Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-13-2-chapter-13-key-themes [Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level.md) › [English Lit](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature.md) › [AQA](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa.md) › [English Lit: AQA A Level Atonement - Specification B](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b.md) › Chapter 13: Key Themes # Chapter 13: Key Themes English Lit: AQA A Level Atonement - Specification B, topic 2.13.2 ## Key Themes in Chapter 13 We hear events from Briony's perspective. The chronology of events is manipulated in Chapter 13. ### Briony's narrative perspective ![Briony's narrative perspective](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-08/b6c8e1db-309e-4beb-b28d-72dcfcef45f7/magnifying-glass-.jpg) - Crucially, Chapter 13 is seen from Briony’s perspective as we move towards her discovery of Lola and the **“figure”**. ### Time shift to the crime ![Time shift to the crime](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/8c369561-23fa-4aa1-9438-ded9e7323e4c/prison-bars.jpg) - This chapter sees several disruptions to the chronological sequence of events. - The chapter begins with a shift forward in time with the tantalising opening, **“Within the half-hour Briony would commit her crime”** (p.156), which immediately creates suspense. - The chapter then goes back in time to recount the details of Briony’s search and discovery. ### Time after the discovery ![Time after the discovery](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-06/2bee3444-bfde-45fc-827a-93091ae9269a/tiem-.jpg) - Chronological time continues to be manipulated throughout the chapter. - After Briony’s discovery of Lola and their piecing together of the crime, there is another shift forward in time to **“the weeks and months to come”** (p.167) where Briony would stick to her version of the events she had witnessed. ### Explanation or justification? ![Explanation or justification?](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/5dc36a02-fa29-4e55-987b-e79918fe9d87/hammer-court.jpg) - We have to remember that it is an older Briony who is narrating this chapter and that she may be manipulating our response towards her **“crime”** by such a lengthy explanation (or justification?) for her actions after her discovery of Lola. - We return to the ‘present’ when Leon and Cecilia find Briony and Lola. ## Key Themes in Chapter 13 In Chapter 13, Briony narrates events in the style of a fiction writer. ### Briony's fictional account ![Briony's fictional account](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/4f30056e-a649-4336-ab08-8f618b345d9f/writing-.jpg) - Briony responds to events in this chapter as she imagines a writer of fiction must. - She is almost exhilarated by the thought that **“fairy stories were behind her”** and that she has been given privileged access to a new and thrilling world **“beyond the nursery”: “…in the space of a few hours she had witnessed mysteries, seen an unspeakable word, interrupted brutal behaviour…”** (p160). ### Robbie as a **"villain"** ![Robbie as a **"villain"**](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-07/c878e093-fa07-4952-acd9-086c8d50f830/black-cloak-.jpg) - Briony has learned that **“villains were not announced with hisses… they did not come cloaked in black, with ugly expressions…”** (p158). - Robbie is now, in Briony’s eyes, a **“maniac”** or **“brute”**. ### Briony's assumption about Robbie ![Briony's assumption about Robbie](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-11/fa04851f-2b22-4866-901c-e93b739976fb/thought-bubble-.png) - Briony’s judgement that she has seen Robbie steal off after assaulting Lola is described as being an artistic decision which conveniently fits the story she is piecing together in her imagination: **“She had no doubt. She could describe him… Everything connected. It was her own discovery. It was her story…”** (p164-6). - Briony convinces herself that Robbie is the assailant because this makes sense to her as a story: **“The truth was in the symmetry… The truth instructed her eyes”** (p169). ## Key Themes in Chapter 13 Chapter 13 focuses on the nature of Briony's **"crime"**. ### How much is Briony to blame? ![How much is Briony to blame?](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-07/2bc68e20-535b-4c92-8748-ea52b593fe1d/guilty-3096217_1920.jpg) - The