Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-3-1-ann-radcliffe-and-lewis-the-monk [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [English Lit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature.md) › [OCR](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr.md) › [English Lit: OCR A Level Dracula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula.md) › Ann Radcliffe & Lewis' The Monk # Ann Radcliffe & Lewis' The Monk English Lit: OCR A Level Dracula, topic 1.3.1 ## Gothic 'Terror' - Ann Radcliffe Instilling fear in the reader an essential part of Gothic literature, building on the Sublime (awe-inspiring) power of nature, as depicted in the Romantic movement. ### Ann Radcliffe ![Ann Radcliffe](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-10/c691f85b-fbfd-4654-8205-df62e6a24376/ann-radcliffe-.jpg) - Ann Radcliffe was a successful 18th-century Gothic writer whose narratives relied on the successful evocation of terror amongst her readers. - Radcliffe never explicitly describes dreadful objects; she evokes the supernatural indirectly only to explain it away at the narrative’s resolution. ### _The Mysteries of Udolpho_ ![_The Mysteries of Udolpho_](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-10/916247eb-9e0a-4684-806d-b6d1ee364d5a/black-veil-.jpg) - One famous example occurs at the end of _The Mysteries of Udolpho_ in which a mysterious black veil appears to hide some gruesome, dark secret. - Typically terrified, the female protagonist approaches, draws back the veil and collapses in fright. - It is then revealed that this object of terror is only a wax mannequin. ### Critical analysis of Radcliffe ![Critical analysis of Radcliffe](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/e96d7e91-613b-4825-9b91-60c33f326c6c/shutterstock_169575122.jpg) - Gothic literature expert Sue Chaplin notes how many of Radcliffe's readers grew frustrated at Radcliffean ‘terror' and hoped for something truly supernatural. - Scottish novelist Walter Scott, who was a real admirer of her writing, confessed that the __"reader feels tricked"__ by Radcliffe’s insistence of always having a rational explanation for the seemingly supernatural events. ## Gothic 'Horror' - _The Monk_ No-one was more frustrated by Radcliffean terror than Matthew Lewis who wrote the infamous Gothic novel _The Monk_ in response to Ann Radcliffe’s reluctance to depict anything truly shocking. ### Influence on genre ![Influence on genre](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-10/5233c418-17cc-4b87-9fa4-1554b648f27b/horror-.jpg) - _The Monk_ gave rise to the sub-genre, now synonymous with the Gothic, of ‘horror’. ### _The Monk_ plot (part 1) ![_The Monk_ plot (part 1)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/3add0d9f-a962-45a6-9aa5-7003d87c8df5/knife-hand.jpg) - Ambrosio, a monk of a monastery in Madrid, is seduced by Matilda, a diabolical woman who has entered the monastery. - Ambrosio then plots the rape of one of his charges, Antonia. His first attempt is foiled at the last minute by Antonia's mother, Elvira, whom Ambrosio strangles. - His second attempt, in which he is successful, ends with the fatal stabbing of Antonia.​ ### _The Monk_ plot (part 2) ![_The Monk_ plot (part 2)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/4a489c77-4b41-4bb5-be57-ab8b03d96068/devil-hell.jpg) - Both Ambrosio and Matilda are brought before the Inquisition. Matilda confesses her guilt and is condemned to be burned to death. Ambrosio insists on his innocence and is tortured. - In his cell, he is visited by a vision of Matilda, who tries to convince him to completely yield his soul to Lucifer as she has. Ambrosio eventually agrees and requests that Lucifer saves his life. Lucifer tells him it will be at the cost of his soul. ### _The Monk_ plot (part 3) ![_The Monk_ plot (part 3)](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/4e2d8006-0db8-4d48-9e85-ca31a6daf776/devil-satan-hell-.jpg) - Lucifer informs him that Elvira was his mother, making Antonia his sister, adding to his crimes the sin of incest. - Lucifer reveals that it has long been his plan to gain Ambrosio's soul, and Matilda was his servant in the process. - Lucifer then carries Ambrosio up and drops him on the rocks below. - Ambrosio suffers for six days, dying alone and damned for eternity.​ ## Test yourself on Ann Radcliffe & Lewis' The Monk - What appears to hide a dark secret at the end of _The Mysteries of Udolpho_? - Who does Ambrosio plot to rape in _The Monk_? