flooding](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-4-impacts-of-flooding.md) - [7.2.5 Climate Change & The Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-5-climate-change-and-the-water-cycle.md) - [7.2.6 Impacts of Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-6-impacts-of-climate-change.md) - [7.2.7 End of Topic Test - The Water Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-2-7-end-of-topic-test-the-water-cycle.md) - 7.3 Water Insecurity - [7.3.1 Water Stress](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-1-water-stress.md) - [7.3.2 Causes of Water Insecurity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-2-causes-of-water-insecurity.md) - [7.3.3 Water Insecurity Risk](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-3-water-insecurity-risk.md) - [7.3.4 Conflict Over Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-3-4-conflict-over-water.md) - 7.4 Water Supply Management - [7.4.1 Hard Engineering Schemes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-1-hard-engineering-schemes.md) - [7.4.2 Sustainable Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-2-sustainable-management.md) - [7.4.3 Water Treaties & Framework](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-3-water-treaties-and-framework.md) - [7.4.4 End of Topic Test - Water Insecurity & Management](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/7-4-4-end-of-topic-test-water-insecurity-and-management.md) ### 8 The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only) - 8.1 The Carbon Cycle - [8.1.1 Carbon Stores](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-1-carbon-stores.md) - [8.1.2 Carbon Stores 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-2-carbon-stores-2.md) - [8.1.3 Biological Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-3-biological-carbon.md) - [8.1.4 Atmospheric Carbon](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-4-atmospheric-carbon.md) - [8.1.5 Burning Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-1-5-burning-fossil-fuels.md) - 8.2 Energy Consumption - [8.2.1 Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-1-consumption.md) - [8.2.2 Access to Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-2-access-to-energy.md) - [8.2.3 Energy Players](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-3-energy-players.md) - [8.2.4 Supply & Demand](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-4-supply-and-demand.md) - [8.2.5 Pathways](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-5-pathways.md) - [8.2.6 End of Topic Test - Carbon & Consumption](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-2-6-end-of-topic-test-carbon-and-consumption.md) - 8.3 Alternative Energy - [8.3.1 Unconventional Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-1-unconventional-fuels.md) - [8.3.2 Non-Fossil Fuels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-2-non-fossil-fuels.md) - [8.3.3 Non-Fossil Fuels 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-3-3-non-fossil-fuels-2.md) - 8.4 Growing Demand for Resources - [8.4.1 Deforestation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-1-deforestation.md) - [8.4.2 Water](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-2-water.md) - [8.4.3 Climate Change](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-4-3-climate-change.md) - 8.5 The Future - [8.5.1 Future Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-1-future-uncertainty.md) - [8.5.2 Adaptation Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-2-adaptation-strategies.md) - [8.5.3 Mitigation Strategies](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/8-5-3-mitigation-strategies.md) ### 9 Superpowers (A2 only) - 9.1 Superpowers - [9.1.1 Introduction to Superpowers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-1-introduction-to-superpowers.md) - [9.1.2 Superpowers - Economic Power & Size](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-2-superpowers-economic-power-and-size.md) - [9.1.3 Superpowers - Political & Military Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-3-superpowers-political-and-military-power.md) - [9.1.4 Superpowers - Culture, Demography & Resources](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-4-superpowers-culture-demography-and-resources.md) - [9.1.5 Geo-Strategic Location](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-1-5-geo-strategic-location.md) - 9.2 Hard & Soft Power - [9.2.1 Hard & Soft Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-1-hard-and-soft-power.md) - [9.2.2 Emerging Powers - China Rivalry](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-2-emerging-powers-china-rivalry.md) - [9.2.3 Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-3-emerging-powers-chinese-sources-of-power.md) - [9.2.4 Emerging Powers - Brazil](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-4-emerging-powers-brazil.md) - [9.2.5 Emerging Powers - Russia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-5-emerging-powers-russia.md) - [9.2.6 Emerging Powers - India](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-6-emerging-powers-india.md) - [9.2.7 Theories of Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-7-theories-of-development.md) - [9.2.8 Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-8-power-case-studies-chinese-one-belt-one-road.md) - [9.2.9 Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-9-power-case-studies-pakistan-nuclear-arms.md) - [9.2.10 Power Case Studies: OPEC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-2-10-power-case-studies-opec.md) - 9.3 IGOs, TNCs & Alliances - [9.3.1 Superpowers & IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-1-superpowers-and-igos.md) - [9.3.2 Superpowers & TNCs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-2-superpowers-and-tncs.md) - [9.3.3 Superpowers & Global Action](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-3-superpowers-and-global-action.md) - [9.3.4 Superpowers & Alliances](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-4-superpowers-and-alliances.md) - [9.3.5 Superpowers & the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-3-5-superpowers-and-the-environment.md) - 9.4 Changing Global Influence - [9.4.1 Recent Tensions between Powers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-1-recent-tensions-between-powers.md) - [9.4.2 China in Africa & Asia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-2-china-in-africa-and-asia.md) - [9.4.3 Tensions in the Middle East](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-3-tensions-in-the-middle-east.md) - [9.4.4 Economic Problems for Superpowers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-4-economic-problems-for-superpowers.md) - [9.4.5 Future Pattern of Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/9-4-5-future-pattern-of-power.md) ### 10 Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only) - 10.1 Human Development - [10.1.1 Measuring Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-1-measuring-development.md) - [10.1.2 Factors Improving Development](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-2-factors-improving-development.md) - [10.1.3 Variations in Health](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-1-3-variations-in-health.md) - 10.2 Role of Governments & IGOs - [10.2.1 Targets & Attitudes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-1-targets-and-attitudes.md) - [10.2.2 Financial IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-2-financial-igos.md) - [10.2.3 The United Nations (UN)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-3-the-united-nations-un.md) - [10.2.4 The UN's MDGs & SDGs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-2-4-the-uns-mdgs-and-sdgs.md) - 10.3 Human Rights - [10.3.1 Human Rights](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-1-human-rights.md) - [10.3.2 Differences Between Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-2-differences-between-countries.md) - [10.3.3 Transitions to Democracy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-3-transitions-to-democracy.md) - [10.3.4 Differences Within Countries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-4-differences-within-countries.md) - [10.3.5 The Demand for Equality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-3-5-the-demand-for-equality.md) - 10.4 Interventions - [10.4.1 Geopolitical Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-1-geopolitical-interventions.md) - [10.4.2 International Intervention Players](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-2-international-intervention-players.md) - [10.4.3 Evaluating Geopolitical Intervention](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-3-evaluating-geopolitical-intervention.md) - [10.4.4 Military Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-4-military-interventions.md) - [10.4.5 Evaluating Military Interventions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-4-5-evaluating-military-interventions.md) - 10.5 Development Aid - [10.5.1 Forms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-1-forms.md) - [10.5.2 Successes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-2-successes.md) - [10.5.3 Criticisms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-3-criticisms.md) - [10.5.4 Development Aid & the Environment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-4-development-aid-and-the-environment.md) - [10.5.5 Evaluating Development Aid](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-5-evaluating-development-aid.md) - [10.5.6 Economic Inequalities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/10-5-6-economic-inequalities.md) ### 11 Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only) - 11.1 Globalisation & Migration - [11.1.1 Intro to Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-1-intro-to-migration.md) - [11.1.2 Trends in Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-2-trends-in-migration.md) - [11.1.3 Common Migration Patterns](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-3-common-migration-patterns.md) - [11.1.4 Causes of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-4-causes-of-migration.md) - [11.1.5 Restrictions on Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-1-5-restrictions-on-migration.md) - 11.2 Consequences of Migration - [11.2.1 Intro to Culture](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-1-intro-to-culture.md) - [11.2.2 Social & Demographic Tensions of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-2-social-and-demographic-tensions-of-migration.md) - [11.2.3 Political & Economic Tensions of Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-2-3-political-and-economic-tensions-of-migration.md) - 11.3 Nation States - [11.3.1 Intro to Nation States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-1-intro-to-nation-states.md) - [11.3.2 Borders](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-2-borders.md) - [11.3.3 Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-3-3-nationalism.md) - 11.4 Responses to Global Migration - [11.4.1 Responses to Global Migration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-1-responses-to-global-migration.md) - [11.4.2 Global Organisations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-2-global-organisations.md) - [11.4.3 IGOs and World Trade](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-3-igos-and-world-trade.md) - [11.4.4 Financial IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-4-financial-igos.md) - [11.4.5 Environmental IGOs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-4-5-environmental-igos.md) - 11.5 Sovereignty & Identity - [11.5.1 Sovereignty & Nationalism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-1-sovereignty-and-nationalism.md) - [11.5.2 Complex Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-2-complex-identities.md) - [11.5.3 Challenges to National Identities](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-3-challenges-to-national-identities.md) - [11.5.4 Tensions within Nations](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-4-tensions-within-nations.md) - [11.5.5 Failed States](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/geography/edexcel/11-5-5-failed-states.md)