chapter begins with a reference to Briony’s **“crime”** and the narrative invites us to judge the extent to which Briony is culpable for falsely accusing Robbie of the sexual assault on Lola. Briony is only 13-years-old and in an excitable state of mind after all of the events that day. ### Naming Robbie as assailant ![Naming Robbie as assailant](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/38c0e257-0150-4a56-b74b-9cc7e2910916/question-mark-1872634_1920.jpg) - However, the narrative makes it clear that Briony leads Lola into naming Robbie as the assailant. - Briony first uses his name in the form of a question (**“It was Robbie, wasn’t it?”**) before the question soon becomes an assertion, or as the narrative describes it, a **“statement of fact… “It was Robbie””** (p.166). - Briony seems to be applying pressure on Lola to accuse Robbie who she has already decided is the right villain for this story. ### Briony's sinister tone ![Briony's sinister tone](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-08/8a331f8c-84df-4fc2-9555-d3ee66e45b46/threat.jpg) - When Lola admits to some uncertainty and that she couldn’t tell **“for sure”**, Briony responds with a blunt declaration which seems to almost verge on a threat: **“Well I can. And I will”** (p167). - There is also something sinister in the statement that **“Briony was there to help her at every stage”** (p168) as if Briony has become something of a suffocating presence. ### Defence for Briony's behaviour ![Defence for Briony's behaviour](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/93ffd6e6-eaef-490c-836e-ca007daebf99/heart-wedding-marriage-.jpg) - The narrative offers further mitigation (a defence) for Briony’s behaviour e.g. her feeling like a **“bride-to-be”** as the new centre of attention and the fact that she is **“anxious to please”** the adults investigating the assault. ### Briony's regret ![Briony's regret](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/1a48c7cb-e25b-47aa-b531-b7f7802ca474/sad-schizophrenic-.jpg) - We also learn of Briony’s regret at her decision: **“She would never be able to console herself…”** (p170). - All of this may make us react more sympathetically to Briony but we must remember that, as the older Briony has narrated this chapter, she may be trying to manipulate her readers into judging her younger self more kindly. ## Test yourself on Chapter 13: Key Themes - What does Briony as she decides that it was Robbie who assaulted Lola? - What does Briony say when Lola says she couldn’t tell **“for sure”** whether the attacker was Robbie or not? - What does the older Briony say to show she regretted her behaviour in Chapter 13? [Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/fa4dbdaf-d27d-4d2f-93ef-641b1f8a7cc1/section/86f31dde-8b7e-4d44-afdf-97d8fdd1995b/session) - Previous topic: [2.13.1 Chapter 13: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-13-1-chapter-13-key-events.md) - Next topic: [2.14.1 Chapter 14: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-14-1-chapter-14-key-events.md) ## English Lit: AQA A Level Atonement - Specification B contents ### 1 Introduction to Atonement - 1.1 Introduction & Background to Atonement - [1.1.1 Background to the Author - Ian McEwan](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/1-1-1-background-to-the-author-ian-mcewan.md) - [1.1.2 Settings & Historical Context of Atonement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/1-1-2-settings-and-historical-context-of-atonement.md) - [1.1.3 Social Issues Raised in Atonement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/1-1-3-social-issues-raised-in-atonement.md) - 1.2 Focus of Your Exam: Crime Texts - [1.2.1 Atonement as a Crime Text](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/1-2-1-atonement-as-a-crime-text.md) ### 2 Chapter Summaries & Analysis: Part One - 2.1 Chapter 1 - [2.1.1 Chapter 1: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-1-1-chapter-1-key-events.md) - [2.1.2 Chapter 1: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-1-2-chapter-1-key-themes.md) - 2.2 Chapter 2 - [2.2.1 Chapter 2: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-2-1-chapter-2-key-events.md) - [2.2.2 Chapter 2: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-2-2-chapter-2-key-themes.md) - 2.3 Chapter 3 - [2.3.1 Chapter 