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/508a7828-52ed-48a3-9259-00e65066f4c7/section/02a10fb9-a32e-4080-8b8d-2b24e9dbe2c9/session) - Previous topic: [1.2.1 Vampires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-2-1-vampires.md) - Next topic: [1.3.2 'Terror' & 'Horror' in Dracula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-3-2-terror-and-horror-in-dracula.md) ## English Lit: OCR A Level Dracula contents ### 1 Context - Gothic Literature - 1.1 Origins & Conventions of Gothic Literature - [1.1.1 Origins of Gothic Literature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-1-1-origins-of-gothic-literature.md) - [1.1.2 Key Ideas in Gothic Literature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-1-2-key-ideas-in-gothic-literature.md) - [1.1.3 Gothic Genre Conventions in Dracula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-1-3-gothic-genre-conventions-in-dracula.md) - 1.2 Vampires in Gothic Literature - [1.2.1 Vampires](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-2-1-vampires.md) - 1.3 'Terror' & 'Horror' - [1.3.1 Ann Radcliffe & Lewis' The Monk](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-3-1-ann-radcliffe-and-lewis-the-monk.md) - [1.3.2 'Terror' & 'Horror' in Dracula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-3-2-terror-and-horror-in-dracula.md) - 1.4 Narrative Features - [1.4.1 First-Person Narration & Epistolary Format](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/1-4-1-first-person-narration-and-epistolary-format.md) ### 2 Context - The Victorian Era - 2.1 The Victorian Era - [2.1.1 Fin de Siecle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/2-1-1-fin-de-siecle.md) - [2.1.2 The 'New Woman'](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/2-1-2-the-new-woman.md) - [2.1.3 The Contagious Diseases Act](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/2-1-3-the-contagious-diseases-act.md) ### 3 Chapter Summaries & Analyses - 3.1 Chapter Summaries & Analyses - [3.1.1 Chapters 1-2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-1-chapters-1-2.md) - [3.1.2 Chapters 3-4](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-2-chapters-3-4.md) - [3.1.3 Chapters 5-7](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-3-chapters-5-7.md) - [3.1.4 Chapters 8-10](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-4-chapters-8-10.md) - [3.1.5 Chapters 11-12](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-5-chapters-11-12.md) - [3.1.6 Chapters 13-14](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-6-chapters-13-14.md) - [3.1.7 Chapters 15-16](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-7-chapters-15-16.md) - [3.1.8 Chapters 17-18](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-8-chapters-17-18.md) - [3.1.9 Chapters 19-20](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-9-chapters-19-20.md) - [3.1.10 Chapters 21-23](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-10-chapters-21-23.md) - [3.1.11 Chapters 24-25](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-11-chapters-24-25.md) - [3.1.12 Chapters 26-27](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/3-1-12-chapters-26-27.md) ### 4 Character Profiles - 4.1 Archetypal Gothic Characters - [4.1.1 Stock & Proppian Gothic Characters](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-1-1-stock-and-proppian-gothic-characters.md) - 4.2 Count Dracula - [4.2.1 Count Dracula: Character Profile](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-2-1-count-dracula-character-profile.md) - [4.2.2 Count Dracula: Different Literary Perspectives](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-2-2-count-dracula-different-literary-perspectives.md) - 4.3 Other Main Characters - [4.3.1 Jonathan Harker](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-3-1-jonathan-harker.md) - [4.3.2 Dr Abraham Van Helsing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-3-2-dr-abraham-van-helsing.md) - [4.3.3 Dr Jack Seward](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-3-3-dr-jack-seward.md) - [4.3.4 Mina Harker](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-3-4-mina-harker.md) - [4.3.5 Lucy Westenra](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-3-5-lucy-westenra.md) - 4.4 Minor Characters - [4.4.1 Arthur Holmwood & Quincey Morris](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-4-1-arthur-holmwood-and-quincey-morris.md) - [4.4.2 Renfield](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/4-4-2-renfield.md) ### 5 Key Ideas - 5.1 Key Ideas - [5.1.1 Transgression of Boundaries](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/5-1-1-transgression-of-boundaries.md) - [5.1.2 The Supernatural & Un-dead](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/5-1-2-the-supernatural-and-un-dead.md) - [5.1.3 Masculinity & Femininity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/5-1-3-masculinity-and-femininity.md) - [5.1.4 Science, Modernity & Superstition](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/5-1-4-science-modernity-and-superstition.md) - [5.1.5 Madness, Illness & Confinement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/5-1-5-madness-illness-and-confinement.md) ### 6 Writing Techniques - 6.1 Writing Techniques - [6.1.1 Epistolary Form & Narrative Voice](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/6-1-1-epistolary-form-and-narrative-voice.md) - [6.1.2 Intertextuality & Cultural References](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/6-1-2-intertextuality-and-cultural-references.md) - [6.1.3 Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/6-1-3-structure.md) ### 7 Critical Debates & Interpretations - 7.1 Initial Reception of Dracula - [7.1.1 Initial Reception of Dracula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/7-1-1-initial-reception-of-dracula.md) - 7.2 Modern Reception of Dracula - [7.2.1 Modern Reception of Dracula](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/ocr/dracula/7-2-1-modern-reception-of-dracula.md)