3: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-3-1-chapter-3-key-events.md) - [2.3.2 Chapter 3: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-3-2-chapter-3-key-themes.md) - 2.4 Chapter 4 - [2.4.1 Chapter 4: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-4-1-chapter-4-key-events.md) - [2.4.2 Chapter 4: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-4-2-chapter-4-key-themes.md) - 2.5 Chapter 5 - [2.5.1 Chapter 5: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-5-1-chapter-5-key-events.md) - [2.5.2 Chapter 5: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-5-2-chapter-5-key-themes.md) - 2.6 Chapter 6 - [2.6.1 Chapter 6: Key Events & Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-6-1-chapter-6-key-events-and-themes.md) - 2.7 Chapter 7 - [2.7.1 Chapter 7: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-7-1-chapter-7-key-events.md) - [2.7.2 Chapter 7: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-7-2-chapter-7-key-themes.md) - 2.8 Chapter 8 - [2.8.1 Chapter 8: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-8-1-chapter-8-key-events.md) - [2.8.2 Chapter 8: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-8-2-chapter-8-key-themes.md) - 2.9 Chapter 9 - [2.9.1 Chapter 9: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-9-1-chapter-9-key-events.md) - [2.9.2 Chapter 9: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-9-2-chapter-9-key-themes.md) - 2.10 Chapter 10 - [2.10.1 Chapter 10: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-10-1-chapter-10-key-events.md) - [2.10.2 Chapter 10: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-10-2-chapter-10-key-themes.md) - 2.11 Chapter 11 - [2.11.1 Chapter 11: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-11-1-chapter-11-key-events.md) - [2.11.2 Chapter 11: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-11-2-chapter-11-key-themes.md) - 2.12 Chapter 12 - [2.12.1 Chapter 12: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-12-1-chapter-12-key-events.md) - [2.12.2 Chapter 12: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-12-2-chapter-12-key-themes.md) - 2.13 Chapter 13 - [2.13.1 Chapter 13: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-13-1-chapter-13-key-events.md) - [2.13.2 Chapter 13: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-13-2-chapter-13-key-themes.md) - 2.14 Chapter 14 - [2.14.1 Chapter 14: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-14-1-chapter-14-key-events.md) - [2.14.2 Chapter 14: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/2-14-2-chapter-14-key-themes.md) ### 3 Chapter Summaries & Analysis: Part Two - 3.1 Pages 191-201: To the Farmhouse - [3.1.1 Pages 191-201: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-1-1-pages-191-201-key-events.md) - [3.1.2 Pages 191-201: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-1-2-pages-191-201-key-themes.md) - 3.2 Pages 202-213: The Night in the Barn - [3.2.1 Pages 202-213: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-2-1-pages-202-213-key-events.md) - [3.2.2 Pages 202-213: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-2-2-pages-202-213-key-themes.md) - 3.3 Pages 214-226: The Attack - [3.3.1 Pages 214-226: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-3-1-pages-214-226-key-events.md) - [3.3.2 Pages 214-226: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-3-2-pages-214-226-key-themes.md) - 3.4 Pages 226-234: Robbie's Reflections - [3.4.1 Pages 226-234: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-4-1-pages-226-234-key-events.md) - [3.4.2 Pages 226-234: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-4-2-pages-226-234-key-themes.md) - 3.5 Pages 234-246: To the Bridge over the Canal - [3.5.1 Pages 234-246: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-5-1-pages-234-246-key-events.md) - [3.5.2 Pages 234-246: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-5-2-pages-234-246-key-themes.md) - 3.6 Pages 246-254: Arrival at Dunkirk - [3.6.1 Pages 246-254: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-6-1-pages-246-254-key-events.md) - [3.6.2 Pages 246-254: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-6-2-pages-246-254-key-themes.md) - 3.7 Pages 254-265: To the Cellar - [3.7.1 Pages 254-265: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-7-1-pages-254-265-key-events.md) - [3.7.2 Pages 254-265: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/3-7-2-pages-254-265-key-themes.md) ### 4 Chapter Summaries & Analysis: Part Three - 4.1 Pages 269-277: London, 1940 - [4.1.1 Pages 269-277: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-1-1-pages-269-277-key-events.md) - [4.1.2 Pages 269-277: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-1-2-pages-269-277-key-themes.md) - 4.2 Pages 277-286: Briony as Writer - [4.2.1 Pages 277-286: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-2-1-pages-277-286-key-events.md) - [4.2.2 Pages 277-286: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-2-2-pages-277-286-key-themes.md) - 4.3 Pages 287-315: Victims of War - [4.3.1 Pages 287-315: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-3-1-pages-287-315-key-events.md) - [4.3.2 Pages 287-315: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-3-2-pages-287-315-key-themes.md) - 4.4 Pages 315-327: Lola & Paul Marshall’s Wedding - [4.4.1 Pages 315-327: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-4-1-pages-315-327-key-events.md) - [4.4.2 Pages 315-327: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-4-2-pages-315-327-key-themes.md) - 4.5 Pages 328-349: The Visit - [4.5.1 Pages 328-349: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-5-1-pages-328-349-key-events.md) - [4.5.2 Pages 328-349: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/4-5-2-pages-328-349-key-themes.md) ### 5 Chapter Summaries & Analysis: Part Four - 5.1 Epilogue: London, 1999 - Pages 353-371 - [5.1.1 Pages 353-371: Key Events](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/5-1-1-pages-353-371-key-events.md) - [5.1.2 Pages 353-371: Key Themes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/5-1-2-pages-353-371-key-themes.md) ### 6 Key Character Profiles - 6.1 Briony Tallis - [6.1.1 Overview of Briony's Character](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-1-1-overview-of-brionys-character.md) - [6.1.2 Briony in Part One](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-1-2-briony-in-part-one.md) - [6.1.3 Briony in Part Three & Four](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-1-3-briony-in-part-three-and-four.md) - 6.2 Robbie Turner - [6.2.1 Overview of Robbie's Character](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-2-1-overview-of-robbies-character.md) - [6.2.2 Robbie in Part One](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-2-2-robbie-in-part-one.md) - [6.2.3 Robbie in Part Two & Three](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-2-3-robbie-in-part-two-and-three.md) - 6.3 Cecilia Tallis - [6.3.1 Cecilia in Part One](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-3-1-cecilia-in-part-one.md) - [6.3.2 Cecilia in Part Three](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-3-2-cecilia-in-part-three.md) - 6.4 Lola Quincey - [6.4.1 Overview of Lola Quincey](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-4-1-overview-of-lola-quincey.md) - [6.4.2 Lola Relationship with Marshall](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-4-2-lola-relationship-with-marshall.md) - 6.5 Paul Marshall - [6.5.1 Overview of Paul Marshall](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-5-1-overview-of-paul-marshall.md) - [6.5.2 Paul Marshall's Relationship with Lola](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-5-2-paul-marshalls-relationship-with-lola.md) - [6.5.3 Paul Marshall's Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-5-3-paul-marshalls-power.md) - 6.6 Emily Tallis - [6.6.1 Overview of Emily Tallis](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-6-1-overview-of-emily-tallis.md) - [6.6.2 Emily Tallis' Character](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/6-6-2-emily-tallis-character.md) ### 7 Key Themes - 7.1 Introduction to Crime Texts - [7.1.1 Common Themes in Crime Texts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-1-1-common-themes-in-crime-texts.md) - 7.2 Crimes in Atonement - [7.2.1 Crimes in Atonement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-2-1-crimes-in-atonement.md) - [7.2.2 Structural Patterning & Ambiguity in Crime Texts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-2-2-structural-patterning-and-ambiguity-in-crime-texts.md) - 7.3 Criminals in Atonement - [7.3.1 Paul Marshall & Lola as Criminals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-3-1-paul-marshall-and-lola-as-criminals.md) - [7.3.2 Narrative Point of View in Crime Texts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-3-2-narrative-point-of-view-in-crime-texts.md) - 7.4 Victims in Atonement - [7.4.1 Lola, Robbie & Cecilia as Victims](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-4-1-lola-robbie-and-cecilia-as-victims.md) - [7.4.2 Females Victims & Social Class in Crime Texts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-4-2-females-victims-and-social-class-in-crime-texts.md) - 7.5 Detection in Atonement - [7.5.1 Detection in Atonement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-5-1-detection-in-atonement.md) - [7.5.2 Detection in Crime Texts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-5-2-detection-in-crime-texts.md) - 7.6 Settings in Atonement - [7.6.1 Settings in Atonement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-6-1-settings-in-atonement.md) - [7.6.2 Symbolism of Settings in Crime Texts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-6-2-symbolism-of-settings-in-crime-texts.md) - 7.7 Guilt & Punishment in Atonement - [7.7.1 Marshall & Briony Escaping Punishment](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-7-1-marshall-and-briony-escaping-punishment.md) - [7.7.2 Guilt & Punishment in Crime Texts](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/7-7-2-guilt-and-punishment-in-crime-texts.md) ### 8 Writing Techniques - 8.1 Structure - [8.1.1 Overview of Structure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/8-1-1-overview-of-structure.md) - [8.1.2 Metanarrative, Circular Structure & Ending](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/8-1-2-metanarrative-circular-structure-and-ending.md) - [8.1.3 Manipulation of Time](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/8-1-3-manipulation-of-time.md) - 8.2 Form - [8.2.1 Narrative Perspective](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/8-2-1-narrative-perspective.md) - [8.2.2 Genre](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/8-2-2-genre.md) - 8.3 Symbols & Motifs - [8.3.1 Symbolism of the Vase & Amo Bar](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/8-3-1-symbolism-of-the-vase-and-amo-bar.md) - 8.4 Language - [8.4.1 Focalising Through Briony & Robbie](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/8-4-1-focalising-through-briony-and-robbie.md) ### 9 Context - 9.1 Historical Context - [9.1.1 The Summer of 1935](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/9-1-1-the-summer-of-1935.md) - [9.1.2 Dunkirk, 1940](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/9-1-2-dunkirk-1940.md) - [9.1.3 London, 1940](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/9-1-3-london-1940.md) - 9.2 Social Context - [9.2.1 Social Class](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/9-2-1-social-class.md) - [9.2.2 The Role of Women in the 1930/40s](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/9-2-2-the-role-of-women-in-the-193040s.md) - 9.3 Literary Context - [9.3.1 Literary Genres & Atonement](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/9-3-1-literary-genres-and-atonement.md) ### 10 Critical Debates - 10.1 Marxist Literary Criticism - [10.1.1 Introduction to Marxist Literary Criticism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/10-1-1-introduction-to-marxist-literary-criticism.md) - [10.1.2 Marxist Readings: Importance of Social Class](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/10-1-2-marxist-readings-importance-of-social-class.md) - [10.1.3 Marxist Reading: Capitalist Exploitation & War](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/10-1-3-marxist-reading-capitalist-exploitation-and-war.md) - 10.2 Feminist Literary Criticism - [10.2.1 Introduction to Feminist Literary Criticism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/10-2-1-introduction-to-feminist-literary-criticism.md) - [10.2.2 Feminist Readings: Gender Roles & Stereotypes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/10-2-2-feminist-readings-gender-roles-and-stereotypes.md) - [10.2.3 Feminist Readings: Marriage & Family](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/10-2-3-feminist-readings-marriage-and-family.md) - [10.2.4 Feminist Readings: Male & Female Sexuality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/a-level/english-literature/aqa/atonement-specification-b/10-2-4-feminist-readings-male-and-female-sexuality.md)